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Kingdoms of Organisms
Naming and Classifying Microorganisms
1735 — Carolus Linnaeus established the system of scientific nomenclature

important na may scientific name in order to have a standardized language for

naming organisms lalo na may iba ibang language all across the globe

1857 — Carl Von Nageli classified bacteria & fungi under Kingdom Plantae

1866 — Ernst Haeckel introduced Kingdom Protista

ang mga protist dati kasama sya sa ibang kingdom

1937 — Edouard Chatton introduced the term “prokaryote”

1959 — Fungi were placed in their own Kingdom

1968 — Robert G.E. Murray proposed the Kingdom Prokaryote

1969 — Robert H. Whittaker founded the 5-Kingdom

1978 — Carl R. Woese introduces the 3 Domain System

Woese din nag introduce ng 6-Kingdom System

Kingdoms of Organisms 1
 based on the type of ribosomal RNA

an evolutionary model of phylogeny based on differences in the sequences of

nucleotides in the cell's ribosomal RNAs (rRNA), as well as the cell's membrane
lipid structure and its sensitivity to antibiotics

Kingdoms of Organisms 2
 6 Kingdom

Kingdoms of Organisms 3
 eubacteria = true bacteria

eukaryotes are divided into those that have a cell wall and those that don't

Taxonomy
came from the Greek word:

taxis = “arrangement”

nomos = “law”

the science of categorizing and assigning names (nomenclature) to organisms

based on similar characteristics.

taxa = categories

Provides universal names for organisms

Phylogeny

the science and study of understanding the family tree of all life on Earth

Evolutions

Systematics

Kingdoms of Organisms 4
 the classification of life according to its phylogenetic (evolutionary)
relationships

Taxonomy and Phylogeny

aka Linnaean hierarchy

yeast → Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Phylum

aka Division

Example

S. aureus

Kingdoms of Organisms 5
 if multiple times lumabas sa isang paragraph

Staphylococcus aureus

di dapat deretso ung underline

Staphylococcal spp.

a lot of species for that genus

Staphylococcal sp.

one species

pag multiple times lumalabas sa paragraph

Scientific Names
Binomial Nomenclature

each organism has two names

Genus and specific epithet

are “Latinized” and used worldwide

may be descriptive or to honor a scientist

Types of Microorganisms
Bacteria (Prokaryote)

Peptidoglycan cell walls

may mga antibiotics na ito ung tinatarget

Binary fission

use organic and inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis for energy

Kingdoms of Organisms 6
 Archaea (Prokaryote)

Lack peptidoglycan

Live in extreme environments which include:

Methanogens

produce methane as a waste product

Extreme halophiles

live in an extremely salty environment

Extreme thermophiles

live in an extremely hot environment

Kingdoms of Organisms 7
 Fungi (Eukaryote)

Chitin cell walls

same sa outer shell ng crustaceans

Use organic chemicals for energy

Molds and mushrooms are multicellular consisting of masses of mycelia

Yeasts are unicellular

Algae (Eukaryote)

cellulose cell walls

Kingdoms of Organisms 8
 use photosynthesis for energy

produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds

Animal Parasites (Eukaryote)

multicellular animals

helminths

parasitic flatworms and roundworms

microscopic stages in life cycles

microscopic sila in one part of their life cycle

but matured ones are visible w/o a microscope

Kingdoms of Organisms 9
 Viruses

acellular

consists of DNA or RNA core

the core is surrounded by a protein coat known as capsid

the coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope

Kingdoms of Organisms 10
 viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell

Different Types of Cells

Kingdoms of Organisms 11
 Prokaryotic Cells

Kingdoms of Organisms 12
 Pro means before

karyon means nut or kernel

Have a much simpler morphology

Lack of a true membrane-delimited nucleus

lacks a distinct nucleus

All bacteria are prokaryotic, includes eubacteria and archaebacteria

Eukaryotic Cells
Eu means true

karyon means nut or kernel

Have membrane-enclosed nucleus

More complex morphologically

Usually larger than prokaryotes

Ex. Algae, fungi, protozoa, higher plants, and animal

Prokaryotic Cell Structure

Morphology (how u describe a bacteria) is based on shape and groupings
(arrangement)

prokaryotic cells come in a variety of simple shapes and often form characteristic
groupings

Shapes

Most common bacteria are one of two shapes:

Spherical, called a coccus (plural: cocci)

Cylindrical, called a rod

A rod-shaped bacterium is sometimes called a bacillus (plural: bacilli)

The descriptive term bacillus should not be confused with Bacillus, the name of
the genus.

Kingdoms of Organisms 13
 While members of the genus Bacillus are rod-shaped, so are many other
bacteria, including Escherichia coli (gram-negative bacilli) are also rod-
shaped

cells have a variety of other shapes

A rod-shaped bacterium so short that it can easily be mistaken for a

coccus is often called a coccobacillus

A short curved rod is called a vibrio (plural: vibrios)

comma-shaped

A curved rod long enough to form spirals is called a spirillum (plural:

spirilla)

corkscrew-shaped

average size: 0.2 — 1.0 µm × 2 — 8 µm

a long helical cell with a flexible cell wall and a unique mechanism of
motility is a spirochete

Kingdoms of Organisms 14
 bacteria that characteristically vary in their shape are called pleomorphic

Ex. Rhizobium & Corynebacterium

Some aquatic bacteria have extensions on their surface called prosthecae.

In some cases, these give the organisms a star-like appearance

Square, tile-like archaeal cells have been found in the salty pools of the
Sinai Peninsula in Egypt

Kingdoms of Organisms 15
 Groupings

Most prokaryotes divide by binary fission

Cells adhering to one another following division form a characteristic

arrangement that depends on the planes in which the organisms divide

some divide along a plane while some don't and divide only to form clusters
or a grape-like figure

This is seen especially in the cocci because they may divide into more than one
plane

Cells that divide in one plane may form chains of varying lengths.

Cocci that typically occur in pairs are routinely called diplococci

An important clue in the identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Some cocci form long chains — Strepto-

some, but not all members of the genus Streptococcus

like a bracelet

Cocci that divide into two or three planes perpendicular to one another form
cubical packets

Members of the genus Sarcina form such packets.

Kingdoms of Organisms 16
 Cocci that divide into several planes at random may form clusters —
Staphylo-

Species of Staphylococcus typically form characteristic grapelike

clusters

Kingdoms of Organisms 17
 Bacterial Cell Structure

Kingdoms of Organisms 18
 Prokaryotic Cell Organization
di lahat ng organism have all the parts

Cell Membrane

thin delicate membrane completely enclosing the cytoplasm

a bilipid layer

Fluid Mosaic Model

The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the plasma

membrane as a mosaic of components — including phospholipids,
cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates — that gives the
membrane a fluid character

functions:

selectively permeable

Kingdoms of Organisms 19
 certain nutrients go in and wastes go out

polar head and a nonpolar tail

important in the breakdown of nutrients and the production of energy

antimicrobial substances may disrupt or dissolve the bilayer

may mga drugs that break this barrier = may drug activity

membrane proteins perform or aid in many functions

cell wall synthesis

energy metabolism

DNA replication

sensation of stimuli

molecular transport

Cytoplasm

Internal matrix of the cell contained inside the cell membrane

80% water, enzymes, CHON, lipids, inorganic ions, LMW (low-molecular-

weight) compounds

Thick, aqueous, semitransparent, and elastic

Major structures — DNA, ribosomes, inclusions

Gas Vacuole

Kingdoms of Organisms 20
 a remarkable organic inclusion body

buoyancy for floating in aquatic environments

present in many cyanobacteria

Cytoplasmic Inclusions

Nucleoid or Nuclear Area

single circular molecule of dsDNA

cell’s genetic information

chromosomes do not contain histones (proteins)

not surrounded by a nuclear membrane

The DNA contains the genes (hereditary information)

The complete set of genes is called the genome

Most cells have only one copy of each gene (are haploid), so cannot
undergo mitosis like eukaryotes

The chromosome is usually a closed loop of DNA and protein

Ribosomes

sites for protein synthesis

70s in size

50s and 30s

eukaryotes = 80s → 60s and 40s

antimicrobials have selective toxicity so they only attack the 30s or the
50s ribosomes so di maaaffect ung 60s and 40s ng humans

Polysaccharide granules

consists of glycogen and starch

Sulfur granules

found in the genus Thiobacillus (sulfur bacteria)

thiol group = sulfur group

Kingdoms of Organisms 21
 Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)

produced by microorganisms when they are in a hostile environment

not all microorganisms produce this

revealed by the use of fat-soluble dyes (e.g.: Sudan dye)

Volutin/metachromatic granules

stain red with certain dyes such as methylene blue

represents a reserve of inorganic phosphates/polyphosphates

characteristic of the Babes-Ernst granules present in Corynebacterium

diphtheriae

for diagnostic and identification purposes of diphtheria

Chromatophores

present in photoautotrophic bacteria

photoautotrophs are organisms that can make their own energy using
light and carbon dioxide via the process of photosynthesis

can synthesize their own food from inorganic substances

Endospores

are produced when bacteria are in a hostile environment

highly durable dehydrated cells with thick walls and additional layers

resting stage of bacteria

found in 2 genera:

Bacillus

not swollen sporangium

Kingdoms of Organisms 22
 Clostridium

swollen sporangium

A sporangium is a structure in certain plants and other organisms that

are in charge of making and storing spores.

Spores are haploid structures created in organisms that help to

germinate and form new organisms.

outer coating is composed of the protein keratin

resistant to adverse conditions in the environment such as:

extreme heat/boiling temperatures

Kingdoms of Organisms 23
 dehydration/extensive drying

exposure to toxic chemicals (disinfectants, antibiotics, alcohol) and

radiation

contains genomic DNA

contains calcium dipicolinate which is essential for resuming

metabolism during germination.

help the endospore to go back to its vegetative state (actively dividing

state) pag bumalik na ung conditions to normal

germination

from endospore to vegetative cell

sporulation/sporogenesis

from vegetative cells to endospore

Plasmids

extrachromosomal DNA

are molecules of DNA smaller than the chromosome

a closed loop containing 5-10 gene

can be transferred between cells and can be used as vectors in genetic

engineering

R plasmids carry genes for resistance to antibiotics

kung resistant ang plasmid → pede ipasa sa other bacteria para

maging resistant din ung bago

resistance is caused by the misuse of antibiotics

Kingdoms of Organisms 24
 Magnetosomes

contain crystals of magnetite or greigite allowing cells to respond to

magnetic fields

for sound recording????

iron oxide inclusions that destroy hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Mesosomes

invagination of the cell membrane

aids in cell division

mas mabilis magdivide if meron neto

Kingdoms of Organisms 25
 Cytoskeleton

provides shape and structure

a homolog of eukaryotic tubulin

forms filaments similar to those found in microtubules

proteins homologous to eukaryotic actin can help determine cell shape

MreB

homologous actin-related cytoskeletal proteins that play an

important role in a number of cellular functions in bacteria, including
regulation of cell shape, chromosome segregation, cell
polarity, and organization of membranous organelles.

critical role in maintaining rod-shaped cell morphology in a wide

range of bacterial species

forms dynamic helical filaments around the periphery of the cell,

perpendicular to the long axis

Crescentin

a homolog to eukaryotic intermediate filaments

also assists in cell shape

Kingdoms of Organisms 26
 Periplasmic Space

Contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins for nutrient processing

and uptake

Periplasm modifies toxic compounds that could harm the cell

mas mahirap patayin ang gram negative cuz may periplasmic space sya
that modifies toxic chemicals like drugs

Found in gram (-) organisms

Cell Wall

the rigid structure surrounding the cell membrane

common to all bacteria except the Mycoplasmas

composed primarily of peptidoglycan (PG)

aka murein

prevents osmotic lysis

Kingdoms of Organisms 27
 composed of alternating molecules of amino sugars:

N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)

Functions of the cell wall

maintains the shape and rigidity of cell

Mycoplasmas are wallless organisms but have sterols in their cell

membrane

fatty material in the membrane

di pede gram staining technique sakanila

protection against osmotic pressure

contributes to the organism's pathogenicity

aka virulence

organism’s ability to cause disease

site of antigenic determinants that characterize the bacteria

Classifications of cell wall based on gram stain reaction:

Kingdoms of Organisms 28
 Gram Positive Cell Wall — g(+)

has 7-8 PG layers

thick peptidoglycan layer

devoid of lipids and proteins

contains teichoic acid (TA)

types:

lipoteichoic acid

a surface-associated adhesion amphiphile from Gram-

positive bacteria and regulator of autolytic wall enzymes
(muramidases)

It is released from the bacterial cells mainly after

bacteriolysis induced by lysozyme, cationic peptides
from leukocytes, or beta-lactam antibiotics.

wall teichoic acid

involved in many aspects of cell division and are essential

for maintaining cell shape in rod-shaped organisms

WTAs are important in the pathogenesis and play key

roles in antibiotic resistance

serves as a major surface antigen

no periplasmic space

Ex. Staphylococcus aureus

consists primarily of:

alcohol

phosphate

Kingdoms of Organisms 29
 Gram Negative Cell Wall — g(-)

more structurally and chemically complex than a g(+) cell wall

mas marami siyang component kesa sa positive so mas mahirap i-

eradicate

has only 1-2 layers of PG

has an outer membrane, separated from the cell membrane by the

periplasmic space

Outer membrane

contains proteins called porins that selectively allow small

molecules
into the periplasmic space

porins allow for the passage of substances

membrane bilayer:

phospholipid inner layer

Kingdoms of Organisms 30
 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) outer layer:

lipid A (an endotoxin)

core polysaccharide

O antigen or O-specific polysaccharide

Ex. E. coli

Kingdoms of Organisms 31
 mordant

enhances the affinity of the stain to the peptidoglycan wall of the

microorganism

mas kakapit si crystal violet w this

decolorizer

violet parin ung positive cuz kumapit sa thick peptidoglycan

colorless ang negative cuz nawash off na sya

winawash off ung stain during prep

counterstain

saffranin is color red so ung negative magiging red/pink

Kingdoms of Organisms 32
Kingdoms of Organisms 33
 exotoxin vs endotoxin

exotoxin

a soluble poisonous substance produced during the growth of a

microorganism and released into the surrounding medium

endotoxin

toxic heat-stable lipopolysaccharide substance present in the

outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that is released from
the cell upon lysis

high resistance to physical destruction ang positive cuz of thick

peptidoglycan

high target site sa positive so cell wall is easily disrupted (sa peptidoglycan)

attack cell wall

penicillin and sulfanilamide

attack ribosomes

enter the cell immediately sa negative and attack the cells internally

Kingdoms of Organisms 34
 streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline

Glycocalyx

a sticky gelatinous polymer that is external to the cell wall

composed of either:

polysaccharide

sugar

e.g.: Family Enterobacteriaceae

polypeptide such as polyglutamic acid

protein

e.g.: Bacillus

types

slime layer

unorganized

loosely attached to the cell wall

mas fluid

Kingdoms of Organisms 35
 capsule

organized

rigid and firmly attached to the cell wall

pag may capsule, mas virulent

functions:

protection from dehydration/desiccation/drying

food reservoir

contributes to bacterial virulence

for attachment

Kingdoms of Organisms 36
 all cocci are non-encapsulated except:

Streptococcus sp. (pneumonia)

aka Streptococcus pneumoniae

all bacilli are non-encapsulated except:

Haemophilus sp. (meningitis)

Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)

Klebsiella pneumoniae (pneumonia, UTI, wound infections,

meningitis)

Cell Appendages

Flagella

long filamentous appendages that propel the bacteria

composed of long, rigid, helical strands of protein subunits called

flagellin

for movement/locomotion

parts:

filament

hook

Kingdoms of Organisms 37
 basal body

counterclockwise rotation = “runs”

clockwise rotation = “tumbles”

arrangements

monotrichous → single polar

amphitrichous → single at both ends

lophotrichous → 2 or more at one or both poles

peritrichous → entire cell

Kingdoms of Organisms 38
 Fimbriae/Pili

hairlike appendages that are shorter, straighter, and thinner than

flagella

for attachment

Kingdoms of Organisms 39
 pede inject ung genetic material w this

bacterial conjugation

inject plasmid into another bacteria

Axial Filament

for movement

found in Spirochetes

Kingdoms of Organisms 40
 propels the spirochetes in a spiral motion (corkscrew movement)

Examples

Treponema pallidum (syphilis)

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)

Mode of Reproduction
Binary Fission

Kingdoms of Organisms 41
 mode of reproduction in bacteria

1 cell is broken down into 2 identical cells

Budding

mode of reproduction in yeasts

maliit na portion matatanggal and then maggrgrow into its matured size

asexual reproduction in which a new individual develops from some generative

anatomical point of the parent organism.

Generation/Budding Time

time required for a population to double in number

growth = logarithmic function

Kingdoms of Organisms 42
 Two Levels of Microbial Growth
cellular growth

increase in cell size

population growth

increase in cell number

Kingdoms of Organisms 43
 Stages in a Microbial Growth Curve

Kingdoms of Organisms 44
 inoculation

heat in the alcohol lamp will provide a sterile area

kills microorganisms

culture media

agar

solid media

plate = 10mL

deep = 6mL

anaerobic microorganism

no oxygen

slant = 4mL

para magkaroon ng larger surface area for the microorganism

to grow

may control para un gamitin as a reference for measurements

broth

liquid media

5mL

40 degrees C

parent culture na gustong padamihin lilipat to a fresh culture

slant to broth

inoculating loop iheheat sa lamp til red hot

tanggal cotton plug ng parent culture

heat mouth of the tube para ung mga nakadikit na microorganism sa

mouth mamatay

tusok ung loop para kumuha ng microorganism (inoculum = sample)

and tanggal

Kingdoms of Organisms 45
 heat the mouth of the tube then cover

open cotton plug ng fresh culture

heat ung mouth

tusok loop then mix

heat mouth and then cover

incubate at 37 degrees C at 18-24 hrs para dumami

After 24 hours, get the tube and then you are now in the stationary
phase

lag phase

aka period of adjustment to a new environment

galing sa ibang culture media

synthesis still taking place

exponential phase

also called the log phase

log or exponential growth

cells are dividing at a constant and maximum rate

number of cell divisions exceeds the number of cell death

the rapid increase in population

stationary phase

aka period of equilibrium

flat line

number of cell divisions is equal to the number of cell death

most likely cuz nasa max number of cells na (overcrowded)

death ung black sa baba

dividing ung sa taas

death phase

Kingdoms of Organisms 46
 aka decline phase

number of cell death exceeds the number of cell division

cells die because of:

lack of nutrition

accumulation of toxic materials

increase in cell density

overcrowding

Growth Factors of Microorganisms

Temperature

The optimum temperature for growth

High = thermophiles

hot environment

Ambient/Moderate = Mesophiles

most microorganisms are mesophiles

thrive on body temp

Low = Psychrophiles

Kingdoms of Organisms 47
 psychrophiles

cold environment

cold-loving microbes

survive on -15 to 20 degrees (normally on negative)

psychrotrophs

grow in 0 degrees but prefer a mesophilic temp

survive on 0 to 30 degrees

mesophiles

most microorganisms in the body

moderate temp or middle-loving microbes

20-45 degrees

incubate for 37 degrees para bumilis growth

Kingdoms of Organisms 48
 thermophiles

heat-loving microbes

above 45-120 degrees

peak is 60 degrees

hyperthermophiles

die below 60

Water

halo tolerant

thrive in a salty environment

low water activity = high osmotic pressure

halophiles

require sodium > 9%

extremes may live in 30%

marine salt about 3%

cell wall and membrane fall apart w/o sodium

nonhalophile

0 to 1.5%

how do microbes adapt to low water activity?

microbes can change their internal osmotic environment

E. coli in the GI tract

produce or import compounds that increase internal solutes

compatible solutes

don't harm the host

ions, sugars, amino acids

xerophile

microorganisms that grow at low water activity levels

Kingdoms of Organisms 49
 Gaseous requirement

Aerobic

requires 21% O2

need O2 to live

Anaerobic

die in the presence of oxygen

facultative

may or may not survive with O2

mas trip merong O2

obligate/strict

die in the presence of O2

Clostridium tetani = tetanus

can be obtained from any material (wood, steel) basta sugat and
pumasok ung organism

Clostridium botulinum = paralysis

bloated canned goods (vacuum-sealed containers = no O2)

1mcg can kill a person

Capneic/Capnophiles

require CO2

5-10% CO2

Aerotolerant

okay lang if meron or walang O2

mas trip walang O2

similar to facultative

grows best in the absence of O2

Microaerophile

Kingdoms of Organisms 50
 need O2 but in low concentrations

pH of environment

acidophile = fungi

mula yeast pababa sa microorganisms

Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar

acidic culture media

neutrophile = most bacteria

basophile = Vibrios, Campylobacter jejuni

optimum = pinakamataas na growth

High salt concentration (Halophilic)

Vibrios

Mycobacterium marinum

Kingdoms of Organisms 51
 Types of Culture Media
Simple

designed for non-fastidious organisms

low maintenance

do not require any special growth factor

Ex.

nutrient agar, nutrient broth

Enriched

Fortified with nutrients, vitamins, or other substances required for the

growth of the organisms

Blood Agar Plate (BAP)

media for those requiring high nucleic acid in their diet

Milk agar

for organisms requiring a high CHON diet

Chocolate Agar

for organisms requiring Hgb in their diet (hemoglobin)

Differential Media

media which will subdivide a big group of organisms into categories

Mac Conkey Agar

first solid differential media

to determine the ability of an organism to ferment lactose

lactose fermenters = red/pink colonies

non-lactose fermenters = appearance not altered

no visible reaction (NVR)

the sugar present is lactose and it can be fermented into acid, if naging
acidic, it changes color

Kingdoms of Organisms 52
 selective medium

only allows for the growth of gram-negative microorganisms

EMB Media

aka ”Levine’s Formulation” or Eosin Methylene Blue

selective for gram-negative bacteria commonly used for the isolation and
differentiation of coliforms and fecal coliforms.

Colored colonies

Lactose fermenter

Ex. E. coli = green

Colorless colonies

Non lactose fermenters

Kingdoms of Organisms 53
 BAP

aka blood agar plate

trypticase soy agar enriched with 5% sheep blood.

based on the ability of the organism to perform hemolysis

kaya ba ng microorganism na maglyse ng blood

Alpha hemolytic

green

partial hemolysis

hemoglobin is reduced to methemoglobin

Methemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin that has been oxidized,

changing its heme iron configuration from the ferrous (Fe2+) to
the ferric (Fe3+) state

Unlike normal hemoglobin, methemoglobin does not bind

oxygen and as a result, cannot deliver oxygen to the tissues

greenish-gray or sometimes brown

Beta hemolytic

discoloration

Kingdoms of Organisms 54
 complete hemolysis

clear color or transparent

Gamma hemolytic

green or NVR

no reaction, no hemolysis

Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA)

originally red

phenol red

pH indicator

nagbabago ng kulay in change of pH

differentiate a group of Staphylococcus based on the color of

pigments

The high concentration of salt (7.5%) selects for members of the

genus Staphylococcus, since they can tolerate high saline levels.

Staphylococcus aureus = golden yellow → (+)

Staphyloccoci is fermented, when acidic it becomes yellow

S. aureus is more pathogenic cuz it can ferment mannitol

pathogenic = naferment ang mannitol

Kingdoms of Organisms 55
 S. epidermidis = white (porcelain white) → (-)

S. saprophyticus = no pigment → (-)

Selective Media

Kingdoms of Organisms 56
 Allow selective growth of an organism or group of organisms while
selectively inhibiting the growth of other

nagcocontain ng antimicrobial drugs para mapili lang nya kung ano magrgrow

Mac Conkey

bile salts inhibit the growth of gram(+)

EMB

CNA

Colistin Nalidixic Acid

selective for G(+) so will not allow G(-) to grow

Colistin itself prevents gram(-)

Sabouraud-dextrose media

acidic = pH 5.6

selective for fungi

Thayer-Martin

modified chocolate agar

selective for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis.

specific for Neisseria species

Loeffler’s serum media

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Tellurite media

ID test of Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Tellurium (black-colored complex) → specific for C. diphtheriae

Campy BAP and Skirrows

ID for Campylobacter jejuni

bacterial gastroenteritis, diarrhea

Middle-Brooke Cohn 7H10 or 7H11

Kingdoms of Organisms 57
 Fully synthetic media for Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Lowenstein-Jensen

Semi-synthetic media for M. tuberculosis

kuha ng sample ng phlegm ng may TB tas igrgrow

Contain egg yolk media

Bordet-Gengou media

Specific media for Bordetella pertussis

whooping cough

Alkaline peptone broth

Vibrio cholerae

Anaerobic Media

Thioglycollate broth

Only type of anaerobic media

Thioglycolic acid

a colorless liquid with a strong, typical mercaptan disagreeable

odor (although olfactory fatigue may occur) that is used in cosmetic
formulations including permanent wave solutions and depilatories in
pharmaceutical manufacture, and as a stabilizer for vinyl plastics.

Solid media

Place them in jars (candle jars)

magsisindi ng flame sa loob hanggang maubos ung flame (nakuha na

lahat ng O2) to create an anaerobic media

Gas-Pak® → to provide an anaerobic condition

Kingdoms of Organisms 58
 Kingdoms of Organisms

Kingdoms of Organisms 59