VI B Tech PE LECTURE 2 / 2015-16

DIRECTIONAL SURVEYING
Well Path Correction and Well Monitoring
BY

Prof.A.K.Pathak
Department of Petroleum Engineering
Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad – 826004
E-mail: akhilendra_pathak@yahoo.co.in

CORRECTION OF DEFLECTED WELL PATH:

Tan DL. Sin TFS

Δβ = Tan-1 [ ----------------------------------------------------- ]
Sin α1 + Tan DL. Cos α1. Cos TFS

α2 = Cos-1 { Cos α1. Cos DL –Cos TFS. Sin α1. Sin DL}

Cos α1. Cos DL – Cos α2

TFS = Cos-1 [ ---------------------------------------------- ]
Sin α1. Sin DL

19
OBJECTIVES:
i. To monitor the progress of the well. Actual directional data can be used to plot the
course of the well and than can be compared with the planned trajectory.
ii. To planned the well path correction strategies for the deviated wells.
iii. To prevent collision of the present well with nearby existing well.
iv. To determine the actual deflection tool orientation in correct direction.
v. To determine exact location of the bit as drilling progresses.
vi. To plan and monitor relief well during blow outs, Fire accidents etc.
vii. To calculate dog-leg severity.

METHODS OF WELL SURVEYING:

i. Acid Bottle Surveying:

20
 Acid

Floating
compass

Gelatin
compass

Drill pipe

This tool is based on simple principle that the free surface of a liquid always remains
horizontal regardless of the position of container. In this instrument the container is a
glass cylinder and the liquid is acid. The instrument is allowed to rest in an incline
position for a certain period of time (30 min.). The acid will react with glass surface and
leave a mark on the side of the cylinder indicating horizontal surface. The distance
between the mark and the acid’s original position, when the cylinder was levelled, can be
used to calculate the inclination angle. The strength of the acid should be chosen
carefully so that it can leave distinct mark on the glass surface. To measure the direction
an addition compartment was required containing gelatine and a magnetic compass
needle. The compass needle was free
floating and aligned itself with magnetic
north. It was held in this position by the
gelatine. The direction of the deviated well
could therefore be referenced to magnetic
north. The major disadvantage of this
method was that the acid did not react
with the glass surface and failed to leave
distinct mark.

ii. Magnetic Single Shot Surveying: The magnetic single shot surveying instrument
records simultaneously hole inclination and magnetic north direction of an uncased hole
at a single measured depth. This instrument consists of –

21
(a) Angle indicating unit: It comprise of a magnetic compass card pivoted
on a single point, divided in to 360 degrees in five degree increment and a pendulum
assembly consists of a plumb bob or an inclinometer. A glass plate between the
pendulum and compass having a series of co-centric rings in increment of one
degree to represent the drift or the inclination angle. The entire unit is built in one
case and is fluid filled to dampen movement and shock protection.
(b) Camera section: The camera section is placed above the angle unit and
comprises a lamp assembly, lens and film holder. The camera has no shutter and its
exposure is controlled by time for which the light is on.
(c) Timing device: The timing device be either mechanical or electronic. It
holds the action of the camera until the single shot is located in non-magnetic collar
above the bit and it also controls the time for which the lamps are switched on for
proper exposure.
(d) Battery pack: The battery pack supplies electric power for the timer and
camera.
OPERATION: The magnetic single shot is run on a wire line to hole bottom or dropped
from surface, when it sits on a baffle plate placed on top of the bit. The timer
activates the camera and a photographic record of the positions of plumb bob,
magnetic compass and co-centric ring plate is taken. The instrument is then pulled
out of the hole, the film is developed and placed in the chart recorder. It should be

22
noted that the magnetic recorder only records the direction with respect to the
magnetic north. Therefore the correction for the magnetic north and the true north
should be done to get the data with respect to the true north. For this, local
magnetic declination angle should be added with sign for the data correction.

23
24
iii. Magnetic Multi Shots: The magnetic multi shot instruments are similar to the
single shot, except that a film magazine is used so that the survey data can be
recorded at regular interval of time, also the camera is a modified movie camera.
This instrument can be run on a wire line to land in a non-magnetic drill collar or
simply dropped from the surface. A continuous record is taken as the drill string is
pulled out of the hole. Surveys are taken when each stand is broken off and the
string is stationary. Magnetic multi shot instruments are useful for wells free from
the magnetic materials or magnetic geological formations. A new generation of
multi-shot survey the well bore and store the data in digital form in down-hole
memory for the later recovery.

iv. Gyroscopes: The magnetic survey results are liable to errors due to magnetic
disturbances caused by casings of nearby wells or the magnetic geological
formations. To overcome these errors, gyroscopes are used because of their ability
to maintain pre-set direction irrespective of the earth magnetic fields or the factors
disturbing it. Gyros are most widely used in orienting mud motors and bent sub
assemblies. The principal element of gyro are as follows-

25
 Rapidly spinning weighted wheel: It maintains a preset direction by resisting
changes in direction, owing to its inertia. Thus if the wheel is preset to maintain the direction
parallel to the earth’s axis of rotation (N-S direction), then it will maintain this direction till
drilling. Therefore it serves as a directional indicator.

26
 Supporting Gimbals: The axis of the wheel is horizontal and is mounted inside two
perpendicular gimbals to allow the gyro to maintain its direction irrespective of gyro casing
movement. The inner gimbal is made of the spin motor and the housing. The motor spins at
a rate of 18000 to 42000 rpm depending on gyro size and type of spin motor used. The
outer gimbal is fitted with a compass card similar to that used in magnetic survey tools.
The compass card is set in known direction normally to the north, to serve as a reference for
survey directional data.
The pendulum assembly, camera unit, timer are similar to those of the magnetic
survey single shot/ multi shot tools.

Operation: The orientation of the gyrocompass must be checked prior to running in the hole,
which is done by aligning the tool to a known direction by use of a telescope alignment kit.
For single shot the gyro assembly is run on wire line to the bottom of the hole. A picture of
plumb bob, gyro compass and the co-centric ring plate is taken at the required depth. The
tool if pulled out, the film is unloaded and developed to obtain the survey data by a chart
recorder. For multishot, the tool is lowered on wire line through a section of cased hole. The
tool is stopped and set depth intervals e.g. every 100 ft. and a survey is taken by multi shot
camera. All gyros have tendency to drift from preset direction and survey readings should be
corrected for this effect. Drift is due to friction in the bearings of spinning wheel, gyro

27
imbalances and motor speed instability. During surveying, the tool is kept stationary at every
15 min. for 5 min. to monitor gyro drift.

28
 ANALYSIS OF DIRECTIONA SURVEY DATA:

i. Tangential Method:

V = L Cos 2
H = L Sin 2
E = L Sin 2 . Sin 2
N = L Sin 2 . Cos 2

29
ii. Balanced Tangential Method:

V = (L/2) (Cos 1 + Cos 2)

H = (L/2) (Sin 1 + Sin 2)
E = (L/2) (Sin 1 . Sin 1 + Sin 2 . Sin 2)
N = (L/2) (Sin 1 . Cos 1 + Sin 2 . Cos 2)

iii. Average Angle Method:

30
 V = L Cos [(1 + 2) / 2]
H = L Sin [(1 + 2) / 2]
E = L Sin [(1 + 2) / 2] . Sin [(1 + 2)/2]
N = L Sin [(1 + 2) / 2] . Cos [(1 + 2)/2]
iv. Radius of Curvature Method:

31
RV = 180 . L / π (2 - 1)

V = RV Sin 2 - RV Sin 1 = RV ( Sin 2 - Sin 1)

360 . L . (Sin 2 - Sin 1)
V = ----------------------------------------------
2. . (2 - 1)

H = RV Cos 1 - RV Cos 2 = RV ( Cos 1 - Cos 2)

360 . L . (Cos 1 - Cos 2)

H = ----------------------------------------------
2. . (2 - 1)

32
 RH = 180 . H / π (2 - 1)

E = RH Cos 1 – RH Cos 2= RH (Cos 1 - Cos 2)

3602 . L . (Cos 1 - Cos 2). ) (Cos 1 - Cos 2)

E = ----------------------------------------------------------------
4. 2. (2 - 1). (2 - 1)

N = RH Sin 2 – RH Sin 1= RH (Sin 2 - Sin 1)

3602 . L . (Cos 1 - Cos 2). ) (Sin 2 - Sin 1)

N = --------------------------------------------------------------
4. 2. (2 - 1). (2 - 1)

v. Minimum Curvature Method:

RF = (2/DL) (in radians) X Tan (DL/2) (in degrees)

Where DL = dog leg angle
Cos DL = Cos (2 - 1) - Sin 1 . Sin 2 [ 1 - Cos (ß2 - ß1)]

V = RF . (L/2) (Cos 1 + Cos 2)

H = RF . (L/2) (Sin 1 + Sin 2)
E = RF . (L/2) (Sin 1 . Sin 1 + Sin 2 . Sin 2)
N = RF . (L/2) (Sin 1 . Cos 1 + Sin 2 . Cos 2)

33
 TUTORIAL SHEET 1
Q.1: Δß = 250 TFS = 500 α 1 = 80 Ø = 50/100 ft. workout the correction
run for the deflected well.

Q.2: Calculate the stiffness of a steel drill collar OD 8 inch and ID 3 inch.

Q.3. A pendulum assembly is made up of a number of 8 inch drill collars whose

weight is 147 ppf. The inclination of the hole is 20 0 and the tangent length is 40 ft.
Calculate the side force on the bit.

Q.4. A correction run is to be made using a PDM and a bent sub to make 2.5 0 / 100 ft.
build up rate. The present inclination and azimuth are 25 0 and N1600E respectively. If
the tool face is set at 60 0 to the right of high side, Calculate new inclination and
azimuth after the correction run.

Q.5. During a kick off maximum 5 0 / 100ft dog leg is permitted. The present
inclination in 80 and the hole must turned 250 to the left. The tool face is set at 50 0 to
the left of high side, Calculate final inclination and length of the correction run.

Q.6. To correct the path of the well bore the angle must drop from 18 0 to 150 and the
direction must turn to the left from its present heading N70 0E. This must be done over
next 400 ft of correction run. The dog leg severity is 2 0/ 100ft. Calculate tool face
setting and new direction allowing 300reactive torque due to motor.

Q.7. At an inclination 80, the well must be turned to the right side with expected dog
leg 30. Find out tool face setting and new inclination for the right turn of the profile.
Q.8. At 4000 ft. drilled depth present inclination and azimuth are 80 and N700E
respectively. It was observed that the well is deflected to 10 0 left form present
azimuth. Find out tool face setting to turn the well in next 100 ft of drilling with 1.5 0 /
100 ft build up rate.

34
 TUTORIAL SHEET 2

Q.1: L = 200 ft. α1 = 150 α2 = 200 ß1 = 3200 ß2 = 3050

Calculate the change in coordinates using Radius of Curvature Method
And find out the new coordinate of the bit if the Kickoff point is at 2000 ft
vertical depth.

Q.2: L = 200 ft. α1 = 80 α2 = 110 ß1 = 600 ß2 = 700

Calculate the change in coordinates using Radius of Curvature Method

Q.3: L = 200 ft. α1 = 80 α2 = 110 ß1 = 600 ß2 = 700

Calculate the change in coordinates using Balanced Tangential Method

Q.4: L = 200 ft. α1 = 80 α2 = 110 ß1 = 600 ß2 = 700

Calculate the change in coordinates using Minimum Curvature Method

Q.5. KOP = 1000 ft. NS = 2400 ft. ES = 200 ft.

MD1 = 1200 ft. α1 = 150 ß1 = 3200
MD2 = 1400 ft. α2 = 190 ß2 = 3100
Using Radius of curvature method determine well path correction plan.

Q.6. KOP = 1000 ft. NS = 2400 ft. ES = 200 ft.

0
MD1 = 1200 ft. α1 = 15 ß1 = 3200
MD2 = 1400 ft. α2 = 190 ß2 = 3100
Using Minimum curvature method determine well path correction plan.

Q.7: Calculate the trajectory for the well from 8000 to 8400 ft, where the kick off uis at
8000 ft and the rate of build up is 1 0/100 ft, using a lead of 10 0 and a right hand walk
rate of 10/ 100 ft. Direction to the bull’s eye is N30 0E. Assume that the first 200 ft is to
set the lead, where the direction is held constant to 8200 ft. and then turns at a rate of
10/100 ft.

35
Q.8: Using following survey data compare the three dimensional coordinates by
Tangential method, Average angle method, Radius of curvature method –

Measured Depth (ft.) Hole inclination in degrees Hole Azimuth

3000 2 N280E
3300 4 N100E
3600 8 N350E
3700 12 N250E
5000 15 N300E
6000 16 N280E
7000 17 N500E
8000 17 N200E
9000 17 N300E
10000 17 N250E

TUTORIAL 3
Q.1: It is desired to drill under the lake to the location designated for Well 2. For this
well, a build and hold trajectory will be used. Horizontal departure to the target is 2655

36
ft and at a TVD 9650 ft. The recommended rate of build up is 2 0/100ft. The kickoff
depth is 1600 ft.. Determine-
(1) the radius of curvature (R1)
(2) the maximum inclination angle (α1)
(3) the measured depth to the end of build up.
(4) the total measured depth.
(5) Horizontal departure at the end of build up
(6) the measure depth at TVD of 1915 ft.
(7) the horizontal displacement at TVD of 1915 ft.
(8) the measured depth at TVD of 7614 ft.
(9) the horizontal departure at TVD of 7614 ft.

Q.2: What are the directions, in the alternative format of each of the following wells.
Well A N150E
Well B 2250
Well C N00E
Solution:
Well A is in the first quadrant and is at 150 from north
Well B is in third quadrant and is at S450W
Well C is in true north direction.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q.3: Determine the new direction for a whipstock set at 705 meter with a tool face
setting of 450 right of high side for a course length of 10 meter. The inclination is 7 0
and the direction is N15 0W OF 705 meter. The curve of whipstock will cause a total
angle change of 30/30 m over course length.

TUTORIAL SHEET 1

37
Q.1: Δß = 250 TFS = 500 α 1 = 80 Ø = 50/100 ft. workout the correction
run for the deflected well.
Solution:
Tan DL . Sin TFS
Tan Δß = --------------------------------------------------------------
Sin α1 + Tan DL . Cos α1 . Cos TFS

Tan DL . Sin TFS

Tan 25 = --------------------------------------------------------------
Sin α1 + Tan DL . Cos α1 . Cos TFS

Tan DL X 0.7660
0.46631 = --------------------------------------------------------------
0.1392 + Tan DL .X 0.9903 X 0.6428

0.06491 + 0.2969 Tan DL = 0.7660 Tan DL

0.4691 Tan DL = 0.06491
Tan DL = 0.13837
DL = 7.8780
DLS = 7.878 X 100 / 5 = 157.56 ft.

α2 = Cos -1 [Cos α1 . Cos DL – Sin α1 . Sin DL . Cos TFS]

α2 = Cos -1 [Cos 8 . Cos 7.878 – Sin 8 . Sin 7.878 . Cos 50]
α2 = Cos -1 [0.9903 X 0.9906 – 0.1392 X 0.1371 X 0.6428]
α2 = 14.37 0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q.2 Calculate the stiffness of a 8 inch x 3 inch steel drill collar. To accommodate an
MWD tool has to be used of 3.25 inch id. By how much will this reduce the stiffness
of the collar?
Solution:
S = E . I = E X (π/64) (de4 – di4)
S1 = 5.913 X 109 psi
S2 = 5.87 X 109 psi
ΔS = 4.3 x 107 psi
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

38
Q.3: A pendulum assembly is made up of a number of 8 inch drill collars whose
weight is 147 ppf. The inclination of the hole is 20 0 and the tangent length is 40 ft.
Calculate the side force on the bit.
Solution:
F = L . WC . Sin α / 2
F = 40 X 147 X Sin 20 / 2
F = 1005.54 lbs.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q.4: A correction run is to be made using a PDM and a bent sub which is expected to
make a total change of 2.50 per 100 ft. drilled. The present inclination and azimuth are
250 and 1600 respectively. If the tool face is set at 600 to the right of high side,
calculate the change in azimuth and the new inclination after drilling 100 ft. with this
assembly.
Solution:

Tan DL Sin TFS

Δß = Tan-1 {--------------------------------------------------------}
Sin α1 + Tan α1 . Cos α1 . Cos TFS

Tan 2.5 . Sin 60

Δß = Tan-1 {--------------------------------------------------------}
Sin 25 + Tan 25 . Cos 25 . Cos 60

Δß = = 4.90

α2 = Cos -1 [Cos α1 . Cos DL – Sin α1 . Sin DL . Cos TFS]

α2 = Cos -1 [Cos 25 . Cos 2.5 – Sin 25 . Sin 2.5 . Cos 60]
α2 = 26.330
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q.5: During a kick off using a jet deflection a maximum dog leg severity of 5 0/100 ft. is
permitted. The present inclination is 80 and the hole must turned 250 to the left. If the
tool face is at 500 to the left of high side Calculate the expected length of the
correction run and final inclination after the job.
Solution:

39
 Tan DL Sin TFS
Δß = Tan-1 {--------------------------------------------------------}
Sin α1 + Tan α1 . Cos α1 . Cos TFS

Tan DL . Sin(-50)
Δß = Tan-1 {--------------------------------------------------------}
Sin 8 + Tan 8 . Cos 8 . Cos (-50)

DL = = 7.90

The maximum DL is 50/100 ft.

Length of correction run L = 7.9 x 100 / 5 = 158 ft.
α2 = Cos -1 [Cos α1 . Cos DL – Sin α1 . Sin DL . Cos TFS]
α2 = Cos -1 [Cos 8 . Cos 7.9 – Sin 8 . Sin 7.9 . Cos (-50)]
α2 = 14.40
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q.6: To correct the path of the well bore the angle must drop from 18 0 to 150, and the
direction must run to the left from its present heading of N70 0E. This must be
accomplished over the next 400 ft and the dog leg severity is limited to 2 0/100 ft.
Calculate the required tool face setting allowing 30 0 reacting torque due to the motor
and final direction after correction run.
Solution:
DL = 2 X 400 / 100 = 80
Cos α1. Cos DL – Cos α2
TFS = Cos-1 [ ---------------------------------------------- ]
Sin α1. Sin DL

Cos 18. Cos 8 – Cos15

TFS = Cos-1 [ ---------------------------------------------- ]
Sin 18. Sin 8
TFS = 124.10

Actual Tool face setting = 124.1 – 30 = 94.10C

Q.7: At an inclination of 80 the well must be turned to the right by setting a whip-stock.
The expected dogleg is 30. Calculate the tool face and change in direction.
Solution:

40
 TUTORIAL SHEET - 2
Q.1: L = 200 ft. α1 = 150 α2 = 200 ß1 = 3200 ß2 = 3050
Calculate the change in coordinates using Radius of Curvature Method
And find out the new coordinate of the bit if the Kickoff point is at 2000 ft
vertical depth.
Solution:
ΔV = 180 L (Sin α2 – Sin α1) / π (α2 – α1)
ΔV = 180 x 200 (Sin 20 – Sin 15) / π (20 – 15)
ΔV = + 190.68 ft.

ΔH = 180 L (Cos α2 – Cos α1) / π (α2 – α1)

ΔH = 180 x 200 (Cos 20 – Cos 15) / π (20 – 15)
ΔH = + 60.12 ft.

ΔN = (180 / π)2 L (Cos α1 – Cos α2) (Sin ß2 – Sin ß1) / [ (α2 – α1) (ß2 – ß1)]
ΔN = (180 / π)2 200 (Cos 15 – Cos 20) (Sin 305 – Sin 320) / [ (20 – 15) (305 – 320)]
ΔN = + 40.51 ft.

ΔE = (180 / π)2 L (Cos α1 – Cos α2) (Cos ß1 – Cos ß2) / [ (α2 – α1) (ß2 – ß1)]
ΔE = (180 / π)2 200 (Cos 15 – Cos 20) (Cos 320 – Cos 305) / [ (20 – 15) (305 – 320)]
ΔE = - 44.20 ft.

VB = 2000 ft.
Ø = 1500 / 15 = 1 0 / 100 ft. R = 18000 / πØ = 5729.58 ft.

V1 = VB + R Sin α1 = 2000 + 5729.58 Sin 15 = 3482.92 ft.

H1 = R (1 – Cos α1) = 195.23 ft.
N1 = H1 Cos ß1 = 195.23 Cos 320 = 149.55 ft.
E1 = H1 Sin ß1 = 195.23 Sin 320 = - 125.49 ft.

V2 = V1 + ΔV = 3482.92 + 190.68 = 3673.6 ft.

H2 = H1 + ΔH = 195.21 + 60.12 = 255.33 ft.
N2 = N1 + ΔN = 2549.55 + 40.51 = 2590.06 ft.
E2 = E1 + ΔE = 74.51 – 44.20 = + 30.31 ft.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

41
Q.2: L = 200 ft. α1 = 80 α2 = 110 ß1 = 600 ß2 = 700
Calculate the change in coordinates using Radius of Curvature Method
Solution:
ΔV = 180 L (Sin α2 – Sin α1) / π (α2 – α1)
ΔV = 180 x 200 (Sin 11 – Sin 8) / π (11 – 8)
ΔV = + 197.23 ft.

ΔH = 180 L (Cos α1 – Cos α2) / π (α2 – α1)

ΔH = 180 x 200 (Cos 8 – Cos 11) / π (11 – 8)
ΔH = 180 x 200 (8.641) / π x 3
ΔH = + 33.01 ft.

ΔN = (180 / π)2 L (Cos α1 – Cos α2) (Sin ß2 – Sin ß1) / [ (α2 – α1) (ß2 – ß1)]
ΔN = (180 / π)2 200 (Cos 8 – Cos 11) (Sin 70 – Sin 60) / [ (11 – 8) (70 – 60)]
ΔN = + 13.93 ft.

ΔE = (180 / π)2 L (Cos α1 – Cos α2) (Cos ß1 – Cos ß2) / [ (α2 – α1) (ß2 – ß1)]
ΔE = (180 / π)2 200 (Cos 8 – Cos 11) (Cos 60 – Cos 70) / [ (11 – 8) (70 – 60)]
ΔE = 29.88 ft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q.3: L = 200 ft. α1 = 80 α2 = 110 ß1 = 600 ß2 = 700
Calculate the change in coordinates using Balanced Tangential Method
Solution:
V = (L/2) (Cos 1 + Cos 2)
V = (200 / 2) (Cos 81 + Cos 11)
V = 197.19 ft.

H = (L/2) (Sin 1 + Sin 2)

H = (200/2) (Sin 8 + Sin 11)
H = 33.00 ft.

E = (L/2) (Sin 1 . Sin 1 + Sin 2 . Sin 2)

E = (200/2) (Sin 8 . Sin 60 + Sin 11 . Sin 70)
E = 29.98 ft.

N = (L/2) (Sin 1 . Cos 1 + Sin 2 . Cos 2)

N = (200/2) (Sin 8 . Cos 60 + Sin 11 . Cos 70)
N = 13.48 ft.

42
Q.4: L = 200 ft. α1 = 80 α2 = 110 ß1 = 600 ß2 = 700
Calculate the change in coordinates using Minimum Curvature Method
Solution: RF = (2/DL) (in radians) . Tan (DL/2) (in degrees)

Where DL = dog leg angle

Cos DL = Cos (2 - 1) - Sin 1 . Sin 2 [ 1 - Cos (ß2 - ß1)]
Cos DL = Cos (11 - 8) - Sin 8 . Sin 11 [ 1 - Cos (70 - 50]
Cos DL = Cos 3 – Sin 8 x Sin 11 [ 1 – Cos 10]
Cos DL = 0.99863 – 0.026556 X [1 – 0.98481]
Cos DL = 0.9982261
DL = 3.410
DL = 0.05952
RF = (2 / 0.05952) X Tan (3.41 / 2) = 1.0002234

V = RF X (L/2) (Cos 1 + Cos 2)

V = 1.0002234 X (200 / 2) (Cos 81 + Cos 11)
V = 197.23 ft.

H = RF X (L/2) (Sin 1 + Sin 2)

H = 1.0002234 X (200/2) (Sin 8 + Sin 11)
H = 33.01 ft.

E = RF X (L/2) (Sin 1 . Sin 1 + Sin 2 . Sin 2)

E = 1.0002234 X (200/2) (Sin 8 . Sin 60 + Sin 11 . Sin 70)
E = 29.99 ft

N = RF X (L/2) (Sin 1 . Cos 1 + Sin 2 . Cos 2)

N = 1.0002234 X (200/2) (Sin 8 . Cos 60 + Sin 11 . Cos 70)
N = 13.48 ft
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

43
Q.5. KOP = 1000 ft. NS = 2400 ft. ES = 200 ft.
MD1 = 1200 ft. α1 = 150 ß1 = 3200
MD2 = 1400 ft. α2 = 190 ß2 = 3100
Using Radius of curvature method determine well path correction plan.
Solution:
ΔV = 180 L (Sin α2 – Sin α1) / π (α2 – α1)
ΔV = 180 x 200 (Sin 19 – Sin 15) / π (19 – 15)
ΔV = + 191.22 ft.

ΔH = 180 L (Cos α1 – Cos α2) / π (α2 – α1)

ΔH = 180 x 200 (Cos 15 – Cos 19) / π (19 – 15)
ΔH = + 58.44 ft.

ΔN = (180 / π)2 L (Cos α1 – Cos α2) (Sin ß2 – Sin ß1) / [ (α2 – α1) (ß2 – ß1)]
ΔN = (180 / π)2 200 (Cos 15 – Cos 19) (Sin 310 – Sin 320) / [ (19 – 15) (320 – 310)]
ΔN = + 41.29 ft.

ΔE = (180 / π)2 L (Cos α1 – Cos α2) (Cos ß1 – Cos ß2) / [ (α2 – α1) (ß2 – ß1)]
ΔE = (180 / π)2 200 (Cos 15 – Cos 19) (Cos 320 – Cos 310) / [ (19 – 15) (320 – 310)]
ΔE = - 41.29 ft.

Azimuth between station 1 & 2

Tan Δß(1-2) = (ΔE / ΔN) = (- 41.29 / 41.24)
Δß = - 45.030
ß = 360 – 45.03 = N 314.970 E
N2 = 2400 + 41.29 = 2441.29 ft.
E2 = 200 – 41.29 = 158.71 ft.
V1 = VB + R Sin α1
150 inclination achieved in at 1200 feet drilled depth after KOP that is 1000 feet depth.
Ø = (100 α / 200) = 7.50 / 100 ft.
R = 18000 / π Ø = 763.944 ft.
V1 = VB + R Sin α1 = 1000 + 763.944 Sin 15
V1 = 1197.73 ft.
V2 = V1 + ΔV = 1197.73 + 191.22 = 1388.95 ft.
H1 = R (1 – Cos α1) = 763.944 X (1 – Cos 15)
H1 = 26.031 ft.
H2 = H1 + ΔH = 26.031 + 58.44 = 84.47 ft.

44
Q.6. KOP = 1000 ft. NS = 2400 ft. ES = 200 ft.
MD1 = 1200 ft. α1 = 150 ß1 = 3200
MD2 = 1400 ft. α2 = 190 ß2 = 3100
Using Minimum curvature method determine well path correction plan.
Solution:
RF = (2/DL) (in radians) . Tan (DL/2) (in degrees)
Where DL = dog leg angle
Cos DL = Cos (2 - 1) - Sin 1 . Sin 2 [ 1 - Cos (ß2 - ß1)]
Cos DL = Cos (19 - 15) - Sin 15 . Sin 19 [ 1 - Cos (310 - 320]
Cos DL = Cos 4 – Sin 15 x Sin 19 [ 1 – Cos (-10)]
Cos DL = 0.9963
DL = 4.930 Ø = 2.460 / 100 ft.
DL = 0.0859
RF = (2 / 0.00859) X Tan (4.93 / 2) = 1.0003

V = RF X (L/2) (Cos 1 + Cos 2)

V = 1.0003 X (200 / 2) (Cos 15 + Cos 19)
V = 191.20 ft.

H = RF X (L/2) (Sin 1 + Sin 2)

H = 1.0003 X (200/2) (Sin 15 + Sin 19)
H = 58.46 ft.

E = RF X (L/2) (Sin 1 . Sin 1 + Sin 2 . Sin 2)

E = 1.0003 X (200/2) (Sin 15 . Sin 320 + Sin 19 . Sin 310)
E = - 41.59 ft

N = RF X (L/2) (Sin 1 . Cos 1 + Sin 2 . Cos 2)

N = 1.0003 X (200/2) (Sin 15 . Cos 320 + Sin 19 . Cos 310)
N = 40.77 ft

Azimuth between station 1 & 2

Tan Δß(1-2) = (ΔE / ΔN) = (- 41.29 / 41.24)
Δß = - 45.030
ß = 360 – 45.03 = N 314.970 E

N2 = 2400 + 40.77 = 2440.77 ft.

E2 = 200 – 41.59 = 158.41 ft.

V1 = VB + R Sin α1
150 inclination achieved in at 1200 feet drilled depth after KOP that is 1000 feet depth.
Ø = (100 α / 200) = 7.50 / 100 ft.
R = 18000 / π Ø = 763.944 ft.

V1 = VB + R Sin α1 = 1000 + 763.944 Sin 15

V1 = 1197.73 ft.
V2 = V1 + ΔV = 1197.73 + 191.20 = 1388.93 ft.
H1 = R (1 – Cos α1) = 763.944 X (1 – Cos 15)
H1 = 26.031 ft.
H2 = H1 + ΔH = 26.031 + 58.46 = 84.49 ft.

45
Q.7: Calculate the trajectory for the well from 8000 to 8400 ft, where the kick off uis at
8000 ft and the rate of build up is 1 0/100 ft, using a lead of 10 0 and a right hand walk
rate of 10/ 100 ft. Direction to the bull’s eye is N30 0E. Assume that the first 200 ft is to
set the lead, where the direction is held constant to 8200 ft. and then turns at a rate of
10/100 ft.
Solution:
Lead in right side walk is 100
The Bull’s Eye (TFS) is N300E
So the direction changing tendency is 200 per 100 ft interval
TVD of 8000 – 8100 ft interval
V1 = L Cos [(1 + 2) / 2]
V1 = 100 Cos [(0 + 10) / 2] = 99.996 ft.
V1 = 8000 + 99.996 = 8099.996 ft.
H1 = L Sin [(1 + 2) / 2]
H1 = 100 Sin [(0 + 10) / 2] = 0.873 ft.
H1 = 0.873 ft.
N1 = L Sin [(1 + 2) / 2] . Cos [(1 + 2)/2]
N1 = 100 Sin [(0 + 10) / 2] . Cos [(0 + 20)] first time direction is not averaged
N1 = 0.82 ft.
E1 = L Sin [(1 + 2) / 2] . Sin [(1 + 2)/2]
E1 = 100 Sin [(0 + 10) / 2] . Sin [(0 + 20)]
E1 = 0.30 ft.
TVD of 8100 – 8200 ft interval
V2 = L Cos [(1 + 2) / 2]
V2 = 100 Cos [(10 + 20) / 2] = 99.966 ft.
V2 = 8099.996 + 99.966 = 8199.962 ft.
H2 = L Sin [(1 + 2) / 2]
H2 = 100 Sin [(10 + 20) / 2] = 2.618 ft.
H2 = 0.873 + 2.618 = 3.491 ft.

N2 = L Sin [(1 + 2) / 2] . Cos [(1 + 2)/2]

N2 = 100 Sin [(10 + 20) / 2] . Cos [(20 + 20)/2] = 2.460 ft
N2 = 0.82 + 2.460 = 3.28 ft.
E2 = L Sin [(1 + 2) / 2] . Sin [(1 + 2)/2]
E2 = 100 Sin [(10 + 20) / 2] . Sin [(20 + 20)/ 2] = 0.895 ft
E2 = 0.30 + 0.895 = 1.195 ft.
TVD of 8200 – 8300 ft interval
the direction changes by 10/100 ft. fro. N200E to N210E
V3 = L Cos [(1 + 2) / 2]
V3 = 100 Cos [(20 + 30) / 2] = 99.905 ft.
V3 = 8199.962 + 99.905 = 8299.867 ft.
H3 = L Sin [(1 + 2) / 2]
H3 = 100 Sin [(20 + 30) / 2] = 4.362 ft.
H3 = 3.491 + 4.362 = 7.853 ft.
N3 = L Sin [(1 + 2) / 2] . Cos [(1 + 2)/2]
N3 = 100 Sin [(20 + 30) / 2] . Cos [(20 + 21)/2] = 4.086 ft
N3 = 3.28 + 4.086 = 7.366 ft.
E3 = L Sin [(1 + 2) / 2] . Sin [(1 + 2)/2]
E3 = 100 Sin [(20 + 30) / 2] . Sin [(20 + 21)/ 2] = 1.528 ft
E3 = 1.195 + 1.528 = 2.723 ft.

46
TVD of 8300 – 8400 ft interval
the direction changes by 10/100 ft. fro. N210E to N220E
V4 = L Cos [(1 + 2) / 2]
V4 = 100 Cos [(30 + 40) / 2] = 99.8135 ft.
V4 = 8299.867 + 99.8135 = 8399.6805 ft.
H4 = L Sin [(1 + 2) / 2]
H4 = 100 Sin [(30 + 40) / 2] = 6.105 ft.
H4 = 7.853 + 6.105 = 13.958 ft.
N4 = L Sin [(1 + 2) / 2] . Cos [(1 + 2)/2]
N4 = 100 Sin [(30 + 40) / 2] . Cos [(21 + 22)/2] = 5.6801 ft
N4 = 7.366 + 5.6801 = 13.0461 ft.
E4 = L Sin [(1 + 2) / 2] . Sin [(1 + 2)/2]
E4 = 100 Sin [(30 + 40) / 2] . Sin [(21 + 22)/ 2] = 2.2374 ft
E4 = 2.723 + 2.2374 = 4.9604 ft.
Total departure = √ (total north2 + total east2)
Total departure = √ (13.04612 + 4.96042) = 13.9573 ft
Departure angle = tan-1 (total east / total north)
Departure angle = tan-1 (4.9604 / 13.0461) = 20.820

Depth (X) VX HX NX EX 
8000 8000 0 0 0
8100 8099.996 0.873 0.82 0.30 20.1
8200 8199.962 3.491 3.28 1.195 20.1
8300 8299.867 7.853 7.366 2.723 20.28
8400 8399.6805 13.958 13.0461 4.9604 20.82

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q.8: Determine the dogleg severity following a jetting run where the inclination was
changed from 4.30 to 7.10 and the direction from N89 0E to S800E over a drilled interval
of 85 ft.
Solution:
The total angle change is
Cos DL = Cos (2 - 1) - Sin 1 . Sin 2 [ 1 - Cos (ß2 - ß1)]
Cos DL = Cos (7.1 – 4.3) - Sin 4.3 . Sin 7.1 [ 1 - Cos (11)]
Cos DL = 0.99881 – 0.07498 x0.1236 [ 1 – 0.98163]
Cos DL = 0.99881 – 0.07498 x0.1236 x 0.018373
Cos DL = 0.99881 –0.00017 = 0.99864
DL = 2.990
Dog leg severity = 85 ft.
Dog leg severity angle = 2.99 x 100 / 85 = 3.50/100 ft
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

47
 TUTORIAL 3
Q.1: It is desired to drill under the lake to the location designated for Well 2. For this
well, a build and hold trajectory will be used. Horizontal departure to the target is 2655
ft and at a TVD 9650 ft. The recommended rate of build up is 2 0/100ft. The kickoff
depth is 1600 ft.. Determine-
(1) the radius of curvature (R1)
(2) the maximum inclination angle (α1)
(3) the measured depth to the end of build up.
(4) the total measured depth.
(5) Horizontal departure at the end of build up
(6) the measure depth at TVD of 1915 ft.
(7) the horizontal displacement at TVD of 1915 ft.
(8) the measured depth at TVD of 7614 ft.
(9) the horizontal departure at TVD of 7614 ft.

Solution:
(1) R = 18000/πΦ = 18000 / π x 2 = 2864.79 ft.
(2) X = tan-1 [(Ht – R) / (Vt – Vb)] = tan-1 [(2655 – 2864.79) / (9650 – 1600)] = -1.490
Y = sin-1 [R cos x)/ (Vt – Vb)] – sin-1 [(2864.79 cos (-1.49)) / (9650 – 1600)]
Y =20.83
α1 = 19.340
(3) MDC = 1600 +19.34X 100 / 2 = 2567.50 ft.
(4) MDt = MDc + (Vt – Vc) / cos α1 ,Vc = Vb + R Sin α1
Vc = = 1600 + 2864.79 x Sin 19.34 = 2548.74 ft
MDt = 2567.50 + (9650 – 2548.74) / Cos 19.34 = 10093.45 ft.
(5) HC = R ( 1 – cos α1) = 2864.69 x ( 1 – cos 19.34) = 161.66 ft.
(6) MDX = MDB + 100 X αX / Φ
VX – VB = 1915 -1 600 = 315 ft. = R sin αX
αX = sin-1 (315 / 2864.79) = 6.310
MD1915 = 1600 + 100 X 6.31 / 2 = 1915.5 ft.
(7) Hx = R ( 1 – cos αX) = 2864.69 x ( 1 – cos 6.31) = 17.36 ft.
(8) MD7614 = MDc + (Vx – Vc) / cos α1
MD7614 = 2567.5 + (7614 – 2548.74) / cos 19.34 = 7845.96 ft
(9) H7614 = Hc + (Vx – Vc) tan α1 = 161.66 + (7614 – 2548.74) tan 19.34 = 1939.46 ft.

Q.2: What are the directions, in the alternative format of each of the following wells.
Well A N150E

48
Well B 2250
Well C N00E
Solution:
Well A is in the first quadrant and is at 150 from north
Well B is in third quadrant and is at S450W
Well C is in true north direction.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q.3: Determine the new direction for a whipstock set at 705 meter with a tool face
setting of 450 right of high side for a course length of 10 meter. The inclination is 7 0
and the direction is N15 0W OF 705 meter. The curve of whipstock will cause a total
angle change of 30/30 m over course length.
Solution:
The angle of inclination obtain by curvature is
DL = 30 x 10 m / 30 m = 10
The change in azimuth is –
Tan DL . Sin TFS
Tan Δß = --------------------------------------------------------------
Sin α1 + Tan DL . Cos α1 . Cos TFS

Tan (10) . Sin (450)

Tan Δß = --------------------------------------------------------------
Sin (70) + Tan (10) . Cos (70) . Cos (450)

Δß = 5.30

The ß is in right of high side so

ß2 = 3450 + 5.30 = N350.30E or N9.70W

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

49
Q.4: From 1000 ft KOP Depth and 20/100 ft. Build up rate, following wells are
progressing through curvature drilling. Draw the figures of progressing wells and
determine final location (inclination, azimuth and three dimensional coordinates) after
completion of curvature drilling.

Well A: progressing in E1150S direction for 100 inclination.

Well B: progressing in S2250W direction for being horizontal.
Well C: progressing on coordinates of N = - 234 ft and E = - 120 ft.
Well D: progressing on coordinates of S = - 130 ft and W = - 75 ft.
Solution:

Well A: E1150S direction for 100 inclination

R = 2864.79 ft.
V = 1000 + 2864.79 Sin 10 = 1497.47 ft.
H = 2864.79 ( 1 – Cos 10) = 43.52 ft.
W = 43.52 Sin 25 = 18.39 ft. S = 43.25 Cos 25 = 16.67 ft.
N = -16.67 ft. E = - 18.39 ft. α = 100 β = N2050E

Well B: S2250W direction for being horizontal

R = 2864.79 ft.
V = 1000 + 2864.79 Sin 90 = 3864.79 ft.
H = 2864.79 ( 1 – Cos 90) = 2864.79 ft.
N = 2864.79 Sin 45 = 2025.71 ft. E = 2864.79 Cos 45 = 2025.71 ft.
α = 900 β = N450E

Well C: N = - 234 ft and E = - 120 ft.

R = 2864.79 ft.
H = √ (1202 + 2342) = 262.98 ft.
R (1 – Cos α) = H = 262.98 α = 24.740
V = 1000 + 2864.79 Sin 24.74 = 2198.92 ft.
N = - 234 ft and E = - 120 ft. α = 24.740 β = N207.150E

Well D: S = - 130 ft and W = - 75 ft.

R = 2864.79 ft.
H = √ (1302 + 752) = 150.08 ft.
R (1 – Cos α) = H = 150.08 α = 18.630
V = 1000 + 2864.79 Sin 18.63 = 1915.17 ft.
N = 130 ft and E = 75 ft. α = 24.740 β = N29.980E

50