Tree of Life and Systematics

Tree of Life
The Three
Domain
System
Archaea Domain – (E.g. Methanogens: methane-
makers”, Halophiles: “salt lovers”, Thermophiles:
“heat / cold lovers”)
Bacteria Domain – (E.g. Proteobacteria,
Cyanobacteria, Eubacteria, Chlamydias,
Spirochaetes)
Eukarya Domain – (E.g. algae, amoeba, fungi,
molds, yeast, ferns, mosses, flowering plants,
sponges, insects, and mammals.)
Linnaean System of Classification
-Binomial nomenclature
(Genus species)
-. In plants, the kingdom
divides into division
instead of phyla. In
bacteria, species
categorize further into
strains.
 Binomial Nomenclature
 It uses two names derived from different sources –
geographical location of species, a person, or a characteristic it
possesses.
 The first letter of the first name is in capital while the rest,
including all the letters of the second name, are in lower case
and written in the italic form
(e.g. Mice as Mus muscuus)
 In case a scientific name is handwritten, both names should be
underlined
(e.g. onion as Allium cepa)
 Basis of Scientific Names
 The construction of scientific names uses both Latin and Greek
names which describe the species characteristics
(e.g. Homo sapiens are Latin words in which the name sapiens
specifically means “wise” and Homo means “human”)
 Commemorate a person
(e.g. Draco rizali, a flying lizard, named in honor of Dr. Jose
Rizal)
 Geographical location
(e.g. Archboldomys luzonensis, an Isarog shrewmouse endemic
to Luzon)
Elements of a Scientific Name
1. Genus Name – the first name in the scientific
name
(e.g. Hemidactylus)
1. Specific epithet – the second name in the
scientific name
(e.g. frenatus)
 Whittaker Classification
(5-Kingdom Classification)
 Basis of Five-Kingdom
Classification
I. Cell type – prokaryotic or eukaryotic
II.Level of organization—unicellular or multicellular, and
III.Modes of Nutrition
a.Photosynthesis
b.Absorption
c.Ingestion
Kingdom Monera

• Consists of all the prokaryotes, and majority of them are

represented by the smallest organisms on Earth.
• Monerans are unicellular
• Most are heterotrophic but some performs photosynthesis
Kingdom Protista
• Eukaryotic with solitary or colonial unicellular organization
without any differentiation into tissues and organs.
• Mostly aquatic forms called planktons; the planktons may be
photosynthetic and cell-walled (phytoplanktons) or may be
non-photosynthetic and wall-less (zooplanktons).
• Three main types of protists:
• Algae
• Protozoans
• Fungi like Protists
Red Algae Dinoflagellates

Golden Algae

Green Algae

Brown Algae
 Euglena

Amoeba
Paramecium
 Slime Molds
Water Molds
Kingdom Fungi

• Multicellular eukaryotic organisms closely related to plants.

• Non-photosynthetic, they obtain nutrients from dead and
decaying organic matter (heterotrophs)
• Mostly decomposers that nourish themselves through
absorption
• They are non-motile.
Mushrooms

Yeast
s
Bread Molds
Kingdom Plantae

• Multicellular eukaryotic organisms with cell wall made up of

cellulose
• Plants are autotrophic in nutritional mode, making their own
food by photosynthesis; photosynthetic pigments are
chlorophylls present in plastids (chloroplasts).
• Ex. Mosses, Ferns and other flowering plants
Kingdom Animalia

• Includes eukaryotic multicellular consumers

• Animals live mostly by ingesting food and digesting it within
specialized cavities
• They lack cell wall and show movements
• Ex. Dogs, Cats, Humans, etc.,
 Dichotomous Key
 a tool that helps identify unknown organisms to some taxonomic level
(e.g. species, genus, family, etc.)
 "Dichotomous" means, "divided into two parts."
 a dichotomous key always offers two choices for each step, each of which
describe key characteristics of a particular organism or group of
organisms.
 the key is constructed in such a way that a series of choices is made that
leads the user to the correct identity of a sample organism.
Sample Dichotomous Key
1a. Unicellular Paramecium
1b. Multicellular Go to 2
2a. Presence of backbone Go to 3
2b. Absence of backbone Go to 6
3a. Presence of dry scales Snake
3b. Absence of dry scales Go to 4
Sample organisms:
4a. Presence of feathers Chicken
1. Kangaroo
4b. Absence of feathers Go to 5
2. Chicken
5a. Can live on both land and water Frog
3. Frog
4. Snake
5b. Can live only on land Kangaroo
5. Earthworm
6a. Presence of exoskeleton Shrimp
6. Shrimp
6b. Absence of exoskeleton Earthworm
7. Paramecium
Let’s Practice
Set 1 Set 2
1.Dog 1.Snake
2.Shark 2.Turtle
3.Rose 3.Butterfly
4.Oyster 4.Crab
5.Mosquito 5.Spider
6.Mushroom 6.Bat
7.man 7.Jellyfish