Indian summer,

old wife old wives' summer

Aristotle subdivided organisms into plants and animals
K. Linnaeus (1707–1778) created nomeclature till now used in biology
2 kindgoms:
1. Regnum Animale
2. Regnum Vegetabile
[3. Regnum Lapideum (minerals)]
1674 A. Levenhukas – farther of microscopy, has noticed unicellular organisms
1866 E. Haeckel - 3 domains
1. Regnum Monera
2. Regnum Animalia
3. Regnum Plantae
(unicellular and multicellular organisms)
1938 H. F. Copeland - 4 domains
1. Regnum Monera (prokarya)
2. Regnum Protista (unicellular eukarya)
3. Regnum Animalia
4. Regnum Plantae
5th dec. E. Chatton 2 domains
Domain Prokarya (1)
Domain Eukarya (2-4)
R.H. Whittaker, 1969
Regnum Monera
Regnum Protista
Regnum Fungi
Regnum Planta
Regnum Animalia
T. Cavalier-Smith, 1988 (1998 – 6 kingdoms)
Regnum Archeobacteria
Regnum Eubacteria
Regnum Archezoa
Regnum Protozoa
Regnum Chromista
Regnum Fungi
Regnum Planta
Regnum Animalia
Linnaeus C Haeckel E Chatton Copeland Whittaker Woese Woese Cavalier-Smith Cavalier-Smith
1735 1866 1925 1938 1969 1977 1990 1993 1998

2 kingdoms 3 kingdoms 2 domains 4 kingdoms 5 kingdoms 6 kingdoms 3 domains 8 kingdoms 6 kingdoms

Eubacteria Bacteria Eubacteria

Prokaryota Monera Monera Bacteria
Archaebacteria Archaea Archaebacteria

Protista
Archezoa
Protozoa
Protoctista Protista Protista Protozoa

Eukaryota Eucarya Chromista Chromista

Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae

Vegetabilia Plantae Plantae
Fungi Fungi Fungi Fungi

Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia

 R.H. Whittaker, 1969

5 kingdoms –
Classification based on structure and nutrition

Monera – unicellular prokariotes

Protista – unicellular, colonial eukariotes
Plants – multicellular autotrophs
Animals – multicellular heterotrophs
Fungy – multicellular heterotrophs
An unrooted phylogenetic tree shows how
multicellularity evolved independently
in several eukaryotic lineages
Domains
Archaea domain
Bacteria domain
Eukarya domain
Comparative characteristics of 3 domains of living beings
Feature Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Nuclear envelope - - +
Membrane - - +
endorsed organelles
Peptidoglucan in + - -
cell wall
Membrane lipids Unbranched Some branched Unbranched
hydrocarbons hydrocarbons hydrocarbons
RNA polymerase One type Several types Several types
Initial amino acid for Formylmethionine Methionine Methionine
protein synthesis
Introns in genes Very rare Present in Present in
some genes many genes
Response to the Growth usually Growth Growth
antibiotics streptomycin inhibited not inhibited not inhibited
and chloramphenicol
Histones associated Absent Present in Present
with DNA some species
Circular chromosome Present Present Absent
Growth at t > 100 °C No Some species No
Methanogenic bacteria
Marginal halophytes
Marginal termophytes

Very resistant to hight temperature

DNA polymerase, extracted from
Thermus aquaticus
(Taq-polymerase)
Eukarya domain
Eukarya domain
(Protista, Plant, Animal kingdoms)

4 main clades of Eukarya domain

1. Excavata
2. "SAR" clade
3. Archaeplastida
4. Unikonta – one flagella
Inside these clades
1. Euglenophyta
2. diatoms, golden and brown algae
dinoflagellates
3. Embryophytes
4. fungy and animals
"Excavata" clade organisms – have an
excavation (groove) in one side of the cell
Representatives
1st clade – organisms with special structure
of mitochondria
2nd clade - euglens
Euglenophyta
Many have a conspicuous ventral feeding
groove — the "excavated" appearance of this
groove giving the organisms their name. Title
was first suggested in 1999
Most excavates are unicellular, heterotrophic
flagellates. They are considered to be the
most basal flagellate lineage
1-nucleus,
2-anterior flagellum,
3-ventral/posterior
flagellum,
4-ventral feeding groove

Euglena
1-nucleus,
2-flagellar pocket/reservoir,
3-dorsal/anterior flagellum,
4-ventral/posterior
flagellum,
5-cytostome/feeding
apparatus
SAR clade contains (is named after ) three
large and very diverse clades:
Stramenopila,
Alveolata
Rhizaria

Stramenopiles include some of the most

important photosynthetic organisms on Earth,
such as diatoms, golden and brown algae

Alveolates include many photosynthetic

species Dinoflagellates
and important pathogens, such as
Plasmodium which causes malaria

From the Embriophytes APG - ???

Stramenopiles (straw hairs)
also called the heterokonts - many are unicellular
flagellates with
two unequal flagella.
The anterior flagellum is covered with one or two rows of
lateral hairs or mastigonemes, which are tripartite (i.e.
with a flexible basal insertion, a stiff hollow component,
and tipped with fine delicate hairs
Group of organisms that consist of both photosynthetic
and nonphotosynthetic cells
Alveolata
The Alveolata (meaning "with cavities")
a group of protists (single-celled), considered a major
clade and superphylum within Eukarya
are named for the presence of an alveolus - sac of fluid
underneath their cell membranes.
These closely packed sacs are called alveoli
Dinoflagellates
Archaeplastida the supergroup that includes red
algae, green algae, and land plants

Archaeplastida are distinguished by the presence of

primary plastids – the photosynthetic organelles
deriving directly from cyanobacteria by endosymbiosis.
From: Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2020
Unikonta - one flagella

Slime molds ameboid organisms

fungi and other opistokonts -
with one flagella in the back
Eukarya domain
(Protista, Plant, Animal kingdoms)

4 main clades of Eukarya domain

1. Excavata
2. "SAR" clade
3. Archaeplastida
4. Unikonta – one flagella
Inside these clades
1. Euglenophyta
2. Diatoms, golden and brown algae
dinoflagellates
3. Embryophytes
4. Fungy and animals
The choanoflagellates are a group of free-living
unicellular and colonial flagellate eukaryotes ...
From Greek Khoanē meaning "funnel" (due to
the shape of the collar) and the Latin word
"flagellum".
SAR clade

Uniconta
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