CHAPTER 2: KINGDOMS OF LIFE

Lesson One

Kingdom Monera

Figure 1.1. Escherichia coli, a natural

inhabitant of human intestine.
Figure 1.2. A visual representation of a
moneran (prokaryotic cell).

1. Anatomy
 lack a membrane-bound nucleus
 have a cell membrane but do not have membrane-bound organelles such as
mitochondria and chloroplasts

- have slightly different ribosome from other organisms

- smaller than almost all other organisms

- mostly unicellular organism

- mostly bacteria
- some kinds of bacteria also contain smaller pieces of circular
DNA called plasmids

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 1

 2. Reproduction
 mostly reproduce either asexually or sexually
 mostly reproduce through binary fission
a. Binary Fission
 a process in which the chromosome of a
unicellular organism is continually
replicated after which the cell divides
forming two identical cells
b. Conjugation
 the process of exchanging genetic
material through cell to cell contact
 Some chromosomal DNA and plasmids
may move from one bacterial cell to
another.
 increases the genetic diversity of bacteria
Figure 1.3. A binary fission

3. Survival
 Some monerans can form dehydrated cells known as endospores, a thick-walled
structure that forms around the hereditary material and has a small amount of
cytoplasm.
 Monerans that form endospores have an advantage for survival; the rest of the cell
may die but the endospore can live on for long periods waiting for the conditions to
become favorable again.

4. Nutrition
 some are heterotrophs or autotrophs
 heterotrophs – organisms that cannot make their own food
 autotrophs - organisms that can make their own food
 photoautotrophs - make food by using sunlight and carbon dioxide
 chemoautotrophs - synthesize all necessary organic compounds from carbon
dioxide and generally use only inorganic energy sources

5. Respiration
 can be aerobic, which is when the cell uses oxygen to help breakdown food into
water and carbon dioxide, or it can be anaerobic, without the use of oxygen
 aerobes - use oxygen during respiration
 anaerobes - do not use oxygen during respiration; get energy through the
process of fermentation

Moneran Classification
Using DNA, RNA, and proteins, we can classify them into
two groups:

1. Archaebacteria
 living in very harsh environments, often where
no other organisms can live
e.g. acidic hot springs, undersea volcanic
vents, very salty water
 oldest living organisms on earth
Figure 1.4. An undersea volcano, example
of a harsh environment.

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 2

 Three Groups of Archaebacteria:

Methanogens

• live in oxygen-free environments and produce methane (CH4)

• can be located inside digestive tracts of cows and other mammals, in
swampy areas, and in sewage
• get energy by converting H2 and CO2 into methane gas

Thermoacidophiles

• live in extremely acidic conditions with very high temperatures such as

volcanic and hydrothermal vents

Halophiles

• live in extremely salty conditions like Dead Sea, the Great Salt Lake, and
other areas with a high salt content

2. Eubacteria
 the so-called true bacteria, include all other bacteria
 all other bacteria; live in much less harsh conditions
 cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan (a unifying characteristic of this group)
 classified by GRAM-STAINING, a technique developed by Hans Christian Gram,
dividing bacteria into two main groups: Gram-positive and Gram- negative

Using shape to classify:

1. cocci: spheres
2. bacilli: rods
3. spirilla: spirals

Using respiration to classify:

1. aerobes: use oxygen during respiration
2. anaerobes: do not use oxygen for respiration, usually use
fermentation

Monerans in the Biosphere

- most numerous organisms in the biosphere
- monerans play a vital role – recycle important chemicals in
the environment (carbon, nitrogen, etc)
- act as decomposers: organisms that break down dead
organic material (imagine the earth without decomposers!)

Some monerans also have close relationships with other organisms.

e.g. bacteria in a cow’s stomach
→ bacteria benefit by getting nutrients
→ cow benefits by the bacteria breaking down the cellulose from the plants the
cow eats

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 3

Four Groups of Eubacteria (or simply Bacteria)

Cyanobacteria

•photosynthetic organisms; autotrophic

•found in the water and were once thought to be blue-green algae (however,
they lack a membrane-bound nucleus and chloroplasts)

Spirochetes

•Gram-negative, spiral-shaped; heterotrophic

•some live in the presence of oxygen, others don’t
•parasitic, living symbiotically (where two organisms live off each other), or free-
living

Gram positive bacteria

•characterized by having thick cell wall (20-80nm) with teichoic acids and more
than 50% peptidoglycan
•more sensitive to penicillin treatment and lysozymes than Gram negative ones.
Some Gram positive bacteria include:
•Staphylococcus aureus
•Streptococcus agalactiae
•Streptococcus pneumoniae

Proteobacteria

•are all Gram negative bacteria

•comprises the second largest group of bacteria
•e.g.
•Purple phototrophic
•Nitrifying bacteria
•Sulfur, Hydrogen, and Iron Oxidizing bacteria
•Methanotrophs
•Enteric bacteria
•as well as the bacteria responsible for animal bioluminescence

Cyanobacteria Spirochetes Gram positive bacteria Proteobacteria

Figure 1.5. Some representatives of Kingdom Monera.

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 4

  Review # 1 Kingdom Monera

I. True or False: Write true if the statement is true and false if not.
________ 1. Eubacteria possess a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan. True

________ 2. Methanogens live in extremely hot conditions. False

________ 3.. Monerans are characterized by having a membrane-bound nucleus. False

________ 4. Autotrophs are organisms that consume organic molecules produced by other

organisms to get energy. False

________ 5. Archaebacteria cannot survive harsh environments. False

II. Multiple choice:

1. All of these are monerans, EXCEPT
a. Methanogens c. Protozoan
b. Proteobacteria d. Halophiles
2. They can live where no other organisms can survive- in acidic hot springs, near undersea
volcanic vents, and in high salty water. What are these?
a. Eubacteria c. Gram positive bacteria
b. Ciliophorans d. Archaebacteria
3. These monerans are characterized by having thick cell wall (20-80nm) with teichoic acids
and more than 50% peptidoglycan. What are these?
a. Halophiles c. Gram positive bacteria
b. Spirochetes d. Gram negative bacteria
4. These monerans are more common in the environment and are found in less harsh
conditions.
a. Methanogens c. Protozoan
b. Eubacteria d. Sporozoans
5. Which of the following is the odd one out?
a. Gram Positive bacteria c. Thermoacidophiles
b. Proteobacteria d. Cyanobacteria

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 5

 Lesson Two

Kingdom Protista
Characteristics

 all are eukaryotic, aquatic organisms

 comprise the most diverse group in terms of structure
 range in size from microscopic algae to giant seaweeds
 either autotrophic or heterotrophic

1. Anatomy
 cell composition: unicellular (solitary), filamentous (chains), colonial and
multicellular

2. Movement
 motility: true motility is exhibited by structures such as cilia, flagella, and
pseudopodia; some do not have the ability to move

3. Reproduction
 asexual reproduction is by fragmentation (for filamentous and multicellular protists)
or fission (for unicellular and colonial protists)
 sexual reproduction is by conjugation

4. Nutrition
 chemoheterotrophs: ingestive (animal-like) and absorptive (fungi-like)
photoautotrophs: photosynthetic (plant-like)

5. Role as Pathogen
 Pathogens are infectious agents that cause diseases in its animal or plant host.
 Plasmodium falciparum: causes malaria in humans
 Phytophthora infestans: causes late blight in potatoes

Figure 2.1. Some representatives of Kingdom Protista.

Subkingdoms
1. Protozoans (animal-like protists)
 are heterotrophs
 are unicellular and do not have specialized tissues, organs, or organ system that
carry out life functions
 exhibit intracellular digestion using their food vacuoles
 a diverse group of single-cell eukaryotic organisms, many of which are motile.

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 6

Classifications (by how they move)

Sarcodinians (sarcodines)

• move and obtain food by extending lobes of cytoplasm called pseudopods; pseudo
= “false” and pod = “foot”
• e.g. Amoeba

Zooflagellates

• use flagella- whiplike structures that aid in their movement

• e.g. Trichomonas

Ciliophorans (ciliates)

•the most numerous and diverse group of protozoans

•covered with cilia
• e.g. Paramecium

Sporozoans

•parasitic
•do not move on their own (structures used for movement are absent)
•do not form true spores the way bacteria and some other protists do
• e.g. Apicomplexa

Amoeba Trichomonas Paramecium Apicomplexa

Figure 2.2.Protozoans.

2. Algae (plant-like protists)

 unicellular
 can perform photosynthesis (autotrophs) because they contain chlorophyll and
other accessory pigments to produce food and oxygen
 possess storage food materials

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 7

Classifications

Diatoms

•mostly unicellular
•have glasslike cell walls which contain silica and pectin
•among the most abundant organisms in the oceans

Euglenoids

•resemble both algae (capability to photosynthesize and presence of storage

food) and protozoans (motile, no cell wall and no sexual reproduction)

Dinoflagellates

•have two flagella that beat to spin their cell in corkscrew fashion through the
water
•cellulosic plates give the organism its unique shape
•dinoflagellates which lack flagella supply nutrients to the animals in which
they live

Green Algae (Chlorophyta)

•are protists that contain the main photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll a and
chlorophyll b as their accessory pigment
•may be unicellular (Chlorella), colonial (Volvox), filamentous (Spirulina) or
multicellular (seagrapes)

Red Algae

•sometimes called as Rhodophyta, protists that grow in warm, saltwater habitats

•contain accessory pigments: phycoerythrin(red) and phycocyanin (blue) that
enable them to use the available wavelengths of light to perform photosynthesis
• e.g. Porphyra (nori, Japanese food)

Brown Algae

•also known as Phaeophyta, multicellular and grow mostly on cool saltwater

habitats
•with accessory pigment such as carotene and xantophylls
•Includes the largest organisms in the kingdom Protista; e.g. giant kelps

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 8

 Diatoms Euglenoids Dinoflagellates Green Algae

Red Algae Brown Algae

Figure 2.3. Algae or plant-like protists.

3. Fungal-like Protists
 heterotrophs and decomposers
 can be brightly colored and live in cool, moist, dark habitats

Classifications

Plasmodial Slime Molds

•can weigh as much as 50 grams and grow as large as the palm of a human hand
•a single cell with many nuclei
•called a plasmodium in the feeding stage of its life cycle

Water Molds

•cotton like fluff

•decomposers in freshwater ecosystems
•some are parasitic and attack the injured skin or gill tissues of fishes
•e.g. Chytrids

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 9

  Review # 2 Kingdom Protists

I. True or False. Write True if the statements are True and False if not.
TRUE 1. Protists are eukaryotic organisms

FALSE 2. Protozoans are plant-like protists

TRUE 3. Algae have the ability to perform photosynthesis

FALSE 4. All Protists are unicellular

TRUE 5. Protists are very diverse. Their only unifying characteristic is that they are
eukaryotes.

II. Fill in the blanks. Write the missing words in the space provided.
1. Protozoans are protists that are animal – like heterotrophy.
2. Diatoms are protists that are most abundant in oceans, possessing silica.
3. The algal group that possesses photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll a and
chlorophyll b is called Green Algae / Chlorophyta.
4. The red pigment of red algae responsible for photosynthesis is called phycoerythrin.
5. Dinoflagellates have two flagella for movement.

III. Complete the diagram below.

Plant - like Fungi - like

Protozoans
Protists Protists

16. Plasmodial
6. Sarcodinians 10. Diatoms
Slime molds

7. Zooflagellates 11. Euglenoids 17. Water molds

8. Ciliophorans 12. Dinoflagellates

9. Sporozoans 13. Red Algae

14. Green Algae

15. Brown Algae

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 10

 Lesson Three

Kingdom Fungi
Characteristics of Fungi

1. Anatomy / Structure of Fungi

 cell walls of most fungi -- made of chitin – a tough, flexible carbohydrate that
also makes up the hard outer skeleton of insects.
 Hyphae: long, branching filamentous cell of fungi; main vegetative growth of
fungi (collectively called mycelium)
 Septa: the crosswalls on fungal hyphae

2. Nutrition
 obtain food by absorption – that is, they take food in by the diffusion of small
organic molecules from the environment
 capable of producing enzymes that breakdown large, complex organic molecule
such as lignin, which is a major component of wood
 mostly saprophytes, organisms that digest and absorb nutrients from dead
organisms

3. Growth
 use the nutrients they absorb primarily for growth
 growth in the hyphae occurs at the tips but they remain very narrow
 the mycelium spreads outward quickly, occupying an increasingly large area

4. Reproduction
 produce spores for reproduction
 could be sexual or asexual spores depending on the species and conditions
 typically non-motile

Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Deuteromycota

Figure 3.1. Classifications of Kingdom Fungi.

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 11

Classifications of Fungi

Zygomycota (common bread molds)

•structurally unique: hyphae lack septa, the walls that divide a hypha into segment
•sexual reproduction: through thick-walled resting spores called zygospores
•asexual reproduction: through sporangium containing the asexual spores
(Sporangiophore)
•other structures:
•rhizoid- absorb nutrients and hold common molds to their food source like roots
anchor plants to soil
•stolon- connect groups of rhizoids to one another; transports cytoplasm containing
nutrients and other materials through the body of the fungus

Ascomycota (sac fungi)

•diverse division that includes unicellular yeasts, powdery mildews, the fungi in most
lichens, and the flavorful morels
•sexual reproduction: Spores (ascospores) are enclosed in sac-like cases called asci
(sing. ascus).
•asexual reproduction: production of naked spores called conidia in conidiophores

Basidiomycota (club fungi)

•sexual reproduction: the distinguishing characteristic of club fungi; spores

(basidiospores) are in a basidium
•asexual reproduction: very rare

Deuteromycota (imperfect fungi)

•reproduce only asexually by producing spores called conidia in specialized hyphae

called conidiophores
•most are moldlike in appearance

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 12

Fungi in the Biosphere

 When a fungus and a photosynthetic organism “join forces”, the entity that results
from the symbiotic partnership is called lichen.

 Lichen, in this partnership, the photosynthetic organism provides the food, whereas
the fungus provides the physical environment that contains the food producer.

 Mycorrhizae result from mutually beneficial relationships between plants and fungi,
Mycorrhizae form when the tiny hyphae of a fungus grow on and in the roots of a
host plant.

Figure 3.2. An
illustration showing
how a member of
Kingdom Fungi
interacts with other
organisms.

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 13

  Review # 3 Kingdom Fungi

I. Matching type. Match column A and B, write the answer on the space provided.

A B

C 1. Structure of common molds that produces spores. a. Saprophyte

A 2. Characteristic of organism that digests and absorbs nutrients b. Rhizoid

from dead organisms.

B 3. Root-like structures that absorb nutrients. c. Sporangium

F 4. Carbohydrate that makes up fungal cell walls. d. Septae

D 5. Walls that divide hyphae into segments. e. Conidiophore

f. Chitin

II. Fill in the table: Write the missing words in the table to make it complete.

Structure Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Deuteromycota

Sexual Spore None Ascus / Asci Basidium None

Case

Sexual Spore Zygospore Ascospore Basidiospore None

Asexual Spore Sporangium Conidiophore Rare Coniodiophore

Case

Asexual Spore Sporangiophore Conidia Rare Conidia

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 14

 Lesson Four

Kingdom Plantae
Characteristics
1. eukaryotic, multicellular organisms
2. autotrophic (photosynthetic using chlorophyll a and b)
3. starch - storage food material
4. possess cellulosic cell wall
5. mainly terrestrial (land-dwelling)
6. life cycle - diplohaplontic (Alternation of Generations) Diploid – Haploid phase

Transport in Plants
 Turgor is the rigidity of a cell caused by osmotic pressure of the cell’s membrane on the
cell’s wall

Two Types of Vascular Tissues of Plants

Figure 4.1. Xylem vessel,

left, carries water and
minerals while phloem
vessel carries food
throughout the body of the
plant.

Figure 4.2. A cross sectional view of a

plant’s stem showing tissues.

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 15

 Xylem Phloem

A vascular tissue that carries water

and dissolved minerals upward in This vascular tissue transports
a plant. sugar dissolved in a solution called
sap.
Two kinds of conducting cell are
present in xylem: tracheids and
vessel elements.

These cells do not conduct water Phloem has two types of cells:
until they are dead and empty of sieve tube elements and
cytoplasm. companion cells.

Water always moves in one

direction: from roots to stems to
leaves.
Phloem cells are alive when they
Water finally evaporates into the transport materials.
surrounding air through the
stomata.

Figure 4.3. An illustration comparing xylem and phloem vessels. Xylem vessels carry out water
from the roots up to body of the plant. Phloem vessels carry food from the leaves to the parts of
the plant where they are needed.

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 16

Plant Transport System
1. Leaves - contain source cells (make glucose) that move sugars into the
phloem for transport to the rest of the plant, while receiving
water and nutrients from the xylem
- water evaporates through stoma (a pore in leaf and stem
epidermis) in the leaf (transpiration)
2. Stems - have vascular tissues (phloem and xylem) where water,
minerals and sugars move
3. Roots - xylem in the roots absorbs water for the plant
- use and often store sugars delivered by the phloem

Plant Growth
 Meristems
- the growing tissues of plants
- located at the tips of stems and branches, at the tips of the roots, and in the
buds in the joints where leaves attach to stems
- produce new cells by mitosis

Primary growth

•the elongation of stems and roots

•occurs when a plant’s stem gets longer and its roots get deeper
•first stem emerging from a seed -- primary shoot-- that forms the stems and
leaves.
•two types of meristems in primary shoots: apical meristems and axillary buds

Secondary growth

•the widening of roots, stems and branches

•usually only seen in woody vines, shrubs and trees
•an adaptation that enables some woody plants to survive in certain
environments
•caused by cell division in structures called lateral meristems or cambium
•cambium – the meristem in woody plants that produces new cells for lateral
growth
•vascular cambium –located between the xylem and phloem
•cork cambium – ithe lateral meristem between the phloem and the epidermis

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 17

Plant Reproduction
Figure 4.4. Propagation
a. Asexual Reproduction through sucker.
 does not involve fertilization; offsprings are
genetically identical to the parent

i. Natural Asexual Reproduction

1. vegetative reproduction - plants can duplicate themselves very rapidly,
often crowding out other plants.
2. suckering – propagation through sucker (shoot that arises from an
adventitious bud on an underground root)
3. tip-layering - bending a stem to the ground and covering the tip with
soil so that roots and new shoots may develop

Figure 4.3. Propagation

through tip layering.

ii. Artificial Asexual Reproduction

1. Cutting
2. Layering
3. Tissue Culture

 Artificial propagation is the by – product of a plant’s ability to regenerate lost

parts.
 Grafting is a way to make two different plants grow as one. Grafting is done
by inserting a piece of one plant into a slit made in a second plant.

b. Sexual Reproduction
i. Alternation of Generations
 includes two phases, the gametophyte phase and the sporophyte phase
 The two phases are named for their products: gametes and spores.
 Gametophyte - haploid gamete-producing phase of a plant’s life cycle.
 Sporophyte - diploid spore-producing phase
Spores - haploid reproductive structures of plants
- produce the gametophyte phase.
ii. Reproduction by seeds
 A seed is a protective structure that contains a diploid plant embryo and
stored food, mainly in the form of starch.

Plant Structure
 differences among most plants are due to the variations in a few basic parts: leaves,
stems, roots, flowers, and seeds

a. Leaves
 most highly visible structures of a plant
 where photosynthesis occur

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 18

 Parts of a Leaf:
 Blade - largest part; consists of a flat, broad section, contains the cells that
perform photosynthesis; with tiny pores that allow water to evaporate and the
exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen with the atmosphere
 Veins - tube-like structures carrying water, minerals, and sugars throughout the
leaves
 Petiole – short stalk that connects the leaf to the stem; petiole enables the
transport of fluids between leaves and stems

Characteristics of Leaves

DICOT LEAVES MONOCOT PALMATELY PINNATELY

Dicot leaf veins LEAVES COMPOUND COMPOUND
are usually LEAVES LEAVES
Monocot leaf
branched. veins are Leaflets of Leaflets of
usaually parallel palamate leaves pinnate leave
radiate from a resemble
central point feathers,
branching off a
central vein.

b. Stems
 main functions: support leaves and flowers, and transport water and nutrients
within the plant
 leaves attach to stems at locations called nodes; internodes (sections of stem
between nodes)
 growth begins in structures called buds, which may grow into leaves, branches
or flowers

c. Roots
 main functions: absorb water and minerals
and anchor the plant firmly
 root tips – where most of the absorption of
water and minerals takes place; covered
with root hairs (increase the surface area
for water absorption

Figure 4.4. Types of roots.

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 19

 A. Two Kinds of Roots
1. Taproot
 a single large central root with much smaller side roots branching
out from it; can grow deep below the ground and “tap” the
groundwater

2. Fibrous root
 in the form of a clump of short, threadlike divisions
 often grow only in the upper few centimeters of the soil
 efficient at preventing soil erosion

d. Flowers, Seeds, Fruits

a. Flower - reproductive organ of a flowering plant;
functions: (1) to produce male gametes (sperms) and female
gametes (eggs) and
(2) to provide a structure for fertilization.
 sexual reproduction in flowering plants begins when pollen, a carrier of
sperm, is transported to the parts of flowers that contain eggs
 pollination - process of transporting pollen from male to female flower
parts; pollen can be transported by wind, water, insects or other organisms
 fertilization - the union of sperm with eggs, occurs after pollination

b. Seed - reproductive structure consisting of a plant embryo and its stored food

c. Fruit – a reproductive structure developed from fertilization to the maturation

of seed; functions: (1) seed dispersal, (2) protection of seed, and (3) triggering
seed germination

Parts of a Flower:
1. Sepals – protects the flower bud
2. Petals – for attracting pollinators
3. Stamen - male part of a flower
Parts:
a. Anther - produces pollen
b. Filament - supports the anther
4. Pistil – female part of a flower
Parts:
a. Ovary - develops into a fruit;
each contains one or more ovules
b. Ovules - usually become seeds Figure 4.5. A flower showing the male
(stamen) and female (pistil) parts.
I. Plant Diversity
1. Nonvascular plants
 first land plants that lived in moist
habitats
 characteristics: (1) relatively small, (2)
closely attached to soil, (3) live in moist
environments, (4) no stomates, and (5)
conduction is through capillary action

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 20

  modern descendants are classified in three divisions:

i. Mosses
 the short, soft mats growing on rocks, trees
and other places
 members of the division Bryophyta
 the gametophyte phase is the most prominent
phase of the life cycle

Parts of Mosses

1. Archegonium (plural: archegonia) - the egg-

producing organ of a moss. Each flask-shaped
archegonium produces one egg
2. Antheridium (plural: antheridia) - the sperm-
producing organ of a moss. Each antheridium
produces many sperms
3. Capsule - the moss structure that forms haploid (n) spores by meiosis
4. Gemmae (singular: gemma) - tiny pieces of tissue that grow in various
structures on moss gametophytes

Common Types of Mosses

1. Sphagnum - one of the best known mosses; also called peat moss which forms
peat bogs
2. Peat bog - a wet ecosystem that consists of large mats of sphagnum

ii. Liverworts
 comprise the division Hepatophyta
 refers to the body of the plant which resembles the lobes of a liver

iii. Hornworts
 resemble liverwort gametophytes
 unlike the sporophytes of other nonvascular plants, hornworts sporophytes can
perform photosynthesis

2. Vascular plants
 divided into seedless and seeded plants
 have leaves, stems, and roots which all
contain vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)
 exhibit branching
 have both haploid (gametophyte) and
diploid (sporophyte) generations

a. Ferns
 the largest group of seedless vascular
plants alive today
 usually live in moist habitats because
they need water for fertilization

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 21

  Sorus (plural: sori) - spore-containing structure clustered on the underside of a
fern leaf
 Rhizomes – the stems of fern that grow underground
b. Conifers
 produce their seed in cones (specialized reproductive structures with many
compartments)
 mostly trees that possess needle-like leaves throughout the year, which is why they
are commonly called “evergreens”
 carry out fertilization without water by means of male and female cones
 belong to Gymnosperms (produce no flowers)

c. Angiosperm (Flowering Plants)

 Characteristics :
 flowers
 leaves, stems and roots that contain vascular tissue
 stems, branches, and roots that may be woody or non-woody
 gametophytes that grow within the sporophyte plant
 sexual reproduction depends on air currents or pollinating organisms, not water
 divided into two major groups: monocot and dicot

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 22

Figure 4.6. Difference between monocots and dicots.

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 23

  Review # 4 Kingdom Plantae
I. Analogy:
1. Xylem: carries water upward; Phloem: carries sugar from the leaves

2. Stem : support leaves and flowers ; Roots: absorbs water and minerals from the soil

3. Primary growth: elongation of stems and roots; Secondary growth: widening of stems

and leaves.

4. Monocot: parallel veins; Dicot : branched veins

5. Taproot : single large central root with smaller side roots ;

Fibrous root : form of clump of short, thread-like division

6. Stamen : male part of flower ; Pistil : female part of flower

7. Angiosperms : flowering plants ; Gymnosperm : non-flowering plants

8. Gametophyte : haploid phase of plant life cycle ; Sporophyte : diploid phase of plant life

cycle

9. Archegonium : egg-producing organ of mosses ; Antheridium : sperm producing organ

of mosses

10. Vascular Plants : possess all vascular tissues ; Non-vascular plants: lack some vascular

tissues

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 24

 Lesson Five

Kingdom Animalia

Characteristics
1. Eukaryotic – cells possess true
nucleus and contain membrane-
bound organelles; do not have
cell wall, mostly motile due to
presence of flagella and they
have defining cell structures
such as lysosomes, centrioles
and glycocalyx (cell coat)
2. Heterotrophic - depends on
other organisms for food
3. Multicellular – body is
composed of many cells
4. Digestion – mode of nutrition
5. Support and Movement – most
animals have a type of skeletal
system that provides support
and serves as a framework for
muscle attachment

A. Three Types of Skeletons

1. Hydrostatic Skeleton
 a support system
consisting of a body
compartment filled
with fluid under
pressure
 contain any hard
structures such as Figure 5.1. Representatives of different animal groups.
bones

 provides adequate support for some animals that live in water and soil and
cushions the animals’ internal organs
e.g. cnidarians, flatworms, nematodes, annelids
2. Exoskeleton
 a hard covering on the outside of a body that provides both support and
protection
 disables animals to grow, molting (shedding the protective covering to
grow) is needed
 chitin - a layer of nonliving material covering the entire body, (forming a
jointed encasement somewhat like a suit of armor)
e.g. crabs and insects
3. Endoskeleton
 an internal hard skeleton
 does not protect all soft body tissues but does allow for free movement and
greater growth
 a living framework that can grow along with the animal

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 25

 e.g. human
B. Most animals are active and require energy for movement
 sessile – permanently attached to one spot
 motile – free-living stage

Classification
1. Invertebrate Animals
a. Sponges: Phylum Porifera (Pore – Bearers)
Characteristics
 have porous structures that enable them to perform essential life functions
 body surfaces are perforated with numerous minute pores
 sessile and aquatic
 considered the simplest animals because of their characteristics:
 do not form true tissues or organs: cellular level of organization
 cells function independently
 no coordination of central nervous system

 filter- feeders (straining suspended matter and food particles from water):
 use the internal layer of flagellated cells to pump water through their
hollow bodies

Structure
 Spongin – network of protein fibers that
provides support for the animal
 Osculum – opening at the top of the sac
 Spicules – tiny, needle-like structures
made up of silicon dioxide or calcium
carbonate
 Amoebocytes – specialized cells for
digestion and reproduction
 Collar cells – flagellated cells that gather
food and maintain internal water current

Reproduction
1. Asexual : budding, regeneration, or
gemmule formation (gemmule –
dormant mass of sponge surrounded by
spicules formed during extreme Figure 5.3. Diagram of a sponge showing its
conditions) parts.

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 26

 2. Sexual : gamete formation (hermaphroditic - has reproductive organs
normally associated with both male and female sexes)

Figure 5.4. Spongia (left) or bath sponge, filled with

siliceous spiculesand Euplectella (right) or venus
flower basket, funnel-shaped.

b. Cnidarians: Phylum Cnidaria

Characteristics
 named for the unique cells called cnidocytes (used for defense and capturing
food)
 contain nematocyst (a filament with tiny harpoonlike barb on the end)
 soft-bodied animals with hollow central cavity
 exhibit radial symmetry (body parts radiate from a central point)
 possess tissue level of organization: emergence of tissue layers, reproductive
organs, nervous system and sensory cells, with limited mobility
 predatory animals armed with powerful stinging/ adherent tentacles
2 basic body types
 Polyp – cylinder-shaped or vase-shaped, sessile, performs asexual bud
formation (budding)
 Medusa – bell-shaped or
umbrella-shaped, free
swimming, forms gametes
(can be monoecious or
dioecious)
 these two alternate in
some species through
their life cycles
(Metagenesis)
 Planula (the developed
zygote during
fertilization. It is a free-
swimming larva)

Figure 5.5. Two basic body types of cnidarians, polyp

and medusa.

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 27

 Examples:

Figure 5.6.
Representatives
of Phylum
Cnidaria.

Tubipora Sea Anemone Hydra Jelly Fish

c. Flatworms: Phylum Platyhelminthes
Characteristics
 dorso-ventrally flattened, unsegmented bodies
 exhibit bilateral symmetry (identical or nearly identical halves)
 hermaphrodites (an animal or plant having both male and female reproductive
organs)
 reproduction: by regeneration
 acoelomate: body design has no coelom (epithelium-lined space between the
body wall and the digestive tract)
 excretory system through flame cells (hollow cell that has a cluster of vibratile
cilia)

Figure 5.7. Bilateral

symmetry showing equal
parts, left and right when Figure 5.8. Acoelomate body design. It means no coelom .
the animal is divided into
two.

Examples:

Hymenolepis Dugesia (planaria) Fasciola (sheep liver

(Tapeworm) fluke)
Figure 5.9. Representative organisms of flatworms.

d. Roundworms: Phylum Nematoda

Characteristics
 round , unsegmented bodies

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 28

  bilateral symmetry
 pseudocoelomate: body design has a false coelom (tube-like digestive system
with two openings: mouth and anus)

Figure 5.10. A pseudolocoelomate body design.

 differs with flatworms in three things:

pseudocoelomate
possess hydrostatic skeleton
sexual reproduction only
 dimorphic (occurring in two distinct forms) - most species have separate sexes
and fertilization occur in female’s body

Examples:

Figure 5.11. An intestinal parasite, Ascaris.

e. Mollusks: Phylum Mollusca

Characteristics
 have soft and unsegmented bodies
 coelomate : body design has a true coelom (body cavity is completely lined with
mesoderm)

Figure 5.11. A coelomate body design.

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 29

  possess open circulatory system (blood is enclosed in vessels in some places but
flows freely over body tissues in other places)
 some mollusks have closed circulatory system (blood is pumped
through a closed system of arteries, veins, and capillaries)

Structures:
 Mantle – soft outer tissue layer that produces the protective shell.
 Muscular foot – used for locomotion or attachment.
 Visceral mass – contains most of the mollusks’ internal organs (heart,
gonads, and stomach)

Kinds of mollusks:

Polyplacophora (many plates)

•most primitive mollusks

•with 8 overlapping plates
•foot is for attachment to rocks
•e.g. chitons

Gastropoda (stomach foot)

•more muscle contractions

•possess radula (for scraping food or capturing prey)
•single shelled or no shell at all
•e.g. snails, conches, slug

Bivalvia ( two valvaes)

•more developed gills (for filter feeding and respiration)

•e.g. clam, mussel, scallop, oyster

Cephalopoda (head foot)

•more advanced and active; predatory

•highly developed nervous sytem (large brain)
•e.g. octopus, nautilus, cuttlefish, squid

Examples :

Chitons Conches Oyster Nautilus

Figure 5.11. Representatives of Phylum Mollusca.

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 30

 f. Segmented Worms: Phylum Annelida
Characteristics:
 have elongated and segmented bodies
 all body organs except the digestive tract are repeated in each segment
 nervous system: composed of nerve cords and ganglia
 circulatory system: closed circulatory system (composed of continuous network
of vessels)
 coelomate
 reproduction: asexual reproduction thru regeneration; sexual reproduction is
more common; some are dimorphic but mostly are hermaphrodites
 Structures:
1. Coelom – large and
bears paired bristles
2. Setae – small bristles
used for movement
3. Ganglia – clusters of
nerve tissues (also
present in flatworms
and roundworms)
4. Nephridia – specialized
tube structures for the
removal of wastes

Figure 5.12. Body structures of segmented worms.

Examples:
Examples for Segmented worms:
Figure 5.13.
Representative
organisms of
segmented
worms, Phylum
Annelida.

Lumbricina Hirudinea Polychaeta

(earthworms) (leeches) (polychaetes)

g. Arthropods: Phylum Arthropoda

Characteristics:
 largest and most diverse animal
phylum
 bodies are encased in a tough
exoskeleton made of chitin;
bodies are also segmented but
have joint appendages
(specialized for sensing, eating,
reproducing, defending, or
moving)
Figure 5.14. A crustacean showing its exoskeleton.

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 31

  exoskeleton – hard covering outside the body providing support and protection;
limits the size of organism; to grow, arthropods must shed their exoskeletons
periodically (molting), where a new layer of chitin grows beneath its
exoskeleton

Subphylum of Arthropods

Crustaceans Chelicerates Insects

two pairs of no antennae one pair of antennae

antennae 1st pair of 3 distinct body
Aquatic appendage for regions: head,
piercing thorax, abdomen
appendages: 1 pair
are called mandibles Simple Eyes six-legged
(jaw-like) for 4 pairs of legs
chewing and
crushing food aphid, bee, cricket,
Swimmerets for dragonfly, firefly,
swimming scorpion, spider, moth, beetle, ant,
ticks, mites grasshopper, bug,
roach, termite, wasp,
crab, water flea,
mosquito, butterfly
lobster, shrimp,
crayfish

Chilopoda Diplopoda
circular, herbivores
dorsoventrally flat with 2 pairs of walking
legs per segment, Moves
1st pair of appendage: slowly, curls when
fang-like poisonous claws alarmed
Centipede Millipede

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 32

 h. Echinoderms: Phylum Echinodermata
Characteristics:
 are marine animals with spiny (calcareous skeleton) skin (echin – spiny; derma –
skin)
 endoskeleton (made of calcium) for supporting the body
 penta - radial symmetry; body consists of 5 parts arranged around a central
point
 locomotion: through water vascular system (network of fluid-filled tubes); also
helps them obtain food, and exchange gases
 no excretory organs (excretions are eliminated by diffusion)
 exhibit autotomy (self-induced releasing of a specific body part) and
regeneration (regrowing a damaged part with its original function)

Structures:
 Water Vascular System
 Radial canals
 Ampulla – muscular sac that helps force water into a tube foot
 Tube feet – hollow tubes that may have a suction cup-like end
 Ring canal
 digestive glands – spread throughout the body
 gonads – each sea star has a pair of testes/ ovaries in each arm

Asterias (sea Ophionereis Strongylocentrot Parastichopus

stars or starfish) (brittle stars) us (sea urchins) (sea cucumbers)
Figure 5.15. Representative organisms of echinoderms, Phylum Echinodermata.

2. Vertebrate Animals
Major characteristics of Chordates:
1. dorsal hollow nerve cord
2. notochord – firm but flexible supporting rod just below the nerve cord
3. gill slits – paired openings along the pharynx; can be used for filter-feeding, gas
exchange or other purposes
4. post-anal tail

Subphylum of Vertebrate Animals

a. Fish
Jawless: snake-like bodies without paired fins. e.g lamprey, hagfish
Jawed: all have skeletons made entirely of flexible cartilage. eg. shark,
bony fishes, milkfish, angel fish

Lamprey Hagfish Shark Angel fish

Figure 5.16. Types of fishes.

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 33

b. Amphibians
 well-adapted to life both in water and on land; mostly start their life as larvae in
water but live their adult lives on land
 possess four strong limbs: 2 forelimbs and 2 hind limbs
 eyes are covered by a transparent eye-lid called nictitating membrane (keeps
the eye moist in air and protects it in water)
 depend on water especially for reproduction
 with digestive tract similar to humans.
 cloaca (common chamber into which products of the digestive,
reproductive, and excretory systems empty)

Anura (frog) Bufo (toad) Dermophis Ambystoma

(caecilians) (salamander)
Figure 5.17. Types of amphibians.

c. Reptiles
 more adapted than amphibians in water environment
 skin: dry, covered with hard, dry scales made of water-resistant protein (keratin)
legs: positioned close to the body; enables them to run more quickly on land

Ophiophagus Lacertilia Gopherus

(snake) (lizard) (tortoise)
Figure 5.18. Types of reptiles.

d. Birds
 skin: thin covered with feathers (means of insulation and for flight) with an only
gland called oil gland at the base of their tail
 feet: full of scales; have hollow bones
 no teeth
 acute vision

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 34

 Eagle Duck Goose Pigeon
Figure 5.19. Types of birds.

e. Mammals
 endothermic; with hair or fur
 have mammary glands (more developed in females), which are specialized for
secreting milk to nourish their young

Rodentia Chiroptera Primates Carnivora Ceteacea

• Mouse, • Bats • Monkeys, • Cats, dog, • Whale,
hamster ape bear dolphin

Figure 5.20. Types of mammals

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 35

  Review # 5 Kingdom Animalia
I. Multiple Choice

a. Porifera b. Cnidaria c. Echinodermata

A 1. Reproduction by producing gemmules

B 2. Jellyfish

B 3. Carnivores that possess polyp and medusa stages

B 4. Coral

C 5. Starfish

C 6. Penta-radial Symmetry

A 7. Filter-feeders or Suspension feeder

a. Annelida b. Nematoda c. Platyhelminthes

C 1. Acoelomate B 4. Roundworms

B 2. Pseudocoelomate C 5. Dugesia

A 3. Coelomate A 6. Well-developed nervous system

MOLLUSKA

a. Polyplacophora b. Bivalvia c. Gastropoda d. Cephalopoda

C 1. Snail A 3. Chitons B 5. Clam

B 2. Oyster D 4. Squid C 6. Slug

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 36

 ARTHROPODA

II. Classify the different Arthropoda to their specific groups:

Spider Lobster Scorpion Crayfish Butterfly Centipede

Mite Grasshopper Millipede Beetle Ant

CRUSTACEANS CHELICERATES UNIRAMIANS

CHILOPODA DIPLOPODA INSECTA

Lobster scorpion centipede millipede Ant, butterfly

crayfish spider Beetle,

grasshopper

mite

FISHES

III. Write the missing classes and examples to complete the table below:

CLASS Examples

Chondrichthyes Shark, ray, slate

Osteichthyes Milkfish, Clown trigger fish

Agnathans Hagfish, Lamprey

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 37

 AMPHIBIANS & FISHES

IV. Identification: Identify what is being asked.

Nictating Membrane 1. Membrane that keeps amphibians’ eyes moist in air and protects
them from water

Cloaca 2. A common chamber where products of digestive, reproductive and

excretory systems empty

Keratin 3. A water-resistant protein that covers the reptilian body

Oil gland 4. The only gland present in birds’ skin

Scales 5. The outer covering of reptilian skin, which is also present in birds’ feet

V. Classify the following organisms into their proper Phylum.

Dinosaur Turtle Heron Lizard Frog Toad Hawk Snake Eagle

Reptiles Amphibians Birds

• Dinosaur • Frog • Hawk
• Snake • Toad • Eagle
• Lizard • _________ • Heron
• Turtle

MAMMALS

VI. State whether the given animal is a mammal or not ( or X)

________ 1. Bat _____X_____ 4. Crocodile __________ 7. Whale

________ 2. Hedgehog __________ 5. Rabbit __________ 8. Sea Cow

________ 3. Monkey _____ X_____ 6. Shark _____X_____9. Penguin

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 38

 Lesson Six

Viruses

Virus (Latin: poison, venom) is an infectious agent, which

invades and multiplies on tissues, with simple acellular
organization. Virus lacks independent metabolism and
reproduces only within living host tissues.
 Virology - study of viruses

Characteristics
1. obligate intracellular parasites (needs to be
inside the host cell)
2. acellular organization (not made up of cells)
3. genome composition : DNA or RNA but not both ; Figure 6.1. An illustration
double (DNA) or single stranded (RNA) showing the parts of a
4. Phases: typical virus.
a. extracellular : cannot reproduce
b. intracellular : exists as replicating nucleic acids

Virion – complete virus particle representing the extracellular phase of the virus life cycle

Structure:

Figure 6.2. An illustration comparing the

parts of bacteriohage and animal virus.

a. capsid – protein coat

b. nucleocapsid - refers to the capsid and the nucleic acid inside it
c. envelope – lipid-protein structure that encloses the nucleocapsid
d. genome – RNA or DNA; stores the genetic information of the virus
e. proteins – can be structural (for protecting the genome, etc.) or non-
structural (for infection, replication)

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 39

 Roles:
1. cause diseases
 infect humans, animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria.
e.g. smallpox, dengue fever, chickenpox, Influenza
2. useful
 used as antibacterial agents, anti-cancer agents, pesticides, etc.

Diversity

1. Shape 3. Epidemiologic Criteria

a. Helical a. Enteric Viruses
b. Polyhedral (acquired by ingestion)
c. Circular b. Respiratory Viruses (by
d. Complex inhalation)
c. Arboviruses (arthropod-
2. Host borne)
a. Infect humans d. Oncogenic Viruses (by
b. Animals close contact, injection,
c. Bacteria fomites, or unknown
d. Plants means)
e. Protists

Bacteriophages (“phages”) - bacterial viruses, which have the most complex capsids

Prions – infectious agents that are proteins; cause a disease called scrapie and may be
responsible for some degenerative diseases of the nervous system in humans

I. Emerging Viruses
 Through the years, different strains and outbreaks caused by viruses seemed
to make sudden appearances. Epidemiologists are still puzzled from where
these arise.
 The three processes contributing to the emergence of viral diseases:

1. An existing virus can evolve and cause disease in individuals who had
developed immunity to the ancestral virus.
2. An existing virus can spread from one host species to another.
3. An existing virus can disseminate from a small population to become
more widespread.

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 40

  Review # 6 Viruses

I. Fill in the parts of the Virus

Answer:

1. Head

2. Tail Fibers

3. DNA

4. End Plate

II. Fill in the blanks

V I R O L O G Y The study of Viruses

C A P S I D The protein coat of viruses

The complete virus particle representing the

V I R I O N
extracellular phase of the virus

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 41

CHAPTER 2:
Kingdoms of Life
LONG TEST
Name:_________________________________ Date:________________________
Score:_________________________________

I. Encircle the letter of the correct answer:

1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of Monerans?

a. Lack membrane-bound organelles
b. Lack a membrane-bound nucleus
c. Lack cell membrane
d. Lack mitochondria and chloroplasts

2. What do you call the crosswalls present in fungal hyphae?

a. Septa c. Chitin
b. Mycelia d. Rhizoid

3. What is the vascular tissue responsible for carrying water and other minerals in the
plants’ stems, leaves, and roots?
a. Phloem c. Xylem
b. Sap d. Cortex

4. In lichen, what does a fungus contribute in the symbiotic relationship?

a. Provide food for the organisms c. Provide shelter
b. Provide a physical environment d. Provide energy

5. What is the function performed by a plant when it gets taller and its roots dig deeper
into the soil?
a. Effective Plant Transport c. Well–adapted life in the environment
b. Sexual Reproduction d. Primary Growth

6. Which of the following cannot contribute to the process of pollination?

a. Rain c. Herbivores grazing
b. West wind d. Photosynthesis

7. Which of the following animals comprise cells performing their functions independently?
a. Corals c. Sea Star
b. Sponge d. Jellyfish

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 42

8. In a field affected by a strong typhoon, what plant do you expect to stand strong and
why?
a. Acacia tree because it has thick trunk and stems
b. Coconut tree because it has hollow trunk and light leaves
c. Carrot plant because it is too small to be affected by strong winds
d. Sunflower plant because it has roots that grow deep below the ground

9. Why are Deuteromycetes called Imperfect fungi?

a. Because they lack a specific structure in their life cycle
b. Because they are mold-like in appearance
c. Because they lack a sexual means of reproduction
d. Because they reproduce asexually

10. What do you call the organisms that digest and absorb nutrients from dead organic
matter?
a. Heterotrophs c. Cannibals
b. Saprophytes d. Chemoheterotrophs

11. Which group of organisms is responsible for causing Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning?
a. Dinoflaggelates c. Red Algae
b. Diatoms d. Euglenoids

12. What type of organisms can grow in a volcanic vent?

a. Methanogens c. Halophiles
b. Cyanobacteria d. Thermoacidophiles

13. What component makes up the cell walls of bacteria?

a. Chitin c. Cellulose
b. Peptidoglycan d. Xantophyll

14. What do you call a cell with many nuclei, which is also the feeding stage of a fungi-like
protist’s life cycle?
a. Mycelia c. Hyphae
b. Plasmodium d. Ciliophora

15. What do you call the bacteria that were once called Blue green algae, which are also
capable of performing photosynthesis?
a. Spirochetes c. Cyanobacteria
b. Gram –positive bacteria d. Dinoflagellates

16. What is the structure responsible for anchoring the Rhizopus in place and for absorbing
its needed nutrients?
a. Stolon c. Hypha
b. Rhizoid d. Rhizome

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 43

 17. What is lost in a plant with wilted leaves?
a. Rigidity c. Cellulosic cell walls
b. Turgor d. Pressure

18. What are the unique cells present in a jellyfish, which it uses to prey on food and fight its
enemies?
a. Nematocysts c. Cnidoblasts
b. Cnidocytes d. Tentacles

19. Which among the list of animals is not capable of producing both eggs and sperms
(hermaphroditic)?
a. Coral c. Sponge
b. Tapeworm d. Frog

20. What is the protein coat that covers the genome of a virus?
a. Capsid c. Nucleocapsid
b. DNA d. Capsule

II. Kingdom Monera and Kingdom Protista. Fill in the blanks. Choose the answer from the
pool of words above.

Monerans Cyanobacteria Sporozoan Fungal like - protists

Protists Spirochete Plant – like protists Plasmodial Slime Mold
Archaebacteria Gram Positive Bacteria Diatoms Water molds
Thermoacidophile Proteobacteria Euglenoid Paramecium
Methanogens Protozoans Dinoflagellates Red Tide Phenomenon
Halophiles Sarcodinian Green Algae Cilia
Eubacteria Zooflagellates Red Algae Phycocyanin
Autotrophic Ciliophorans Brown Algae Heterotrophic

Heterotrophic 1. Organisms that cannot make their own food and need to absorb other
organisms for energy

Monerans 2. Mostly unicellular organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus

and membrane bound organelles

Sarcodinian 3. A protozoan that moves and captures food using Pseudopods

Red Algae 4. Also known as Rhodophyta

Fungal like-protists 5. Protists that act as decomposers and are important in recycling
nutrients in our environment

Diatoms 6. Called as grasses of the sea

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 44

Gram Positive Bacteria 7. A kind of Eubacteria that is characterized by having thick cell wall with
teichoic acids and higher amount of peptidoglycan

Cyanobacteria 8. Eubacteria found in the water and were once considered to be blue-
green algae.

Sporozoan 9. A Protozoan characterized by the absence of structures used for

movement

Water molds 10. Fungal–like protists that can be found as decomposers in freshwater
ecosystems

Autotrophic 11. Organisms which are capable of making their own food

Ciliophorans 12. Protozoans that are covered with cilia

Halophiles 13. A kind of Archaebacteria that lives in extremely salty conditions like
Dead Sea, the Great Salt Lake, and other areas with a high salt content

Zooflagellates 14. Protozoans which use flagella, whip-like structures that aid in
movement of their cells

Phycocyanin 15. Produces blue pigmentation

Brown Algae 16. Also known as Phaeophyta

Paramecium 17. An example of Ciliophorans

Proteobacteria 18. A major group of phylum of bacteria that includes a wide variety of
pathogens like Salmonella and Helicobacter

Archaebacteria 19. A kind of Moneran that is often found living in harsh environments

Dinoflagellates 20. One-celled aquatic organisms bearing two dissimilar flagellae and
having characteristics of both plants and animals

Spirochete 21. A kind of Eubacteria that has a spiral shape and usually
heterotrophic

Plasmodial Slime Mold 22. A kind of Fungal like Protists that can weigh as much as 50 grams and
grow as large as the palm of a human hand

Cilia 23. A structure normally used for movement of Ciliophorans

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 45

Phycoerythin 24. Produces red pigmentation

Plant – like protists 25. Protists that can perform photosynthesis and have storage for food
materials

Euglenoid 26. A plant-like protist that has the characteristics of both algae and
protozoans

Green Algae 27. Also known as Chlorophyta

Protozoans 28. Protists with the animal-like characteristic of heterotrophy

Thermoacidophile 29. A kind of Archaebacteria found in extremely acidic conditions with

very high temperatures such as volcanic vents and hydrothermal vents

Methanogen 30. A kind of Archaebacteria which produces methane and is found in

oxygen-free environments

Chitin Zygospores Conidiophores Phloem Cambium

Fungi Sporangium Basidiomycota Leaves Natural Asexual

Hyphae Basidiospores Roots Artificial Asexual Gametophyte

Mycelium Stolon Deuteromycota Diplohaplontic Conidia

Septa Ascomycota Lichen Meristems Xylem

III. Kingdom Fungi and Plantae. Fill in the blanks. Choose the answer from the pool of
words above.
Saprophyte Mycorrhizae Sporophyte Fertilization Zygomycota

Ascus Seed Secondary Growth Primary Shoot Ascospores

31. A phylum of fungi which is also known as imperfect fungi. Deuteromycota

32. A kind of vascular tissue which carries water and dissolved minerals upward in a plant. Xylem

33. Thick-walled sexual spores of some algae and fungi that is formed by union of two similar
sexual cells. Zygospores

34. A tough, flexible carbohydrate that also makes up the hard outer skeleton of insects. Chitin

35. The mass of branched, tubular filaments (hyphae) of fungi. Mycelium

36. A kind of asexual reproduction in plants that involves suckering and tip – layering. Natural
Asexual

37. A protective structure that contains a diploid plant embryo and stored food, mainly in the
form of starch. Seed

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 46

38. The growing tissues of plants. Meristems

39. Also known as the sac fungi. Ascomycota

40. The first stem that emerges from a seed. Primary Shoot

41. A kind of fungi commonly called as common bread molds. Zygomycota

42. A phylum of fungi that produces four sexual spores called basidiospores . Basidiomycota

43. The most highly visible structures in plants. Leaves

44. A structure within which spores are produced. Sporangium

45. A part of Zygomycota which connects groups of rhizoids to one another. Stolon

46. The crosswalls of the fungal hyphae. Septa

47. A kind of asexual reproduction in plants that involves cutting, tissue culture and layering.
Artificial Asexual

48. The kingdom which includes the yeasts, rusts, molds, and mushrooms. Kingdom Fungi

49. A symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a plant. Mycorrhizae

50. Growth characterized by the roots, stems and branches of certain seed plants growing wider.
Secondary Growth

51. A life cycle of plants in which full-grown haploid and diploid forms alternate. Diplohaplontic

52. A vascular tissue that transports sugar dissolved in a solution. Phloem

53. An asexual structure in kingdom fungi that contains conidia. Conidiophore

54. Sexual spores in club fungi. Basidiospores

55. The haploid gamete-producing phase of a plant’s life cycle. Gametophyte

56. The long, branching filamentous cell of fungi. Hyphae

57. A spore produced asexually by various fungi at the tip of a specialized hypha. Conidia

58. The combination of the sperm and egg cell. Fertilization

59. Also known as lateral meristems. Cambium

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 47

60. A kind of relationship for fungi and a photosynthetic organism. Lichen

61. Organisms that obtain nutrients from dead things. Saprophytes

62. A saclike spore case of ascospores. Ascus

63. A part of the plants where absorption of water in the soil is done. Roots

64. The diploid phase of a plant life cycle that produces spores. Sporophyte

65. One of the spores contained in an ascus. Ascospores

CHAPTER 2: Kingdoms of Life| BIOLOGY 48