Lets Analyze Some Situations

Situation 1
CASE A CASE B
 Situation 2
Compare and contrast

FROG ROSE

MONKEY
SHARK
HUMANS AMOEBA
BACTERIA
COW CROW

SNAKE
OCTOPUS COCKROACH

RICE
FUNGI PINE TREE
 LETS TRY TO ORGANIZE THESE ORGANISMS IN
OUR OWN WAY

1. Choose a character on the basis of which

you want to group these organisms
2. Decide the names of categories (2/3)
3. Place each organism in the suitable
category
4. Give a name/title to your grouping
 For Example:
Basis- Capability to move

Categories- Movementa and Stagnata

Name of grouping system – Systema Biologica

Movementa Stagnata
•Humans •Rose
•Monkey •Pine Tree
•Cow •Rice
•Crow •Fungi
•Snake
•Frog
•Cockroach
•Shark
•Octopus
•Amoeba
•Bacteria
 BIOLOGICAL
CLASSIFICATION
Classification is the scientific practice of
grouping of living organism into categories on
the basis of their similar and dissimilar
characters and structural relationships. The
branch of Science which deals with
identification, nomenclature and classification
of organisms is called Taxonomy.
 Need for classification
 It makes the study of organism easy

 Relationship between various groups is revealed

 Study of few organism can give information about

their life as whole

 Informs about evolutionary relationship

 Gives knowledge about organisms found in specific

geographical area
 Forms basis to understand the other fields of applied

biology.
 History Of Classification

Aristotle was the earliest to attempt a scientific basis of

classification. He classified the organisms as.. Plants and

Animals.

Carolus Linnaeus (father of modern botany) proposed Two

kingdom Classification- Plantae and Animalia

E.H Haeckel suggested a third kingdom of unicellular

organisms called Protista.

 Carl Woese proposed three domains of life- Archaea, Bacteria,

Eukarya.
Five kingdom classification
 Proposed by R.H.Whittaker in 1969

 Basis of classification:-

1. complexity of cell structure

2. complexity of body organisation
3. mode of obtaining nutrition
4. reproduction
5. phylogenetic relationship

 The five kingdoms are:-

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Hierarchy Of Classification

K I N G D O M

 PHYLUM (Animals)/ DIVISION (Plants)

 CLASS

 ORDER

 FAMILY

 GENUS

 SPECIE
 Kingdom – I Monera
General characters:-
1. They lack nuclear membrane ( Prokaryotic)
2. Devoid of membrane bound organelles (plastids,
mitochondria)

3.Typically unicellular, microscopic.

4.Mode of nutrition- autotrophic or heterotrophic

5. Reproduction- mostly asexual

6. Some bear rigid cell wall
7.Generally non- motile

8. Single circular strand of DNA Present called Nucleoid

Example- Bacteria, Cyanobacteria, Mycoplasma

 Kingdom – II Protista
General characters:-
1. Solitary or colonial
2. Unicellular eukaryotic organisms which do not form
tissue.
3. Possess nuclear membrane and membrane bound
organelles (plastids, mitochondria)
4. Reproduction include both asexual sexual processes

5. Nutritive modes – autotrophic or heterotrophic

6. Some use appendages for movement eg. cilia, flagella

Example - unicellular algae, diatoms, protozoans
 Kingdom – III Fungi
General characters:-
1.Heterotrophic due to absence of chlorophyll.
2.Parasitic or saprophytes.
3.Thallus is colourless filamentous structure- hyphae which form a
network called mycelium.
4.Cell wall- made up of fungal cellulose and chitin.
5.Eukaryotic
6.Decomposers
7.The protoplasm in hyphae may be continuous without septa
(aseptate) or septate
8. Some live in symbiotic association with blue green alga to form
Lichen.
9. Reproduction- Vegetative/ Asexual/ Sexual.
Example – Rhizopus, Penicillium, Agaricus, Puccinia
 Kingdom – IV Plantae

General characters:-
 Autotrophs

 Multicellular Eukaryotes

 Lack mobility

 With cell wall made up of cellulose

 Live in all aquatic and terrestrial habitats except at

the poles.
 The basis for every food chain or food web.
 Kingdom – V Animalia

General characters:-
 Multicellular

 Eukaryotes

 Growth and Reproduction

 Without cell wall

 Heterotrophic

 Mostly motile

 Exhibit definite response towards stimuli

 Lack Photosynthetic pigments completely

 Advantages of 5 kingdom classification

1. Represent better relationship

2. All groups are better placed

3. Definable characters of Kingdoms
4. Placement of Euglena in Protista

5. Placement of Bacteria and Cyanobacteria in

Monera
6. Show gradual evolutionary trend
7. Separation of Kingdom Fungi
Disadvantages of 5 kingdom classification

Ambiguity arises in classification /placement

of
1. Virus

2. Protista(diverse and divergent)