Essential MATLAB For Engineers and Scientists (YTU, IT Group)

ESSENTIAL MATLAB
for Engineers and Scientists

Lecture given by:
Dr. Nay Zar Aung (Lecturer)

B.E (Mechanical, MTU), M.E (Mechanical, YTU)
M.E (Mechanical, ITS, Indonesia), Ph.D (Mechatronics, HIT, China)
Department of Mechatronic Engineering, YTU

Course Outline
■ Chapter 1 Introduction to MATLAB
■ Chapter 2 MATLAB Fundamentals
■ Chapter 3 MATLAB Programming
■ Chapter 4 Plotting Graphs and Curve Fitting Toolbox
■ Chapter 5 Using Symbolic Toolbox
■ Chapter 6 Numerical Analysis with MATLAB
■ Chapter 7 Creating Graphical User Interface with MATLAB (GUI)
■ Chapter 8 Converting MATLAB Code to Other Language Code
(Ccoder)
References
[1] HOLLY MOORE, “MATLAB for Engineers,” third Edition, Pearson,
2012, New York,
[2] BRIAN H HAHN and DANIEL T. VALENTINE “Essential MATLAB
for Engineers and Scientists,” fourth Edition , Elsevier , 2010.
[2] STEVEN C. CHAPRA, “Applied Numerical Method with MATLAB, for
Engineers and Scientists,”, second Edition, Mc GrawHill, 2005.
[3] PATRICK MARCHAND and O. THOMAS HOLLAND, “Graphics and
GUIs with MATLAB,” third Edition, CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC, 2003.

Teaching Schedule
Day Morning Afternoon

Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
*** 2 periods per week

*** 90 minutes per period *** 180 minutes per week
Teaching Schedule (Cont.)
Week Content
1 Chapter 1 Introduction to MATLAB
2
Chapter 2 MATLAB Fundamentals
3
4
5
Chapter 3 MATLAB Programming
6
7
8
Chapter 4 Plotting Graphs and Curve Fitting Toolbox
9
Teaching Schedule (Cont.)
Week Content
10 Chapter 5 Using Symbolic Toolbox

11
12 Chapter 6 Numerical Analysis with MATLAB
13
14 Chapter 7 Creating Graphical User Interface with
MATLAB
15
Chapter 8 Converting MATLAB Code to Other Language
16 Code(Ccoder)
Exam and Grading System
Task Marks Mark Grade
Assignment I 10% 75%-100% A+
70%-74% A
Assignment II 10%
65%-69% A-
Assignment III 10% 60%-64% B+
55%-59% B
Quiz 10%
50%-54% B-
Mid-term Exam 30% 42%-49% C+
40%-42% C
Final Exam 30 %
40% C-
Chapter 1
Introduction
Chapter Objectives
■ To get familiar with MATLAB by answering the following

questions,
What is MATLAB?
Why is MATLAB based on Matrix?
What can we do with MATLAB?
History to MATLAB?
How to install MATLAB?
How many MATLAB versions have been released?
■ To get familiar with MATLAB environment (MATLAB GUI)

What is MATLAB?
■ MATLAB stands for Matrix Laboratory.
■ It is forth generation technical computing and
programming language.
■ All the computations performed and programs
implemented in MATLAB environment are based on
matrix.
Date= [1 2 3 4 5 …31]
Day= [Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat]
Hour= [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 …. 24]
Second= [1 2 3 4 5…….60]
Fy r
Fx 
Rotation=[r  ]

Forces= [Fx Fy]
Location = [x y]
Location = [x y z]
Weight=[1000]
W=1000 kg
Mean=3
300
200
100
Diameter= [ 3 3.1 2.9 2.9 3 3 3 3 3.1 3.2 3 3.1 3 3.05]
90 6
120 60
150
2
30 Time= [7 8 9 10 11 12]
180 0 Wind= [5 6 5.5 6 5 6]
210 330
Diret= [45 30 120 180 0 35]
240 300
270
Fy3
Fy2
Fy1 3
1 2
Fx1 Fx2 Fx3

Tension  [Fx1 Fy1 ] F x2 Fy 2  F
x3 Fy3  ...
F
Distance = [2 4 6 8]
Shear force = [Fs1 Fs2 Fs3 Fs4]
x1=2 m x2=4 m x3=6 m x4=8 m

[1 2 3 4]
[0 90 180 270]
0
T6  A1 A2 A3 A 4 A5 A6 6
L6
5
L5
n x ox ax px  4
n oy ay py 
L4
3
T 
y
 nz oz az pz  L3
 
0 0 0 1 L2
1 2
L1
L0
1 2 3
Manhattan (Linear ) Cell  [1 2 3]

BSC
MSC 1 2 3
1 2 3
BSC 4 5 6
Cells  4 5 6
7 8 9
7 8 9
Manhattan (Square)
300
200
100
0 255
(x1,y1)
(x2,y2) 1 Interface =[ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ]
2
(x3,y3)
3 X=[x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 ]
7 Y=[y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6 y7 ]
(x7,y7)
(x4,y4)
4
6 (x6,y6)
5
(x5,y5)
Interface In Interface Out

in label out label
Cafe3
0 4 1 9
0 1 2 5 F
C
MPLS B
2
0
A 1
Cafe2
Cafe1
E
D
data label
IP address
What can We Do with MATLAB?
2x+5y-3=0 2 unknowns,
3x-4y+6=0 2 equations
Arithmetic +, -, , , x2
∫, d/dx
Calculus
100 unknowns,
sin(x), cos (x),
100 equations
Trigonometric tan (x)
Cylindrical building
100 unknowns,
Block shape building 100 equations
I’m a design
engineer.
I’m a
physician.
Image processing by using MATLAB

1
Without Cell Zooming
CCZ = Continuous Cell
Zooming CCZ with CPU
CCZ with TAPU
Transmitted power ratio

0.8
CCZ with LAPU
0.6
0.4
Day hours
Night
0.2 Night hours hours
0
12:00 5:00 a.m 10:00 a.m 3:00 p.m 8:00 p.m 12:00
Time of the day
Research papers Graphs

Examples:
(1) Calculate the area of the following triangle with b=12 cm, h=12 cm, h=13
cm, h=14 cm, h=15 cm, h=16 cm, h=17 cm, h=18 cm, h=19 cm, h=20
cm.
(2) Calculate the area of the following circle with r=12 cm, r=13 cm, r=14 cm,
r=15 cm, r=16 cm, r=17 cm, r=18 cm, r=19 cm, r=20 cm.
r
h
b
History of MATLAB
■ MATLAB is the product of MathWorks.
■ It is started in 1984 and in 2000 it became popular in many areas.
■ Cleve Moler, Department of Computer Science, University of New
Maxico in the late of 1970.
■ Cleve Moler , Steve Bangert and Jack Little founded MathWorks.

MATLAB Versions
Version Year Version Year
MATLAB 1.0 1984 MATLAB 7.2

2006
MATLAB 2 1986 MATLAB 7.3
2007
2008
MATLAB 4.2c 1994 MATLAB 7.7
2009
MATLAB 5.1 MATLAB 7.9
1997
MATLAB 5.1.1 MATLAB 7.9.1
MATLAB 5.2 MATLAB 7.10 2010
1998
MATLAB 5.2.1 MATLAB 7.11
MATLAB 5.3 MATLAB 7.11.1
1999
MATLAB 5.3.1 MATLAB 7.11.2
2011
2012
MATLAB 6.5.1 MATLAB 8
2003
2013
MATLAB 7 MATLAB 8.2
2004
2014
2005
MATLAB 7.1 MATLAB 8.5 2015
MATLAB Versions
Version Year Version Year
MATLAB 8.5
2016
How to Install MATLAB on PC
(1) Insert MATLAB software CD and open it

(2) Double click Setup icon to start installation
(3) Select “ Use File Installation Key”
(4) Select “ I have the file installation key for my license”
(5) Put serial No. 12313-94680-65562-90832
(6) Select “Activate MATLAB”
(7) Select “Activate manually without the internet”
(8) Browse license.lic
(9) Copy bin from Matlab32 or Matlab 64 then paste it to Files\MATLAB\R2014a
The MATLAB Desktop (Window)
MATLAB 7.04 (2005)

Starting MATLAB
2
The MATLAB Desktop (Window)
MATLAB 8.3 (2014)

Getting and Saving a New M-File
>> edit
_____.m Extension
name
M-Files
Script M-file Function M-file
xxxxxxx function xxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxx xxxxxx
xxxxxx xxxxxx
xx xxx
xxxxx xxxx
xxxxx xxxx
xxx xxx
x x
xxxxxx xxxxx
xxxx end
Script M-file Function M-file
% This program calculates the function [ Area ] = T_area( b ,h )
area of a % This program calculates the
% triangle with a height and base area of a
% given. % triangle with a height and base
b=input('Enter the base \n'); % given.
h=input('Enter the height \n'); Area=0.5*b*h;
Area= 1/2*b*h end
>> Tri_area >> T_area (12,8)

Opening a M-File
>> edit ________

Introduction to MATLAB (Cont.)
Comparing M-files
Importing Data
Creating a New Variable
Opening a Variable
Analyzing Program Code
Managing MATLAB Window
Setting Preferences
Getting Help File and Demo
Press F1
or
>> help
>> help sin

PLOTS
APPS
Recalling Previous Commands
Example Arithmetic Operations
>> 2+3 <Enter>

>> 5*4 <Enter>
>> 6^0 <Enter>
>> y=(6*3)-5+4^2 <Enter>
>> z=sqrt(y) <Enter>
>> sin(z) <Enter>
>>1/0 <Enter>
>> Inf+13 <Enter>
>> 29/Inf <Enter>
>> 0/0 <Enter>
Introduction to MATLAB (Cont.)
Existing MATLAB
Don’t do that !
>> quit
or
>> exit
Useful Commands
Command Task
>> edit To open a new script M-file
>> edit 'T_area' To open the M-file ‘T_area’
>> save To save the variables in the workspace

To save the variables in the workspace with a file name
>> save ‘Today’
‘Today”
>>save ‘Today’ x y To save the variables x and y in the workspace
>> save ‘Myprogram.m’ To save the M-file with a file name “Myprogram”
>> clear To delete all variables in the workspace
>> clear x y To delete the variables x and y in the workspace

Useful Commands
Command Task
>> cd(‘Myfolder’) To set “Myfolder’” as the current directory
>> clc To clear command window
>>home To let the command prompt to the upper left corner
>>help To start the help file
>> help function To know about corresponding function
>> help demo To start the example video file
>> lookfor “………” To look for the materials about “………”
>> quit or exit To stop the MATLAB

Chapter End Exercise
1. Get a new script M-file and save the file with a suitable name via
menu bar.
2. Type some arithmetic calculations (e.g., y=2+3, x=-9/4) in

command window. Then save the workspace with a suitable name
via menu bar or command window.
3. Manage the layout of MATLAB’s windows.
4. Try to get help file via menu bar or command window
5. Terminate the MATLAB.

Chapter 2
MATLAB Fundamentals
Chapter Objectives
■ To get familiar with MATLAB fundamentals answering the following questions

What are functions and commands?
What are operators, expressions and statements, variables?
How to give a variable name?
How is basic arithmetic operation in MATLAB?
How is operational precedence in MATLAB?
What are numeric array, character array, cell array and structure
array in MATLAB and how to create them in MATLAB?
■ To get familiar with basic math functions and matrix manipulation functions in
MATLAB
Functions and Commands
e.g., >> clc

>> clear
Commands
>> close
>> exit
>> date
e.g.,
>> sqrt(4) Functions
>> calendar
Operators, Expressions, Statements
Function
Operator
>> Y = sin(x) + b x, b, Y
Variables
Expression
Statement
>> 2*sin(x) (Expression)
>> Y= sin(2*x) (Statement)

Variables
>> a= 30 <Enter>
>> name= ‘Su Su’ <Enter>
>> Y2k= 2000 <Enter>
a= 30 name= ‘Su Su’
Variable Assigned value Variable Assigned character
1. It can contains “a-z”, “0-9” and “_”.

2. Start with an alphabet from “a-z”. It cannot be started with a number.
3. The number of characters must not be greater than 63.
4. It is case sensitive.
MATLAB’s Own Variables
Variable Name Explanation Example
When no variable name is >> 1/9

ans given, “ans” is used as a ans=
variable name. 0.1111
A built-in variable name that
pi represents  (=3.141593). >> 2*pi

inf or Inf represents . >> 1/0

nan or NaN represents Not-a-Number. >> 0/0
A known variable that is used >> 2+i

i,j for imaginary part of an
imaginary number.
MATLAB’s Own Variables
Do not Use Keywords as Variables
'break' 'if'
'case'
'otherwise'
'catch'
'parfor'
'classdef'
'continue' 'persistent'
'else' 'return'
'elseif' 'spmd'
'end'
'switch'
'for'
'function' 'try'
'global' 'while'
Arithmetic Operations
Algebraic MATLAB
Operation Example
form Expression
Addition a+b a+b 2+3
Subtraction a-b a-b 5-3
Multiplication ab a*b 8*1
Left Division ab a/b 3/4
Right Division ba a\b 3\4
Exponentiation ab a^b 5^2

Arithmetic Operations (Cont.)
MATLAB
Operation Example
Expression
Multiplication a.*b [8 1].* [1 5]
Left Division a./b [3 7]./[4 6]
Right Division a.\b [1 6 3].\[4]
Exponentiation a.^b [6 9].^2

Order of Operations in MATLAB
Order Operation
The First Parenthesis [ { ( ) }]
The Second Exponentiation (^)
The Third Multiplication (*) and Division (/ or \)
The last Addition (+) and Subtraction (-)
For same level , Left to Right
S= ((8*3)+5+6^2/3
Y= 3/4*5
Numbers in MATLAB
1. Decimal Notation (Fixed point)

1.2345 -381 0.0023
2. Scientific Notation (Floating point)

2.5000e+09 1.0000e-05
Mantissa Exponent
Minimum (realmin) Maximum(realmax)

0 
2.2251e-308 1.7977e+308
Formats in MATLAB
Format Command Example
Four decimal places format short 2.4486
Fourteen decimal places format long 0.11456734567009
Scientific notation with four decimal

format short e 2.0035e+10
places
Scientific notation with fourteen

format long e 6.666666666666666e-01
decimal places
Fixed or Floating point format with
format short g
four decimal places
Fixed or Floating point format with
format long g
four decimal places
*** If 0.001< x <1000, x is expressed in fixed point decimal format.

Formats in MATLAB (Cont.)
Format Command Example

Scientific notation with four decimal
format short Eng 666.6667e-003
places (Engineering style)
Scientific notation with fourteen
format long Eng 666.666666666667e-003
decimal places (Engineering style)
Hexadecimal format format hex
Rational format format rat 2/3
Two decimal places format bank 0.67
Sign format format + +

Suppresses excess line feeds to show
format compact
more output in a single screen.
Adds linefeeds to make output more
format loose
readable.
Mathematical Functions
Mathematical MATLAB
Explanation Example
Expression function
Calculate the sine value for

sin(x) >> sin (2/3*pi)
“x” with in radian unit.
sin(x)
Calculate the sine value for
sind (x) >> sind (120)
“x” with in degree unit.
Calculate the cosine value for
cos (x) >> cos (2*pi)
cos(x)
Calculate the cosine value for
cosd(x) >> cosd (360)
Calculate the tangent value for
tan(x) >> tan (pi/4)
tan(x)
Calculate the tangent value for
tand(x) >> tand (45)
Mathematical Functions (Cont.)
Mathematical MATLAB
Explanation Example
Expression function
Calculate the cotangent value

cot (x) >> cot (1/2*pi)
for “x” with in radian unit.
cot(x)
Calculate the cotangent value
cotd (x) >> cotd (90)
for “x” with in degree unit.
Calculate the secant value for
sec(x) >> sec (0.5)
sec(x)
Calculate the secant value for
secd(x) >> secd(28.65)
Calculate the cosecant value
csc(x) >> cosec (pi/3)
cosec(x)
Calculate the cosecant value
cscd(x) >> cosecd (60)
for “x” with in degree unit.
Mathematical MATLAB
Explanation Example
Expression function
Calculate the sine inverse value

asin(x) for “x”. The result is in radian >> asin (0.5)
unit.
sin-1 (x)
Calculate the sine inverse value
asind(x) for “x”. The result is in degree >> sind (0.5)
unit.
Calculate the cosine inverse
acos(x) value for “x”. The result is in >> acos (1)
radian unit.
cos-1 (x)
Calculate the cosine inverse
acosd(x) value for “x”. The result is in >> acosd (1)
degree unit.
Mathematical MATLAB
Explanation Example
Expression function
Calculate the tangent inverse

atan (x) value for “x”. The result is in >> atan (0.5)
radian unit.
tan-1 (x)
Calculate the tangent inverse
atand (x) value for “x”. The result is in >> atand (0.5)
degree unit.
Calculate the cotangent inverse
acot (x) value for “x”. The result is in >> acot(0.75)
radian unit.
cotan-1 (x)
Calculate the cotangent inverse
acotd (x) value for “x”. The result is in >> acotd(0.75)
degree unit.
Mathematical MATLAB
Explanation Example
Expression function
Calculate the secant inverse

asec (x) value for “x”. The result is in >> asec (0.5)
radian unit.
sec-1 (x)
Calculate the secant inverse
asecd (x) value for “x”. The result is in >> asecd (0.5)
degree unit.
Calculate the cosecant inverse
acsc(x) value for “x”. The result is in >> acosec(0.75)
radian unit.
cosec-1 (x)
Calculate the cosecant inverse
acscd (x) value for “x”. The result is in >> acosecd(0.75)
degree unit.
Mathematical MATLAB
Explanation Example
Expression function
Calculate the hyperbolic sine

sinh(x) sinh(x) value for “x” with in radian >> sinh (0.5)
unit.
Calculate the hyperbolic cosine
cosh(x) cosh(x) value for “x” with in radian >> cosh (0.25)
unit.
Calculate the hyperbolic
tanh(x) tanh(x) tangent value for “x” with in >> tanh (2)
radian unit.
coth(x) coth(x) cotangent value for “x” with >> coth (3.141)
in radian unit.
Mathematical MATLAB
Explanation Example
Expression function

sech(x) sech(x) secant value for “x” with in >> sech (0.5)
radian unit.
cosech(x) csch(x) cosecant value for “x” with >> cosech (3.141)
in radian unit.
Calculate the inverse
sinh-1(x) asinh(x) hyperbolic sine value for “x” >>asinh(0.5221)
with in radian unit.
cosh-1(x) acosh(x) hyperbolic sine value for “x” >>acosh(1)
with in radian unit.
Mathematical MATLAB
Explanation Example
Expression function

tanh-1(x) atanh(x) hyperbolic tangent value for >> atan (0.5)
coth-1(x) acoth(x) hyperbolic cotangent value >> cosech (3.141)
sech-1(x) asech(x) hyperbolic secant value for >>asinh(0.5)
cosech-1(x) acsch(x) hyperbolic cosecant value for >>acosh(0.5)
Mathematical MATLAB
Explanation Example
Expression function
Calculate exponential value

ex exp(x) >> exp(-0.5)
of x.
Calculate exponential value
ex-1 expm1(x) of x and minus 1 from the >> expm1(-0.5)
result.
Calculate natural logarithm
loge(x) or ln(x) log(x) >> log (0.5)
value of x.
loge(1+x) or Calculate natural logarithm
log1p(x) >> log1p(0.5)
ln(1+x) value of (x+1).
Calculate common (base 10)
log10(x) log10(x) >> log10(0.5)
logarithm value of x.
Mathematical MATLAB
Explanation Example
Expression function
Calculate the common (base

log2(x) log2(x) >> log2(0.5)
2) logarithm value of x.
Calculate the square root
x sqrt(x) >> sqrt(4)
value of x.
Calculate the square root
x realsqrt(x) value of x. (Valid only for >>realsqrt(6)
positive values)
n
x Calculate the nth root value
nthroot(x,n) >>nthroot(8,3)
of x.
x Calculate the absolute value
abs(x) >> abs(-4)
of x.
Mathematical MATLAB
Explanation Example
Expression function
Calculate the angle between
real part x and imaginary part >> H=2-i;
 angle(H)
y. The resulted angle is >> angle(H)
radian.
Construct Create complex number by
complex complex(x,y) using x as real part and y as >> complex(2,3)
number x+yi imaginary part.
Construct
Create conjugate number of >>Z=4-6i
conjugate conj(Z)
a complex number Z. >>conj(Z)
number
Find real part
of complex Find real part of a given >> Z=4-6i
real(Z)
number complex number Z. >>real(Z)
Mathematical MATLAB
Explanation Example
Expression function
Find imaginary
part of Find imaginary part of a >> Z=4-6i
imag(Z)
complex given complex number Z. >>imag(Z)
number
Check Z if it is real or
Real number or
complex number. If real, it >> Z=4-6i
complex isreal(Z)
the result is 1 and if >>isreal(Z)
number?
complex, the result is 0.
Round to nearest integer for
Round towards
fix(x) a number by setting decimal >> fix(2.99)
nearest integer
numbers as zero.
Mathematical MATLAB
Expression Explanation Example
function
Round to smaller integer for

Round towards
floor(x) a number by setting decimal >> floor(2.99)
smaller integer
numbers as zero.
Round towards Round to larger integer for a

larger integer ceil(x) number by setting decimal >>ceil(3.1)
numbers as zero.
Round towards Round to nearest integer for

>>round(3.4)
nearest integer round(x) a number by setting decimal
>> round(3.6)
numbers as zero.
Find reminder rem(x,y) Find the reminder of (x/y). >>rem(13,5)
Mathematical
MATLAB
function
Find the reminder of (x/y) if

x and y have the same signs. >> mod(13,5)
Find reminder mod(x,y) The result is the sum of >> mod(-13,5)
reminder and denominator if
x and y have different signs. >> mod(-13,-5)
Check the sign of a number.

The result is 1 if the number >> sign(5)
Check sign of a
sign(x) is greater than 0, it is -1 if >>sign(-1)
number
the number is less than 0 and
it is 0 if the number is 0. >>sign(0)
Arrays: Matrices and Vectors
Matrix : An array of elements (numbers or characters) in rows and columns is

called a matrix. It is also called two dimensional array.
1 3 0 9
0 5 7 0  Su Su 
A  B  Character array
 4 1 4 8  Mg Mg 
 
6 0 7 2
Vector : A matrix that has one row and multiple columns or multiple rows
one column is called a vector.
0
  2
C  1 3  4 0 D 
5
 
7 
Scalar Matrix : A diagonal matrix with all its main diagonal entries equal is a
scalar matrix. W  1000
Arrays: Matrices and Vectors (Cont.)
Entry : The numbers or characters arranged in a matrix is called elements or entries

of that matrix.
1 3 0 9
0  Su Su 
5 7 0 B  Character array
A 
 Mg Mg 
 4 1 4 8
 
6 0 7 2
Index (or) Subscript: The row no. and column no. of an element or (entry) in a matrix
is called the index of that element. It is also called subscript.
A (1,1)= 1 C (2)= 3
A (2,2)= 5 C (4)= 0
Cell Array
Cell or Cell Array : In MATLAB, the array of matrices is called a cell.
   
 1 2 Kyaw Kyaw   1 2 Kyaw Kyaw 
   
A  A 
1 0  1 0 
4 3 [1 5 7]  [1 5 7]
  4 3 
 
Cell Indexing:
A {1,1}= [1 2] A {1,2}= Kyaw Kyaw
 1 0 A {2,2}= [ 1 5 7]
A {2,1}   
4 3
Structure Array
Structure or Structure Array :
Student
name
name
mark
mark
id
id
[75 80 21 66]
G1135
Mg Mg
G1037
[21 66]
Su Su
Structure Indexing : Student.name
Student.id
Matrix, Cell, Structure
Comparison
1 3 0 9  1 2 Kyaw Kyaw 
0 5 7 0  Su Su 
B A   

A  
 4 1 4 8  Mg Mg  Nyi Nyi [1 5 7] 
 
6 0 7 2
Matrix Cell
Kyaw Kyaw
09876
A [57 85 90]
Structure
Nyi Nyi
08991
[12 45 67]
Initialization Matrices and Vectors
1. Inserting directly the elements of a matrix at command window

>> A= [1 2 3; 5 9 0; 2 8 8]
>> A= [1, 2, 3; 5, 9, 0; 2, 8, 8]
2. Creating a matrix by using built-in function (just for special

matrices)
>> A= magic (3);
>> B= zeros(3,4)
>> C=linspace(0,2*pi,20)
3. Reading a matrix from a external file

>> A= xlsread (‘Mydata’)
4. Creating a matrix by using a M-file

Using Colon (:) Operator
1. We can create a vector by using colon (:) vector.
A= Start : Increment : End
A= [1:1:10]=1:10
B= [1:2:10]
2. The colon operator (:) can also be used to represent “all rows”
or “ all columns”. 3rd row
1st column
A (:,1) B (3,:)
All columns
All rows
Functions for Creating Special Matrices
MATLAB built-in function Example
ones (m,n) , ones (n) A=ones (3,2), B=ones (4)
zeros (m,n), zeros (n) A=zeros (1,2), B=zeros(4)
eye (m,n), eye (n) I=eye (3,2), I=eye (3)
diag(X) Y=diag(X)
magic (n) A=magic (5)
rand (m,n), rand (n) C=rand (2,4), A=rand (3)
randn(m,n), randn(n) A=randn(2,2), B=randn(2)
randperm(n) E=randperm(6)
randi(n) A=randi(10)
Basic Matrix Operations
Transposing:
Matrix transpose is changing row to column of a corresponding

matrix.
a b c  a d g 
A  d e f  A '  b e h 
g h i   c f i 
>> A = [ 1 3 6 7 9] <Enter>
>> A’ <Enter>
Basic Matrix Operation (Cont.)
Inverse:
A * B =C For matrices
A = CB
A-1 *A * B = A-1 * C
I*B = A-1 *C
B = A-1 *C
1
A 1  Adj A
det A
>> inv (A) <Enter>

Determinant:
a b 
A  det( A )  ad  bc
 c d 
For 3  3 only
a b c  a b c a b  a b c a b
A  d e f  A  d e f d e  A  d e f d e 
 g h i   g h i g h   g h i g h 
det( A )  a e i  b f g  c d h  g e c  h f a  i d b
Determinant:
+ - +
a b c a b c
A  d e f  A  d e f 
 g h i   g h i 
e f  d f  d e 
det( A )  a   b   c  
h i   g i   g h 
det( A )  a [ ei  fh ]  b di  fg  c [ dh  eg ]
>> det (A)

Adjoint of a Matrix
a b c
A  d e f 
 g h i   e f d f d e 
 
 h i  g
 i  g
 h  
b c b c a b 
Adj A   
 h i  h
 i  g
 h  
 b c a c d e 
e f  d f  g h  
  
Reshaping a Matrix
a c e g i
A  a b c d e f g h i j  A
b d f h j 
1 x 10 2x5
a, b, c, d, e
>> reshape (A, m, n) <Enter>

Rotating (90) a Matrix
a b c  c f i 
A  d e f  A  b e h 
 g h i   a d g 
>> rot90 (A) <Enter>

Flipping a Matrix Up and Down
a b c  g h i 
A  d e f  A  d e f 
 g h i   a b c 
>> flipud (A) <Enter>

Flipping a Matrix Up and Down
a b c  g h i 
A  d e f  A  d e f 
 g h i   a b c 
B.C 1
x
y
Ti,j-1 Ti,j Ti,j+1
B.C 4 Ti+1,j B.C 2
1,1
B.C 3
>> flipud (A) <Enter>

Flipping a Matrix Left and Right
a b c  c b a 
A  d e f  A  f e d 
 g h i   i h g 
>> fliplr (A) <Enter>

Taking Elements from a Matrix
a b c 
A  d e f 
 g h i 
>> A (1,1) <Enter>

All rows
>> A(:,3) <Enter>
All Columns
>>A(3,:) <Enter>
Extending a Matrix
A  1 2 3 4
>> A (1,5)=5 <Enter>
>> A(1,7)=9 <Enter>
A  1 2 3 4 5
A  1 2 3 4 5 0 9
A(1,6)
Replacing an Element in a Matrix
A  1 2 3 4
>> A (1,4)=5 <Enter>
>> A(1,1)=9 <Enter>
A  1 2 3 5
A(1,1)
A  9 2 3 5
A(1,1)
Cutting a Matrix
3 0 4 
A  1 2 3 4 B  6 2  1
5 5 7 
>> A (4)=[ ] <Enter>
>> B (1,1)=[ ] <Enter>
>> B (:,1)=[ ] <Enter>
>> B (5)=[ ] <Enter>
>> B (1:2:5)=[ ] <Enter>

Matrix Related Functions
Mathematical MATLAB
Explanation Example
Expression function
Calculate resultant of >> A = [3 4]

|| A || norm(A)
matrix A. >> norm(A)
>> A=[1 5 7; 3 4
Calculate the rank of a
Rank of a matrix rank (A) 9; 6 9 0];
matrix.
>> rank (A)
Calculate the determinant
Determinant det (A) >> det(A)
of a matrix.
Calculate the sum of
Sum of main
trace(A) main diagonal elements >>trace(A)
diagonal element
of a matrix.
A-1 inv(A) >> inv(A)
matrix of a matrix.
Matrix Related Functions (Cont.)
Mathematical MATLAB
Explanation Example
Expression function
Calculate eigenvalues of a
Find eigenvalues eig(A) >>eig(A)
matrix.
Mention the numbers of
Dimension of a
size(A) rows and columns in a >> size(A)
matrix
matrix.
Length of a Mention the length of a
length(A) >> length(A)
vector vector.
Summation of a Calculate the sum of all >>sum(A,1)
sum(A)
vector elements of a matrix. >>sum(A,2)
Cumulative
summation of a Calculate the sum of >> cumsum(A,1)
cumsum(A)
vector elements of a matrix. >> cumsum(A,2)
Mathematical MATLAB
Explanation Example
Expression function
Calculate the product of

Product prod(A) >>prod(A)
all elements in a matrix.
Calculate and mention the
Cumulative
cumprod(A) cumulative product of all >> cumprod (A)
product
elements in a matrix.
Calculate the mean or
Mean or Average >> mean(A)
mean(A) average value of elements
>>mean(A,2)
in a matrix.
Calculate the standard
Standard >> std(A)
std(A) deviation of elements in a
deviation >>std(A,1)
matrix.
Find maximum value in a
Find maximum max(X) >> max(A)
vector.
Mathematical MATLAB
Explanation Example
Expression function
Find maximum values in

Find maximum max(X) >> max(A, [],2)
each row of a matrix.
Compare each element
from two matrices and
Find maximum max(X,Y) find maximum value. X >> max(X,Y)
and Y must have the same
dimensions.
Replace the
Replace the elements less
elements less than max(X,n) >> max(X,5)
than n in a matrix.
“n”
Find minimum value in a
Find minimum min(X) >> min(X)
vector.
Mathematical MATLAB
function
Find minimum value in

Find minimum min(X) >> min(X,[],2)
each row of a matrix.
Compare each element
from two matrices and
Find minimum min(X,Y) find minimum value. X >>min(X,Y)
and Y must have the same
dimensions.
Replace the
elements greater Replace the elements
min(X,n) >>min(X,2)
than “n” greater than n in a matrix.
Mathematical
MATLAB
function
Sort column-wise
Sorting in
sort(X) elements of a matrix >>sort(X)
ascending order
in ascending order.
Sort column-wise
Sorting sort(X, elements of a matrix
>>sort(X, ‘descend’)
descending order ‘descend’) in descending order.
Sort elements in each

Sorting row-wise
sortrows(X) row of a matrix in >> sortrows(X)
elements
ascending order.
Mathematical
MATLAB
function
Finding the Finding the indices of >> find(X)

location of non- find(X) non-zero elements in a >> find(X>3)
zero elements matrix >> find(X,2)
Finding the variance

Find the variance >> var(X)
var(X) of elements in a
of sample data >> var(X,1)
vector
Find the median of a >> X= [ 2 3 5];

Find the median median(X)
matrix or vector >>median(X)
Mathematical MATLAB
Explanation Example
Expression function
Find the minimum Find the minimum and
minmax (X) >> X=[1 -1 3 6 9];
and maximum maximum value of a
>> minmax(X)
values given vector or matrix.
Find the difference
between max and min >>X=[1 -1 3 6 9];
Find the range range(X)
of a given vector or >> range(X)
matrix
Produce all possible
Find all possible combntns(X) combination sets of >> A=[1 2 3 4 5];
combination from a given set of >> combntns(A)
elements.
Fill in the blanks.
1. A variable name may be as long as you like but MATLAB only

remembers_______________.
2. A subscript is indicated by ____________.
3. Statement in the same line may be separated by ___________.
4. MATLAB variable names are case _____________.
5. Use _____________ vector to remove elements from a matrix or

vector.
Chapter End Exercise (Cont.)
1. The final value of z from the program below is _________ .

a = 1:3;
b = 2:4;
z = sum(a.*b);
2. The final value of z from the program below is _________.

a = 1:3;
b = -2:-2:-6;
z = sum(a.*b);
3. The final value of z from the program below is ________.

A = [1 2 3 4; 5 6 7 8];
z = sum(size(A));
1. Write MATLAB expressions for the following mathematical

expressions.
1
(a) (b) 2 23 (c) 1.5 104  2.5 102 ( Use double
26 precision format)
2. (a) Add 1 to each element of the vector [2 3 -1]

(b) Multiply each element of the vector [1 4 8] by 3.
(c) Find the product of two vectors [1 2 3] and [0 ; -1 ; 1].
(d) Square each element of the vector [2 3 1].
3. Use MATLAB to evaluate the following expressions.

3 4 2
(a) 2 (b) (c) 2 2 (d) 23
56
(e) Find the sum of 5 and 3 divided by their product (Use rational format)
(f) Find the square of 2 (Use bank format)
(g) Find the tube root of the product 2.3 and 4.5.
4. If C and F are Celsius and Fahrenheit temperatures, their relationship is

F  9C / 5  32
Use the MATLAB command line to convert Celsius 37◦ (normal human
temperature) to Fahrenheit.
5. An amount of money A invested over a period of years n with an annual

interest rate r grows to an amount B. The formula is as follow.
B= A(1 + r)n
If A=1000, r=9%. What is total amount B after 10 years. Calculate it by
using MATLAB.
6. Use MATLAB to find the solutions of the following system of linear

equations.
10x-9y=100
-9x+20y-9z=0
-9y+15z=0
7. Find the total sum of the first eight numbers (i.e, N=8) by using the
formula and MATLAB function. Also find the mean and median.
N
N( N  1)
n  2
n 1
8. The factorial of “n” is defined as below. Find the factorial of 5 using the
formula and using MATLAB function.
n! = n (n-1) (n-2)…1
Chapter 3
Program Design
&
Algorithm Development
Chapter Objectives
■ To get familiar with MATLAB programming answering the following

questions,
What are the main components of a program?
What is program design?
What are the steps in creating a program?
What are M-file, Script M-file and Function M-file?
What is structure plan (or) pseudo code (or) algorithm?
What is flow control decision?
■ To practice MATLAB programming related to engineering applications

Components of a Program
Start
Input or Assigning 1
Working Statement 2
Output or Displaying 3
End
Program Design
Program Design: The designs of the components (input, output and working
statements) and related features of a program can be seen
as program design.
A program should
(1) fulfill the need of user and work well
(2) be convenient to be used
(3) be easy to be read,
(4) be easy to modify when required
(5) give less task to the user
*** All should be considered in designing a program.

Program Design
Example: Bicycle handle design

Program Design
Example:
Designer 1 Designer 2
Start Start Start
Assign base &

Input or Assigning Enter base & height height
Working Statement Calculate Area Calculate Area
Output or Displaying Display and Save the Display the Result

Result
End End End

Program Design
clc
clear
% This program calculates the area of a triangle. The base and

height of the triangle must be input by the user.
b=input('Enter the Base of the Triangle (m) \n');

Design 1
h=input ('Enter the Height of the Triangle (m) \n');
format bank
Area=0.5*b*h;
display (['Area =', num2str(Area), ‘ Square Meter'])

save Area
clc
clear
b=2;
h=3;
Design 2
Area=0.5*b*h;
display (Area)
Design Process
Step 1: Problem Analysis:

Try to understand the problem to be solved.
Step 2: Mathematical Description:
Collect the required mathematical equations to solve the problem.
Step 3: Define Input/Output Variables:
Define the input variables and output variables.
Step 4: Construct Structure Plan (Pseudo Code or Algorithm):
Write the list of the tasks in the program (Structure Plan).
Step 5: Transform to Program Code:
Write the program.
Step 6: Test and Apply the Program:
Test and use the program to solve the problems.
Structure Plan
Start
Read the input data b, h
Change format
Enter base & height
Calculate the area (1/2  b h)
Display the Area
Calculate Area
Save the Area
Display and Save the

A combination of English, mathematics,
Result
and anticipated MATLAB commands)
End
Example (Projectile)
Problem:
Plot the flight path (trajectory) of a golf ball that lunches

from the ground with an initial velocity (V0) of 10 m/s and angle
(0) of 45 until it reaches the maximum altitude.
Step 1: Problem Analysis:
x,y
x,y
x,y
ymax V0
0
x
Step 2: Mathematical Description:

Collect the required mathematical equations to solve the
problem.
V0
t y max  sin 0
g
x  V0t cos 0 0 < t < tymax
g
y  V0 t sin 0  t 2 0 < t < tymax
2
Step 3: Define Input/Output Variables:

Define the input variables and output variables.
V0= 10 m/s
Known (Input Variables)
0 = 45
tymax Unknown (Required Variable)
x
Unknown (Output Variables)
y
Step 4: Construct Structure Plan (Pseudo Code or Algorithm):

Write the list of the tasks in the program (Structure Plan).
Read the input data V0, 0

Calculate tymax (tymax=V0/g*sin0)
Set 0< t < tymax with 0.001 increment (t=0:0.001:tymax)
Calculate horizontal coordinate x (x=V0 * t* cos0)
Calculate vertical coordinate y (y=V0 * t * sin0-g/2*t^2)
Plot x vs. y
Examples
Khin Cho Tun & Kunagorn (2015)
Pei Yu et. al., (2012)

Exercise
1. Write a Structure Plan or Pseudo Code or Algorithm for a program

that calculates the area of a trapezium.
a
h A=1/2 (a+b) h
b
2. Write a Structure Plan or Pseudo Code or

Algorithm for a program that works like a ATM
(Automated Teller Machine)
Exercise
3. Write a Structure Plan or Pseudo Code or Algorithm for a program

that calculates the area under the curve, f(x), between a and b, by using
Trapezoidal rule.
f(x)
a b
4. Write a Structure Plan or Pseudo Code or Algorithm for a program for

your research.
Exercise
1. Solution
Read the input data a, b, h

Calculate area (A=1/2*b*h)
Display trapezium area
Exercise
2. Solution
Read the user’s ATM card number

If the card number is correct, ask user’s password or pin code
If the password is correct, ask how much money he wants to
withdraw
Count the money in bin
If there is enough money in the bin
Give money to the user
If there is no enough money in the bin
Say “Sorry” to the user
If the password is not correct, say the user’s password
is wrong, let him try 3 times
If the card number is not correct, reject the card
Exercise
3. Solution
Read coefficients of f(x)

Read limits of area, a and b
Read number of divisions, n
Calculate the length of each division [(b-a)/n]
Calculate yn =f(xn) and yn+1 =f(xn+1) for every interval (division)
Calculate An=1/2*(yn+yn+1)*xn
Calculate total area under the curve An
Script and Function M-File
Script M-File
xxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxx
xxxxxxxx
xxxxxx
xxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxx
>> Name
Script and Function M-File (Cont.)
Function M-File
function [Output Arguments]= Name (Input Arguments)

xxxx
xxxx
xxxxxxxx
xxxxxx
xxxxx
xxx
x
x
x
xxxxxxx
end
>> Name (Input Arguments)

Script and Function M-File (Cont.)
Function M-File
function [Area]= Tri_area (b,h) function [Area, Perimeter]= Tri_area (b,h)

xxxx xxxx
xxxx xxxx
xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
Area= 0.5* b*h; Area= 0.5* b*h;
xxxxx Perimeter =………..
xxx xxxxx
x xxx
x x
x x
xxxxxxx b X b
end h end h
>> Tri_area (5,7) >> [x,y]=Tri_area (5,7)

Writing Comments
%% This program calculates
%%%___________________________
Gama=3; % Gama is path loss coefficient

Writing Comments
clc
clear
% %This program calculates the area of a triangle. The base and height of
%% the triangle must be input by the user.
% Reading Inputs
b=input('Enter the Base of the Triangle (m) \n'); % base
h=input('Enter the Height of the Triangle (m) \n'); % height
% Calculating the Area of Triangle

format bank % Changing format
Area=0.5*b*h; % Equation of triangle's area
% Outputting
display (['Area =', num2str(Area), ' Square Meter'])
save Area % Save workspace
Start
Input or Assigning
?
Working Statement ?
Output or Displaying
?
End
Input and Assigning
For the variables that should be frequently changed
A= input (‘Enter the value of A \n’)
Name= input (‘Enter your name\n’, ‘s’)
For the variables that are fixed
A= 30;
Name= ‘Su Su’

Input and Assigning (Cont.)
To read a large data base from external files.
A=xlsread(‘Mydata',1,'A1:E5‘) 
[A,B]=xlsread(‘Mydata',1,'A1:E5‘) 
A=load(‘Mydata.txt’) 
A=load(‘Mydata.mat’) 
A=fscanf(file identifier, ‘format’)

Input and Assigning (Cont.)
fscanf
A=fscanf(file identifier, ‘format’, size)
inf Read to the end of the file. (default)

N Read at most N elements into a column vector.
[M,N] Read at most M * N elements filling at least an M-by-N
matrix in column order. N can be inf, but M cannot.
Start
Input or Assigning

Working Statement ?
?
End
Flow Control or Decision
If Statement
“if ” is mostly used flow control statement to let the program make
decision.
if Condition If Condition is true,

Statement 1 The program will work on
Statement 2 Statement 1, Statement 2 and so on.
Statement 3
…
… If Condition is not true,
… The program will neglect
end Statement 1, Statement 2 and so on.
if Condition Statement 1, end *** For only one Statment1

Flow Control or Decision (Cont.)
If Statement (Example)
Calculate y=x2 x<5
Relational
operator x=input('Enter the value of x \n');
Condition if x<5 if x <5
y=x^2 Statement y=x^2
end end
Relational Operators
Relation How to write

Description Example
operator in MATLAB
> Greater than > if A > B
< Less than < if A < B
 Greater than equal to >= if A>=B
 Less than equal to <= if A<=B
= Equal to == if A==B
 Not equal to ~= if A~=B

Logical Operators
Relation How to write

Description Example
operator in MATLAB
& AND & if A<5 & B>2
| OR | if A<5 | B>2
~ NOT ~ if ~ (A>B)
xor Exclusive or xor if A<5 xor B>2
&& Short-circuit AND && if A<5 && B>2
|| Short-circuit OR || if A<5 || B>2
*** a=0, b=sin(pi)

Example
Calculate y=x2 x=<5 x>10
Relational
operator x=input('Enter the value of x \n');
if x<=5 | x>10
Logical if x <=5 | x>10
y=x^2 operator y=x^2
end end
Exercise
1. Write a program to calculate and save the input/output variables for

the following relationships.
y=x2 for x<5
y=3x+5 for x=5
y=2x-3 for x>5
2. Write a program that can ask your name and tell you if your name
is match or not match with the name that it has known. Note that
the name it has known is “Kyaw Kyaw”.
Displaying Messages and Results
Simple Display
disp (‘Message’)
disp (Variable)
display (‘Message’)
display (Variable)
e.g.,
>>Y=[2 5; 6 7]; >>disp(X)
>>X=[ ]; >>display(Y)
>>disp(Y) >>display(X)
Example
   

     ?
   
 
   
   
    
    
        

   
 
    ?
 
   
   
    



  

?
   
Example
clc
clear
A=[1 3; 2 6];
B=[7 9; 0 -2];
C=[2 -1; 6 0];
MI=input('Enter your image \n');
if MI==A;
display ('It is Mr.A');
end
if MI==B;
display ('It is Mr.B');
end
if MI==C;
display ('It is Mr.C');
end
Example
Host A
150.215.017.009
Host B
192.168.3.1
Logical Function
Logical
Example Description
Function
if any(X) If any element in vector X is non-zero,
any(X) if any(X>6) If any element in vector X is greater than 6,
if any(X==1) If any element in vector X is equal to 1,
if all(X) If all elements in vector X is non-zero,
all(X) if all(X>6) If all elements in vector X is greater than 6,
If all(X==1) If all elements in vector X is equal to 1,

Logical Function
Logical
Example Description
Function
isnan(X) if isnan(X) if X is Not-a-Number (NaN),
isfinite(X) if isfinite(X) if X is a finite number,
isinf(X) if isinf(X) if X is infinity,
isempty(X) if isempty(X) if X is empty matrix,
isstr(X) if isstr(X) if X is a string,
strcmp(s1,s2) if strcmp(s1,s2) if string1 and string2 are identical,
isreal if isreal(X) if X is a real number,

Logical Function (Example)
Write a program by which a conveyor can check if there is a bag (or a

weight) on it.
[1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0]
Logical Function (Example)
clc
clear
if any(A==1) A=input ('Enter the vector \n');
display('There are still bag(s)') if any(A==1)
end display('There is still bag(s)')
end
Example
Check a line of eggs and show a messages when is a cracked found.
1 1 1 0 1 1
1 2 2 2 2 2
A  1 1 1 0 1 1
A  1 2 2 2 2 2
Example
Logical
function
clc
clear
if any(A==0) A=input('Enter matrix A \n');
display ('There is cracked egg(s)') if any(A==0)
end display ('There is cracked egg(s)')
end
Example
Logical
function
clc
clear
if any(A<1) A=input('Enter matrix A \n');
display ('There is cracked egg(s)') if any(A<1)
end display ('There is cracked egg(s)')
end
Example
Motors Control unit

13
Parking
Info Park
Leave
Password
1 25
[0 444668 0 678902 55511 0 40111….]

Exercise
Write a program that monitors if there is spaces

or not in a parking.
This is no space in the parking.

Some space(s) left in the parking.
Nested if Statement
“Nested if ” is mostly used for multi-stage decision making.
if Condition1
Statement 1
if Condition2
Statement a
if Condition1
Statement b
if Condition2
end
Statement a
Statement 2
end
Statement 3
end
…
…
…
end
Nested if Statement (Example)
Write a simple program that works like a ATM (Automated Teller

Machine). The program should check the bank account number and the user’s
pin code (password) step by step. If two of them are corrected, the program
should ask how much money you would like to withdraw.
1. Insert the card

2. The machine checks the card
3. The machine asks the user’s pin
code
4. Then ask how much money the
user wants
Nested if Statement (Example)
clc
clear
BC=12460090956;
PC=123456;
BankAccount=input('Enter BankAccount \n');
if BankAccount==BC Condition 1
PinCode=input('Enter Pin Code \n'); Statement 1
Nested if PC==PinCode Condition 2
if display ('Slect the amount you want to withdraw \n') Statement a
end
end
Nested if Statement (Exercise)
Write a program that works like a random mobile

terminal performs soft handover.
Pr2
Pr1 
R 
Pr  PTx K  0 
 R
Pr3
Find
Nested if Statement (Exercise)

Nested if (Example)
Write a program to recognize the input image comparing with trained

image.
Else Clause
“else” is used together with “if ”. It is used for the last condition
without stating the condition.
if Condition
If Condition is true,
Statement 2 Statement 1, Statement 2 and so on.
else
Statement a If Condition is not true,
The program will work on
Statement b Statement a, Statement b and so on.
end
Else Clause (Example)
The load acting on a bar can be expressed with the following

mathematical equations. Write a program that describes the magnitude
of load at arbitrary distance x.
Lx=2x+5 for 0<x<5
Lx=15 for x5
x
Condition1 clc
clear
if x<5
x=input ('Enter an arbitrary distance, x \n');
Lx=2*x+5
if x<5
else
Lx=2*x+5
Lx=15
else
end
Lx=15
end
Else clause (No Condition)
Write a program that works like a TCP.

clc
clear
Datapack1=input('Enter the data package1\n');
Datapack2=input('Enter the data package2\n');
if (Datapack2-Datapack1)==1
display ('Yes, I have received properly')
else
display ('No, please send me again package2')
end
Write a program to check if a robot (a random mobile terminal) has

ever gone outside predefined area (convergence area) which is located at the
center of a rectangle region. Note that the predefined area has a radius of 10
m and the robot has moved 10 times in this case.
50 

  
-50  
-50 50
Elseif Clause
“elseif” is used together with “if”. It is used for checking multiple conditions.
if Condition1 If Condition1 is true,

The program will work on
Statement 1 Statement 1.
elseif Condition2 If Condition2 is true,
Statement 2.
elseif Condition3
If Condition3 is true,
else Statement 3.
Statement 4 If Condition1, Condition2, Condition3 are not
true, the program will work on Statement
end
4.
Elseif Clause (Example)
Write a program that guess the number and type of roots of a

quadratic equation (ax2+bx+c=0) according to its discrimenant, (b2-4ac).
Discrimenant
b2-4ac>0 two real numbers
b2-4ac=0 one real number
b2-4ac<0 two complex numbers

clear
clc
else if clause
a=input ('Enter coefficient a \n');
b=input ('Enter coefficient b \n');
if Disc>0
c=input ('Enter coefficient c \n');
display ('There are two real roots')
Disc=b^2-4*a*c;
elseif Disc==0
if Disc>0
display ('There is only one real roots')
display ('There are two real roots')
else
elseif Disc==0
display ('There are two complex roots')
display ('There is only one real roots')
end
else
display ('There are two complex roots')
end
Write a program to check if a random mobile terminal is in convergence

area of a cell.
-+ ++
500
700 -- +-
200 400
50
Write a program to check wheter two sensing areas of two robots (or
two sensor nodes) which are randomly moving are overlapping. Also, the
program should be able to mention the location of one robot (sensor node)
with respect to another one. The sensing area of each robot (sensor node) has
a convergence radius of 5 m and the area has a diameter of 100 m. The center
of the area is (0,0).
B
A 100
5m
Switch Statement
“Switch Statement” has similar function as if statement. Thus, it can be used

instead of if statement. The format is as follows.
switch Variable If Variable is the same as or equal to,

Assigned Value1, the program will
case Assigned Vale1 work on Statement 1.
Statement 1
If Variable is the same as or equal to,
case Assigned Vale2 Assigned Value2, the program will
Statement 2 work on Statement 2.
otherwise If Variable is not equal to,

Statement 3 both Assigned Value1 and Assigned
Value2, the program will work on
end Statement 3.
Switch Statement and if Statement
switch a if a==5
case 5 Statement 1
Statement 1 elseif a==6
case 6 Statement 2
Statement 2 else
otherwise Statement 3
Statement 3 end
end
Switch Statement (Example)
Using “Switch Statement”, write a program that works like a

voice recognizer for some specific tasks trained as follows. The
digits will be input by user in this example.
Open door – 01111001

Start engine – 1111110011
Play music – 111011011
Perform assigned
task
Receive Speaker Voice Digit to Compare with

Voice identification to digit character trained character
clc
clear
Signal=input('Enter the digit \n')
switch Signal Variable
case 01111001 Assigned Value1
display ('Opening the door') Statement 1
display ('Starting the engine') Statement 2
display ('Playing music') Statement 3
otherwise
display ('What can I do for you') Statement 4
end
Interface In Interface Out

in label out label
Cafe3
0 4 1 9
0 1 2 5 F
C
MPLS B
2
0
A 1
Cafe2
Cafe1
E
D
data label
IP address
switch Label Variable

display ('Route to Interface Out_interface 1‘) Statement 1
display ('Label 9') Statement 2
display ('Route to Interface Out_interface 2‘) Statement 3
dispaly ('Label 5') Statement 4
otherwise
display ('No Route') Statement 5
end
Cocacola 1
Max 2
VeVe 3
Red Bull 4
Sprite 5
7 Up 6
Asia 7
Switch Statement
switch Variable
case {Assigned Vale1, Assigned Value2, Assigned Value3,…}
Statement 1
case {Assigned Vale4, Assigned Value5, Assigned Value6,…}
Statement 2
otherwise
Statement 3
end
BST-A
BST BSC1
BST-B
BST-C BSC1
BST-D
BST-E
BST-F
BST-G
BST-H BSC2
BST-I
BST-J
clc
clear
BST=input('Enter Base Station No. \n','s');
switch BST Variable
case {'A','B','C','D','E'} Assigned Values
display('It is controlled by BSC-1') Statement 1
case{'F','G','H','I','J'} Assigned Values
display('It is controlled by BSC-2') Statement 2
otherwise
display ('No controlled by BSC-1 or BSC-2') Statement 3
end
Mon 7, 14, 21, 28

Tue 1, 8, 15, 22, 29
Wed 2, 9, 16, 23, 30
Thu 3, 10, 17, 24
Fri 4, 11, 18, 25
Sat 5, 12, 19, 26
Sat 6, 13, 20, 27
Looping with For (Cont.)
For Loop
“for loop” is used for repeating actions for a certain number of times
given in a program. The structure of for loop is as follows.
for Variable=Expression
Statement 1 The “Statement 1, Statement 2,… ”

will be performed for a certain
Statement 2
times defined in the expression.
…
end
For Loop (Example)
Variables
1st round k=1
for k=1:1:10 Expression P(1)=2*1
P(k) = 2*k Statement 2nd round k=2

P(2)=2*2
end
3rd round k=3
P(3)=2*3
…
10th round k=10

P(10)=2*10
For Loop (Example)
Write a program to calculate the total sum of given first number

and last number.
Total=first+(first+1)+(first+2)+…+(last-2)+(last-1)+last
e.g.,
first number=1
last number=5
Total=1+2+3+4+5=15
For Loop (Example)
clc
Variables clear
FN=input('Enter first number \n');
for Num=FN:FL Expression FL=input('Enter last number \n');
Sum=0;
Total=Sum+Num; Statement1
for Num=FN:FL
Sum=Total; Statement2 Total=Sum+Num;

Sum=Total;
end end
display(Total)
For Loop (Example)
clc 1st round Sum=0 , Num=1

Total=1
clear
Sum=Total =1
FN=input('Enter first number \n');
FL=input('Enter last number \n'); 2nd round Sum=1, Num =2
Total=3
Sum=0;
Sum=Total=3
for Num=FN:FL ...
Total=Sum+Num; ...
Sum=Total; ...
5th round Sum=10, Num =5
end
Total=15
display(Total) Sum=Total=15
For Loop (Example)
Write a program that works like a cash register. Use

a sample of products given in the following table.
Product code must be input by the user in this
example.
Product code Item Name Price
40200 Book 500

81007 Pen 350
Cash register
90660 Pencil 150
53111 Correction Pen 650
For Loop (Example)
clc
Variables clear
Code=[40200, 81007, 90660, 53111];
for k=1:n Name={'Book','Pen','Pencil','Correction Pen'};
Price=[500 350 150 650];
if PD==Code(k) PD=input ('Enter Product Code \n');
n=length(Code);
Item=Name{k}; for k=1:n
if PD==Code(k)
Cost=Price(k); Item=Name{k};
Cost=Price(k);
end
end
end
end
Item
Cost
Switch Statement and For Loop
switch PD
Code
case {40200, 81007, 90660, 53111}
Statement 1 ??????????
end
for k=1:n
if PD==Code(k)
Item=Name{k};
Cost=Price(k);
end
end
For Loop (Example)
y
6m
x
2 kN
Write a program to calculate shear force and bending

moment at different locations x=0 m; 0.5 m, 1 m , 1.5
m, 2 m, 2.5 m, 3 m, 3.5 m, 4 m, 4.5 m, 5 m, 5.5 m, 6 m.
Fy=Fs-2000=0
M=M+(6-x)*2000=0
For Loop (Example)
clc
clear
for k=1:n; x=[0:0.5:6];
n=length(x);
Fs(k)=-2000; for k=1:n;
Fs(k)=-2000;
M(k)=-(6-x(k))*2000; M(k)=-(6-x(k))*2000;
end
end Fs
M
For Loop (Example)
Write a MATLAB program to predict classification of a new product

based on survey data by using knn algorithm. The survey data are given below
and query instance (features of new product) is (3,7).
X Y Classification
7 7 Bad
7 4 Bad
3 4 Good
1 4 Good
For Loop (Example)
Write a MATLAB program to predict the value of y for a query

instance x=2.5 by using knn algorithm. Use k=3. Then, try with simple
weighted knn method.
x y
w1=a; w2=a/2; w3=a/3;…, wk=a/k 1 2.3
2 4.5
w1=a; w2=a/2; w3=a/4;…., wk=w/(2k) 3 6.1
4 8.0
5 11.3
w1=a; w2=a/(y1near-y2near);
6 10.9
w3=a/(y1near-y3near);;…., wk=w/(y1near-yknear); 7 12.3
8 15.5
9 18.0
w1+w2+w3+…wk=1 10 20.2
Nested For Loop
“Nested for loop” is applicable to repeat actions in multi

dimensional looping. The general form of “Nested for loop” is as
follows.
for Variable1=Expression1 Statement 1 in outer loop will be

Statement 1 performed for a certain times
for Variable2=Expression2 defined in the Expression1.
Statement 2
Statement 2 in inner loop will be
… performed for a certain times
end defined in the Expression2 at every
end loop of Expression1.
Nested For Loop (Example)
Write a function M-file that can show index of the maximum

element in a two dimensional matrix. The matrix name should be the argument
and the function name should be indmaxele.
>> [Row, Column]=indmaxele (A)

 1 0 2 Row=
A   5  1 6 3
11 9 3 Column=
1
function [Row,Column] = indmaxele(A)

[m,n]=size(A);
maxele=A(1,1);
for r=1:m; Outer for loop
for c=1:n; Inner for loop
if A(r,c)> maxele
maxele=A(r,c); if statement A(1,1) A(1,2) A(1,3)
Row=r;
Column=c;
A(2,1) A(2,2) A(2,3)
end
end
A(3,1) A(3,2) A(3,3)
end
end
Write a MATLAB program to find the location of elements

1 in a given matrix.
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
 
A  0 0 0 1 0
 
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0
clc
clear
A=input('The matrix A \n');
[row, col]=size(A);
k=0;
for m=1:row Outer for loop
for n=1:col Inner for loop
if A(m,n)==1;
k=k+1;
Locx(k)=m; if statement
Locy(k)=n;
end
end Outer for loop end
end Inner for loop end
Locx
Locy
Create a MATLAB function to reorder the elements in a given matrix

in ascending order. Don’t use MATLAB built-in function “sort” or “sortrows”.
Example Before After

-1 -1
3 0
2 2
0 3
11 4
6 6
4 11
Develop an image processing algorithm that can detect the ripeness

of a banana by differentiating its skin color.
Example
Develop an image processing algorithm that can detect the regions in

an image.
Develop a MATLAB function that works like the function

“rangefilt” (range function).
Move at every 3 minutes.

Whenever it moves, it moves
three points.
Vertical and horizontal
movement is alternative.
Moving up or down and left or
right is random.
Looping with While (Cont.)
While Loop
“While Loop” is used to repeat the actions in the loop as long

as the given condition is true. The general format of “While Loop” is
as follows.
while Condition As long as the Condition is correct,

Statement 1 the program will work on
Statement 2 Statement 1, Statement 2. When
… Condition is not correct, the wile
end loop will end.
While Loop (Example)
Write a program to calculate how long it will take to attain the

total balance more than 50000 started from a saving amount of 10000
with an interest rate of 10% per year as follows.
Total Balance=Save(1+0.1)
Condition clc
clear
Year=0;
while Total_Balance<=50000
Total_Balance=10000;
Year=Year+1; Save=10000;
Total_Balance=Save*(1+0.1); while Total_Balance<=50000

Year=Year+1;
Save=Total_Balance;
Total_Balance=Save*(1+0.1);
end Save=Total_Balance;
end
Year
Write a program to calculate the solution of a quadratic

equation by using Newton’s iteration method. The input should be the
coefficients of the quadratic equation and the acceptable convergence
tolerance is 0.001.
f ( x0 )
ax 2  bx  c  0 x1  x 0  '
f ( x0 )
f ( xn ) f ( x1 )
x n 1  x n  x 2  x1  '
f ' ( xn ) f ( x1 )
Initiate or Guess=x0 Convergence tolerance=x2-x1<0.001

clc
clear
Coe=input('Enter the coefficient matrix \n');
x=input('Enter the initially guessed value \n');
Conv_error=1;
Condition
Num_itr=0;
while Conv_error>0.001;
Statements
xn=x-[Coe(1)*x^2+Coe(2)*x+Coe(3)]/[Coe(1)*2*x+Coe(2)];
Conv_error=abs(xn-x);
x=xn;
Num_itr=Num_itr+1;
end
x
Num_itr
 
100 m
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
clc
clear
Region=zeros(20);
n=5;
for k=1:n;
lop=1;
Condition
while lop==1
x=randi(20);
y=randi(20);
if Region(x,y)==1;
lop=1;
Statements in while loop
else
lop=2;
end
end While loop end
Region(x,y)=1;
end
Region
[1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0]
Design 2
Design 1
Motors Control unit

13
Parking
Info Park
Leave
Password
1 25
[0 444668 0 678902 55511 0 40111….]

clc
clear
Go=1;
Series=zeros(1,25);
n=25;
while Go==1;
Sig=input('1 if Park or 0 if Leave\n\n');
if Sig==1
Password=input('Enter your password \n');
Password1=input('Confirm your password \n');
while Password~=Password1
display ('Wrong Confirmation')
Password1=input('Reenter your password\n');
end
Series(1)=Password;
end
if all(Series~=0);
Go=0;
end
end
Breaking a Loop
Break Command
for Variable = Expression while Condition1

Statement 1 Statement 1
Statement 2 Statement 2
if Condition if Condition2
break break
end end
end end
If the Condition in if statement is correct, the loop will stop

although the loop still needs to continue more.
Breaking a Loop (Cont.)
Break Command (Example)
Write a program to calculate addition of 2 for twenty times.
Total= 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+……..2
20
clc
clear
Total=0;
k=0;
for i=1:1000; 1:1000
k=k+1;
Total=Total+2;
if k==20;
break Break command
end
end
Write a program to calculate the solution of a quadratic

equation by using Newton’s iteration method. The input should be the
coefficients of the quadratic equation and the acceptable convergence
tolerance is 0.001. Use break command in the program.
f ( x0 )
ax 2  bx  c  0 x1  x 0  '
f ( x0 )
f ( xn ) f ( x1 )
x n 1  x n  x 2  x1  '
f ' ( xn ) f ( x1 )

Write a program that suddenly break the loop of escalator when it is

overloaded or the user switch off.
Maximum load is random
The allowable maximum load =3 tons

Continuing a Loop
Continue Command
for Variable = Expression

Statement 1
if (Condition) If the Condition in if statement is
continue correct, the loop will start next loop
end without working on Statement 2.
Statement 2
end
Continuing a Loop (Cont.)
Continue Command
Write a program to count the number of odd number in a

given vector.
A=[4 5 6 6 8 9 1 0 3 6 4 9]
Continue Command
clc
clear
A=input ('Enter the vector \n');
n=length(A);
Count=0;
for k=1:n;
if rem(A(k),2)==0
continue Continue command
end
Count=Count+1;
end
Continue Command (Example)
Write a MATLAB program that works like an
elevator.
Pausing a Loop
Pause Command
for Variable = Expression

At every run the program will work
Statement 1
on Statement 1 and Statement 2.
Statement 2
The the loop will be paused until
pause the user press any key.
end
Pausing a Loop
Pause Command (Example)
clc
clear
for k=1:5;
display ('Hi, What is your name?') Pause

command
pause
end
Start
Input or Assigning

Working Statement

?
End
Displaying Messages and Results
Simple Display
disp (‘Message’)
disp (Variable)
display (‘Message’)
display (Variable)
e.g.,
>>Y=[2 5; 6 7]; >>disp(X)
>>X=[ ]; >>display(Y)
>>disp(Y) >>display(X)
Displaying Messages and Results (Cont.)
Error and Warning
error (‘Message’) The program will stop working.
warning (‘Message’) The program will be still working.
e.g.,
error (‘It is not a positive number)
warning (‘It is not a positive number)
Example
clc
clear
x=input('Enter a positive integer \n');
if x<0
error('It is not a positive integer'); Error Message
end
Y=x^2;
display(Y)
Example
clc
clear
x=input('Enter a positive integer \n');
if x<0
warning('It is not a positive integer‘) Error Message
end
Y=x^2;
display(Y)
sprintf
Flag
Character type
Format start
%+12.5f
(Precision)
Decimal places
Total Width
e.g.,
>>X=pi;
>> sprintf(‘%+12.5f',X) +3.14159
Flag Option
Flag Explanation Example
To mention + and – signs before

+ +3,-4.26
the number
To mention + and – signs before

- 3,-4.26
the number if necessary
To mention 0 if there are extra

0 03,-004.26
space before the number
Character Option in sprintf
c To print single character 2, A
d To print integers +308, -10, 111
e To print data in scientific notation 3.1415e+00
E To print data in scientific notation 3.1415E+00
f To print in decimal notation 4.653, -0.256

To print in scientific notation or
g
decimal notation (suitable one)
Character Option in sprintf
To print in scientific notation or

G
decimal notation (suitable one)
s To print string of character Hello
To print in decimal notation but +

or – sign before number is
u 308, -10 , 111
mentioned suitably although the
flag is declared.
*** Cannot do any further calculation after using sprintf

fprintf
Flag
Character type
Format start
%+12.5f\n
(Precision)
Decimal places
Total Width
e.g.,
>>X=pi;
>>fprintf(%+12.5f) +3.14159
Saving to External Files
Writing to Excel File
xlswrite(‘Filename’, Variable, Sheet no, ‘Range’)
xlswrite(‘Mydata’, X, 4, ‘A1:E5’)
e.g.,
>> X=1:100;
>> xlswrite(‘Mydata’, X, 4, ‘A1:E5’)
Writing to Text or Word File
Function to create a new file

File identifier
File name
fid=fopen(‘filename’, ‘Mode’)
Permission
mode
fprintf(fid, ‘format’, Variables)
File identifier Variables to

Printing be printed
format
Writing to Text or Word File (Example)
>> x=0:0.1:1;
>> y= exp(x);
>> c=[x ; y]; Write mode
>> fid=fopen(‘exp.txt’, ‘w’)
>> fprintf(fid, ‘%f %f \n’, c)
>>fclose(fid)
Writing format
File Mode Options
File
Explanation
Mode
r To set the file in reading mode
w To set the file in writing mode (discard the existing data)

a To set the file in writing mode (add data to existing data )
r+ To set the file in reading and writing mode
w+ To set the file in reading and writing mode (discard the existing data)
a+ To set the file in reading writing mode (add data to existing data )
File Mode Options (Example)
xxxxx
>> X=1:10; xxxxx
xxxxx Exiting data
>> fid=fopen(‘exp.txt',’a'); xxxxx
xxxxx
>> fprintf(fid,'%f %f\n',X); xxxxx
xxxxx
xxxxx New data
>> type ‘exp.txt’ xxxxx
xxxxx
>> A=load(‘exp.txt‘) xxxxx
>>X=[1:10]; Read mode
>>fid=fopen('exp1.txt','r');
>>fprintf(fid,'%f %f\n',X);
Error using fprintf Invalid file identifier. Use fopen to
generate a valid file identifier.

>>X=[1:10]; Read mode
>>fid=fopen(‘exp.txt','r');
>>A=fscanf(fid,'%f‘)
A=fscanf(file identifer,‘format’)
A=fscanf(file identifer,‘format’, size)

File Mode Options
A=fscanf(file identifier, ‘format’, size)
inf Read to the end of the file. (default)

N Read at most N elements into a column vector.
[M,N] Read at most M * N elements filling at least an M-by-N
matrix in column order. N can be inf, but M cannot.
File Mode Options
Write only
>> X=[1:10];
>>fid=fopen('exp2.txt','w');
Moving
>>fprintf(fid,'%f\n',X);
cursor to the
>>frewind(fid); beginning
>>fscanf(fid,'%f') Not
applicable
ans =
[]
File Mode Options

Read and write
>>X=[1:10];
>>fid=fopen('exp2.txt','w+');
>>fprintf(fid,'%f\n',X);
>>frewind(fid); Reset the
curser
>>A=fscanf(fid,'%f')
>>frewind(fid); Reset the
curser
>>A=fscanf(fid,'%f',[2,5])
Input/Output Related Functions
>>menu(‘Choice
menu Generate a menu for choices ’, ‘Red’, ‘Blue’,
‘Green’)
To see the output in sequence in
more >> more on
command window.
diary Save the command window >>diary
Convert integers from 0 to 65535
char where 0-127 correspond to 7-bit >> char(50)
ASCII code.
Covert to numeric value with double
double >>double (‘Mg’)
precision
Input/Output Related Functions
Covert to numeric value with single

single >>single(‘Mg’)
precision
num2str Convert number to string >>num2str(5)
Rounds the elements of the matrix

int2str X to integers and converts the result >>int2str(78.1)
into a string matrix.
Execute string with MATLAB
eval >>eval(‘2*2+5’)
expression.
Checking Error and Debugging
Syntax Error
Missing parenthesis
>> 4*(2+5
??? 4*(2+5
|
Error: Expression or statement is incorrect—possibly unbalanced (, {, or [.
Missing operator
??? 4 (2+5)
|
Error: Unbalanced or misused parentheses or brackets.
Syntax Error
Misspelled variable name

>> 2x=4*(2+5)
??? 2x=4*(2+5)
|
Error: Unexpected MATLAB expression.
Wrong Spelling
>> srqt(25)
??? Undefined command/function 'srqt'.
Other General Error
xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxx
??? Error: File: Test10.m Line: 6 Column: 9
xxxxx
xxxxxxxxx Unexpected MATLAB operator.
xxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxx
Setting Breakpoint and Return Command
clc
clear
h=input('Enter the Height of the Triangle (m) \n')
 format bank
Area=0.5*b*h ;
save Area
K>> return
Setting Breakpoint and Return Command
clc
clear
h=input('Enter the Height of the Triangle (m) \n')
With condition
e.g., h==3  format bank
Area=0.5*b*h ;
save Area
K>> return
Error Handling
There will be debugging option

if there is error.
There will be debugging option

if there is warning.
1. Write function M-files that enable multiplication of element by element from
two vectors or matrices if they have the same number of elements.
2. Write a list of student names and their corresponding marks in random
arrangement. Develop a scrip M-file to read that file and rearrange the student
names and their marks in descending order and rewrite in a new excel file.
Please don’t use MATLAB built-in functions, sortrows and sort function.
3. Write a MATLAB program to print the following table in command window.
Number Price per

No. Item Name Total cost
of Items Item
1 Book 3 500 1500
2 Pencil 3 100 300
3 Pen 2 200 400
4 Sharpener 1 250 250
5 Eraser 1 300 300

4. Write a MATLAB program to distribute a group of sensors in an area. After
distribution, each sensor node must be able to detect and list the partners in
its convergence region.
C
F B D
E
G
Chapter 4
Plotting Graphs
&
Curve Fitting Toolbox
Chapter Objectives
■ To get familiar with MATLAB plotting functions by answering the

following questions,
What are possible ways to create graphs in MATLAB?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using toolbox and
command lines?
What are the main features of a graph?
What are the special graphs used in engineering subjects?
■ To practice on MATLAB plotting function related to engineering

applications.
Two Ways for Creating Graphs
1. By using plotting tool (toolbox)
2. By using command lines
Way 1 Way 2
Easier and more convenient More difficult and not

to use convenient to use
Cannot be integrated in M- Very useful to be integrated in

files M-files
Plot Menu
Variable Plot type
Plot Functions in M-Files
M-File
xxxxxxx
xxxxxx
xxxxxx
xxxxx
xxxxxxx
xxxx Y
xxxxxx
xxxxxx
xxxxxxx
plot(x,y) Plotting
graph
X
Plot Functions in GUI
M-File
xxxxxxx
xxxxxx
xxxxxx
xxxxx
xxxxxxx
xxxx
xxxxxx
xxxxxx
xxxxxxx
plot(x,y) Plotting
graph
Components of a Graph
Figure name Menu bar Tool bar Dock / Undock
Legend
Line plot
Axis label
Y-axis Grid line
X-axis
Creating 2D Line Graphs
Line Graph
It is used to show continuous data progress, for examples, the increase &
decrease of data with respect to other parameter and to draw some geometries in
the figures.
Creating 2D Line Graphs (Cont.)
Line Graph
Some applications
Plot
Function Explanation
plot (Y) Plot the elements in Y vector by setting their

corresponding indices on x-axis
plot (X,Y) Plot the elements in X vector vs. the elements in Y

vector
e.g., >>X= [ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ]
>>Y= [30 28 29.5 31 30 30 28 29 31 32]
>> plot(Y)
>> plot (X,Y)
Plot
>> X= [0 : pi/100 : 2*pi];

Sin(X)
>> Y= sin (X);
>> Y1= cos (X); Cos(X)
>> plot (X,Y,X,Y1)

Line Specifications
Variables Line Specifications
plot(X,Y, 'line color marker shape line style', 'LineWidth', 2,
'MarkerSize', 14 , 'MarkerFaceColor', 'k', 'MarkerEdgeColor', 'g')
e.g.,
plot(X,Y, 'bo-', 'LineWidth', 2,
'MarkerSize', 14 , 'MarkerFaceColor', 'k', 'MarkerEdgeColor', 'g')

Line Specifications
b - Blue color
- - Solid line
o - Circle shape marker
'LineWdith' - to define the width of the line
'Markersize' - to define the size of marker
'MarkerFaceColor' - to define the color of marker face
'MarkerEdgeColor ' - to define the color of marker edge

Line Specifications
Name Line Style Symbols
_____________
Solid line -
_
………………
Dotted line .
…

Dashed line --

.  .  .  .  .
Dash-Dot line -.
.
Line Specifications
Color Symbol Physical nature

Cyan c ___
Magenta m ___
Yellow y ___
Red r ___
Green g ___
Blue b ___
White w ___
Black k ___
Line Specifications
Marker shape Symbol Marker shape Symbol
. .  ^
o o  >
 x  <
+ +  p
* *  h
□ s
◊ d
 v
Line Specifications (Example)
Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Temperature 30 28 30 31 30 30 28 29 31 32
>> X= [ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ];
>> Y= [30 28 30 31 30 30 28 29 31 32];
>> plot (X,Y, ': s k', 'LineWidth', 2.5 ,'MarkerSize', 10, 'MarkerFaceColor','g',
'MarkerEdgeColor','r' )
Line Specifications (Example)
Simulate common traffic pattern (arrival) to a base station

in a office day by using Poisson distribution function.
p ( t, ) T  [ t1 t 2 t 3. ...t 24 ]
 (t ) 
maxp ([ T ],  )
 t 
p (t ,  )  e
t!
Editing Axes
Limits
X-limits Y-limits
axis ([ Xmin Xmax Ymin Ymax ])
axis equal To obtain equal tick mark intervals
axis square To obtain equal length of axes
To obtain the axes limits the same as

axis tight
maximum and minimum of data
axis normal To set the axes as normal

Editing Axes (Cont.)
Limits
To obtain equal tick mark intervals but the
axes limits the same as maximum and
axis image
minimum of data.
axis auto To automatically adjust the axes
axis on To see the axes
axis off To hidden the axes

Limits (Example)
Write a function M-file to draw a circle with an arbitrary radius . See the
results by changing the axis styles.
>> circle (100)

Limits (Example)
No output
function [ ]=circle(R);
Ang=0:0.05:2*pi;
X=R*cos(Ang);
Y=R*sin(Ang);
plot(X,Y,'LineWidth',2) No output
axis equal Axis style

end
Graph Title, Axis Labels, Texts
xlabel(‘X value’)
Multiple
labels
xlabel({date;'Population';'in Years'})
ylabel(‘Y value’)
text(x,y, ‘Value’)
Location in the graph

title ( 'text.............','FontSize', 12, 'FontName', 'TimesNewRoman',

'FontAngle', 'Italic','FontWeight','Bold')
xlabel ( 'text.............','FontSize', 12, 'FontName', 'TimesNewRoman',

ylabel ( 'text.............','FontSize', 12, 'FontName', 'TimesNewRoman',

Text (x,y, 'text......', 'FontSize', 12 ,'FontName', 'TimesNewRoman',

Specification Explanation Options
Fontsize To define font size
FontName To define font
FontAngle To define font style Normal, Italic or Oblique
Light, Normal, Demi,

FontWeight To define font weight
Bold
Color To define font ‘g’, ‘k’, ‘r’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘y’
Greek Letter in Title and Axes
Character Symbol Character Symbol

\alpha α \versigma ϑ
\angle  \kappa κ
\ast * \lambda λ
\beta  \mu µ
\gamma  \nu ν
\delta  \pi π
\epsilon  \rho ρ
\zeta  \sigma σ
\eta  \tau τ
\theta  \equiv 
Greek Letter in Title and Axes (Example)
  
xlabel (‘0 \leq X \leq 2 \pi’)
xlabel ('0 \leq X \leq 2 \pi', 'FontSize',14, 'FontAngle','Italic', 'FontName',

'TimesNewRoman')
Font Modifiers
\bf Bold font
\it Italic font
\sl Oblique font
\rm Normal font
xlabel (‘\bf 0 \leq X \leq 2 \pi', 'FontSize',14, 'FontAngle','Italic',

'FontName', 'TimesNewRoman')
Tick Location and Tick Label

Where to locate
set (gca,'Xtick', tick-mark location) Assign label
set(gca,'XTickLabel',{'tick-mark label'}, 'FontSize',12,
'FontName', 'TimesNewRoman')
set (gca,'Ytick', tick-mark location)
set (gca,'YtickLabel', {'tick-mark label'})

Editing Figures
Adding Legend
legend(‘toggle’)
legend(‘data1’, ‘data2’)
legend(‘data1’, ‘data2’, ‘Location’, ‘______’, ‘Orientation’,
‘________’)
legend(‘data1’, ‘data2’, ‘Location’, ‘NorthEast’, ‘Orientation’, ‘Vertical’)

Editing Figures (Cont.)
Adding Legend Position Options
Options
North NorthOutside NothEast NothEastOutside Best
South SouthOutside SouthEast SouthEastOutside BestOutside
East EastOutside NorthWest NorthWestOutside
West WestOutside SouthWest SouthWestOutside

Adding Legend Orientation Options
Options
Vertical Horizontal
>> legend off

>> legend show
>> legend boxoff
>> legend boxon
Adding Color Bar
>> colorbar
Color Bar Position Options
North NorthOutside
South SouthOutside
East EastOutside
West WestOutside
Adding Plots to an Existing Graph
>> hold on
Example
>> X= [0 : pi/20 : 2*pi];

>> Y=sin(X);
>> Y1=cos(X);
>> plot(X,Y)
>> hold on
>> plot(X,Y1)
Adding Grid Lines to Graph
>> grid on
>> grid off
Example
>> X=[0:pi/20:2*pi];
>> Y=tan(X);
>> plot (X,Y)
>> grid on
>> grid off
Specifying View Point on Graph
Z >> x=1:100;
Y
>> y=sin(x);
>> plot(x,y)
Elevation
>> view(3)
X
>> view(2)
>> view(-45,40)
Y Azimuth >> view ([-2,10,24])
Azimuth = -37.5º, Elevation = 30º

Plotting Tool
Plot type
Data to plot
Plotting Tool (Cont.)
Special Graphs
Bar Graph
It is used to show discrete data progress, for examples, the increase & decrease
of data happened in a period, increase & decrease happened with respect to
different kinds of parameters.
Network growth Normalized energy consumption and traffic for

different loads
Special Graphs (Cont.)
Bar Graph
Some applications
Growth in Base Stations in Developing in Developing Region 2007-2012 (GSMA,2010)

Bar Graph
bar (X,Y)
e.g.,
bar (X,Y, ‘stack’)
barh(X,Y) >> X=1999 : 2003;
bar (X,Y, ‘stack’) >> Y=[5 2 1; 8 7 3; 9 8 6; 5 5 5; 4 3 2];
bar3(X,Y) >> bar3(X,Y,'group')
bar3(X,Y, ‘stack’) >>bar3(X,Y,'stack')
bar3h(X,Y)
bar3h(X,Y, ‘stack’)
Area Graph
It is used to show data progress, for examples, the increase & decrease of data
happened in a period. It has similar nature as bar stacked graph.
Area Graph
Some applications
Area Graph
area(X,Y)
e.g.,
area(X,Y, level)
>> X=1999 : 2003;
>> Y=[5 2 1; 8 7 3; 9 8 6; 5 5 5; 4 3 2];
>> area (X,Y)
>> set(gca,'Xtick',1999:2003)
Pie Chart
It is used to show the percentage of contribution of each type in a

group.
Pie Chart
Some applications
Pie Chart
>> pie(Variable);
>> pie(Variable,{‘Streing1’,‘String2’,…})
>> pie(Variable, [0 0 1], {‘Streing1’,‘String2’,…} )
>> pie3(Variable)
>> pie3(Variable, [0 0 1], {‘Streing1’,‘String2’,…} )

e.g.,
>>Product=[1500 2300 1800];
>> pie(Product);
Histogram
It is mostly used in quality control in manufacturing. It is also used in image

processing.
Frequency
Intensity
Histogram
>> hist (X)
>> hist(X,20)
>> hist(Y,X)
e.g.,
>> dimension = [1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.3
1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.5];
>> hist(dimension)
>> hist(dimension,20)
>>hist(dimension,[1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6])
Polar Histogram
>> rose (X)
>> rose(X,N)
>> rose(Y,X)
e.g.,
>> Angles=[pi, pi/2, pi/2, 3/2 *pi, 3/2 *pi, 3/2 *pi, 3 /2 *pi];
>> rose(Angles)
>> rose(Angles,500)
>>rose(Angles,[pi, pi/2, 3*pi/2]
Stem Graph
It is used in electrical engineering to show electrical signal pulse from a

base line and to show residual amount (difference) of two data lines.
Stem Graph
e.g.,
>>stem(Y)
>> Y=sin([2 5 6 7 9 0 1 -2 -3]);
>>stem(X,Y)
>> stem(Y)
>>stem(x,y,'--sr','fill')
>> x=0:pi/20:2*pi;
>> y=sin(x);
>> stem(x,y)
>> stem(x,y,'--sr','fill')
Stairstep Graph
The application stairstep graphs are mostly found in digital signal

processing.
Amount
1
0
time
Stairstep Graph
Some application
Stairstep Graph
>> stairs(Y) e.g.,
>>stairs(X,Y)
>> t=1:10;
>> y=cos(t);
>> stairs(t,y)
Compass Graph and Feather Graph
Compass graphs is used to show the magnitude and direction in polar

coordinates system.
Compass Graph and Feather Graph
>> compass(Y) e.g.,
>> compass(X,Y) >> Dir=[40 100 120 65 180 360

270 335 335];
>> Winds=[6 8 6 3 9 6 10 14 12];
>>Rdir= pi/180* Dir;
>>[x,y]=pol2cart (Rdir,Winds);
>> compass(x,y)
>> feather(x,y)
Contour Graph
Contour graphs are used to demonstrate the magnitude that changes

with respect to both X and Y.
Contour Graph
>>contour(X)
>> contour(X, 20) e.g.,

>> colorbar
Temp=[0 0 0 0 0;
>> h=contour(X,9);
>> clabel(h) 0 21.4 38.4 57.1 100;
0 47.3 75 90.2 100;
>> contourf(Temp1, 20)
0 92.8 124.1 128.57 100;
>> contour3(Temp1,20) 200 200 200 200 200]
Mesh & Surf Graph
>> mesh(X)
e.g.,
>>meshc(X)
Temp=[0 0 0 0 0;
>>surf(X)
0 21.4 38.4 57.1 100;
>>surfc(X) 0 47.3 75 90.2 100;
0 92.8 124.1 128.57 100;
200 200 200 200 200]
Errobar Graph
This type of graphs are used to show data with uncertainness. Thus,
each data point in the graph has lower and upper limits.
Errobar Graph
errorbar(X,Y,E)
>> Location=[0 2 4 6 8 10 ];
errorbar(X,Y,LE,UE)
>> MeasureT=[690 524 357 190 79 54 ];
>> Error=[5 5 5 5 5 5 ];
e.g.,
>> errorbar(Location, MeasureT, Error)
>> Eu=[5 5 5 5 5 5 ];
>> El=[3 3 3 3 3 3];
>>errorbar(Location, MeasureT, Eu, El)

Logarithmic Graphs
This type of graphs are used to show data that changes in log scale.
Logarithmic Graphs
Some applications
Logarithmic Graphs
>> loglog(X,Y)
e.g.,
>>semilogx(X,Y)
>> x=0.1:0.01:100;
>>semilogy(X,Y)
>> y=exp(x);
>> loglog(x,y,'LineWidth',2.5)
>> semilogx(x,y)
>> semilogy(x,y)
>> grid on
Graphs with Two Y Axes


Some applications
>> plotyy (X,Y,X,Y1)
>> X=[1: 2:100]
>> Y=sin(X);
>> Y1=2*X+2;
>> plotyy (X,Y,X,Y1)

Drawing Subplot
Multiple Plots in a Figure Window
(2,1,1) (2,2,1) (2,2,2)
(2,1,2) (2,2,3) (2,2,4)

Drawing Subplot (Cont.)
(2,2,2)
(2,2,[1 3])
(2,2,4)
Drawing Subplot (Cont.)
>> month=1:10;
>> income = [3.2 4.1 5.0 5.6 6.5 8.1 9 10.5 12 14];
>> outgo = [2.5 4.0 3.35 4.9 5 6.1 4 5.5 7.9 10];
e.g.,
>> subplot(2,1,1)
>> plot(month,income,'- - r s')
>> subplot(2,1,2)
>> plot(month,outgo,'- b o')
Plotting Functions
line(X,Y) Plot continuous line by using vertices in vector X
line(X,Y,Z) and vector Y.
patch(X,Y,’color’) Plot continuous colored line or color filled polygon
patch(X,Y,[1 0]) by using vertices in vector X and vector Y.
Plot continuous colored line or color filled polygon

fill (X,Y,’color’)
by using vertices in vector X and vector Y.
Plotting Functions (Cont.)
Plot 3D continuous colored line or color filled

fill3(X,Y,Z,’color’)
polygon by using vertices in vector X and vector Y.
Plot stream particles on 2D or 3D line defined by

streamparticles(C)
vertices assigned in an cell array.
e.g.,
C= { [1,2], [6,-1], [5,7], [10,2]}
streamparticles(C)
Function Explanation Example
Plot function given in the

>> ezplot('x^2+y^2-1')
ezplot(‘fucntion’) parenthesis with default axis
>> axis square
limits [-2 2].
>> ezpolar('x^2+1')
Plot polar graph for the given
>> ezpolar('sin')
ezploar(‘function’) function (r=f()) with default
>> ezpolar(@cos)
axis limits [0 2].
>> ezpolar('2*x-1‘)
>> ezmesh('x^2+y^2+1')
Plot mesh graph for the
>> ezmesh('x^2+1')
ezmesh('function‘) given with default axis limits
>> ezmesh('2*y+6')
[0 2].
>>ezmesh('x^2-3*y-2')
Plot mesh-contour graph for >> ezmeshc('x^2+y')

ezmeshc('function')
the given with default axis >> ezsmeshc('x^2-y^2')
limits [0 2]. >> ezmesc('x^2+y^2-1‘)

Plot surface-contour graph for >> ezsurfc('x^2+y')
ezsurfc('function‘) the given with default axis limits >> ezsurfc('x^2-y^2')

[0 2]. >>ezsurfc('x^2+y^2-1‘)
Plot contour for the given >> ezcontour('x^2+y^2-1')
ezcontour('function‘) function (z=f(x,y)) with default >>ezcontour('x^2-y^2')
axis limits [0 2]. >> ezcontour('x^2-sin(y)‘)

>> ezcontour('x^2+y^2-1')
The same as ezcontour but it
ezcontourf('function‘) >>ezcontour('x^2-y^2')
has color filled in the contour.
>> ezcontour('x^2-sin(y)‘)
>>X=[1:0.1:100];
comet(X,Y,) >>Y=sin(X);
To draw animate plot
comet(X,Y,p) >>comet(X,Y)
>>comet(X,Y,0.5)
comet3(X,Y,Z)
To draw animate plot >>
comet3(X,Y,Z,p)
To record the image as a frame

getframe >> M(i)=getframe
in series
To make the recorded frame as a

movie >> movie(M)
movie
Curve Fitting Toolbox
Applications
 Reduce noise and smooth data
 Find the mathematical relationship or function among variables
and use that function to perform further data processing.

Curve Fitting Toolbox (Cont.)
>> cftool
Least Square Method
Set desired y=f(x) For example y=aX+b
Eri= f(xi)-yi
SSE = Sum of Error Square= (f(xi)-yi)2

 f ( x i )  y i 
2
Coefficient of Determination R 
2
 i  y  y 2

Adjusted R  1  
2 1  R 2
 n  1 

 n  k  1 
n= number of data point
k= number of variables excluding constant
Types of Curve Fitting
Smooth No equation
Y=aX+b Look at only

Linear coefficients
Y=aX2+bX+C
Y=aebX
Non-Linear
Y=aXb
Types of Curve Fitting
Normal
Linear Least Absolute Residual (LAR)
Robust Bisquare
Normal
Non-Linear Least Absolute Residual (LAR)
Robust Bisquare
Methods of Curve Fitting
1 n
LES  f ( x i )  y i 2
n i 1
1 n
LAR 
n i 1
w i f(xi )  y i
1 n
Bisquare  i i i
w f ( x )  y 2
n i 1
LAR and Bisquare
Use LS method to find

new coefficients
Start
Use LS method to
Check Yes
find coefficients
convergence
of coefficients
End
Update wi No
Commonly Used Methods
 Custom Equation
 Linear
 Polynomial
 Exponential
 Power
 Rational
 Gaussian
1. Write a function M-file to draw an ellipse with given length of major and
minor axes at given location.
a b
d
>> ezellipse (12,6, x,y)
2. Write a function M-file to draw an hexagon with a given radius at given
location (x,y).
>> ezhexagon (6, x,y)

Chapter 5
Using Symbolic Toolbox

Chapter Objectives
■ To get familiar with MATLAB symbolic toolbox by answering the

What is symbolic toolbox?
Why we need symbolic calculation?
■ To practice on mathematical operation in MATLAB symbolic

toolbox
Symbolic Algebra
syms & sym
>> syms x y z
>> y=x;
>> z=2*x;
>> y+z >> E=sym('2*x+y‘)
ans = E=
3*x 2*x + y
Symbolic Algebra
Numerator & Denominator
>> syms x y
>> y=(2*x+2)/(4*x-5);
>> syms x y;
>> [n,d]=numden(y)
>> A=x/y+y/x;
n=
>> [n,d]=numden(A)
2*x + 2
n=
d=
x^2 + y^2
4*x - 5
d=
x*y
Symbolic Algebra
Expending and Factoring
>> syms x y
>> A=2*(x+y)^2;
>> expand(A)
>> B=x^2+x-2;
ans =
>> factor(B)
2*x^2 + 4*x*y + 2*y^2
ans =
(x + 2)*(x - 1)
Symbolic Algebra
Simplification
>> E=sym('(x+1)*(x-1)‘)
E=
(x - 1)*(x + 1)
>> simplify(E) >> F=sym('x^3-1=(x+3)*(x-3)‘)
ans = F=
x^2 - 1 x^3 - 1 == (x - 3)*(x + 3)

>> simplify(F)
ans =
x^3 + 8 == x^2
Symbolic Algebra
Collecting Like Terms
>> syms x y
>> Z=x^2+y+x*y-2*x^2-5+2*x*y+4
Z=
- x^2 + 3*y*x + y - 1
>> collect(Z)
>> w = sym('x^3-1 = (x-3)*(x+3)');
ans =
>> collect(w)
- x^2 + 3*y*x + y - 1
ans =
x^3 - 1 == x^2 - 9
Symbolic Algebra
Solve Function
>> solve('a*x^2+b*x+c')
ans =
-(b + (b^2 - 4*a*c)^(1/2))/(2*a)
>> solve('x^2-1==0‘)
-(b - (b^2 - 4*a*c)^(1/2))/(2*a)
ans =
1
>> solve('x^2-1==3‘)
-1
ans =
2
-2
Symbolic Algebra
Solve Function
>> syms x y a b
>> solve(x^2+a*x+b,’a’)
ans = >> Eq=sym('P = P0*exp(r*t)')
-(x^2 + b)/x Eq =
P == P0*exp(r*t)
>> solve(Eq,'t')
ans =
log(P/P0)/r
Symbolic Algebra
Solving System of Linear Equations
>> Eq1=sym('3*x + 2*y -z = 10'); >> answer.x

>> Eq2= sym('-x + 3*y + 2*z = 5'); ans =
>> Eq3=sym('x - y - z = -1'); -2
>> answer=solve(Eq1,Eq2,Eq3) >> answer.y
answer = ans =
x: [1x1 sym] 5
y: [1x1 sym] >> answer.z
z: [1x1 sym] ans =
-6
Symbolic Algebra
Solving System of Linear Equations
>> Eq1=sym('3*x + 2*y -z = 10');
>> Eq2= sym('-x + 3*y + 2*z = 5');
>> Eq3=sym('x - y - z = -1');
>> [x,y,z]=solve(Eq1,Eq2,Eq3)
Symbolic Algebra
Substitution
>> Eq=sym('2*x=1')
Eq =
>> subs(Eq,3)
2*x == 1
ans =
>> subs(Eq,'y‘) 6 == 1
ans =
2*y == 1
Symbolic Algebra
Substitution
>> syms a b c d e
>> Eq=a+ b+ c+ d;
>> subs(Eq,{a, b, c, d},{1, 2, 3, 4})
ans =
10
Symbolic Algebra
Symbolic Plot
ezplot(‘fucntion’) >> y=sym('x^2+1');

ezplot(‘fucntion’, [xmin xmax]) >> ezplot(y)
>> ezplot('x^2-1') >>ezplot('x^2+y^2=1',[-1.5 1.5])

>> ezplot('x^2-1',[-10 10])
>> y=@(x) x.^2-1;

>>ezplot(y)
Numerical Integration
Integrating
>> syms x y >> syms x y
>> int(x^2+1) >> int(x^2+1,2,3)
>>int(x^2+1,x) >>int(int(x^2+1,2,3),y,4,5)
>>int(x^2+1,y)
>>int(int(x^2+1,x),y)
Differentiation
>> syms x y >> diff(x^2+1,x,2)

>> diff(x^2+1) ans =
ans = 2
2*x
>> diff(x^2+1,y)
ans =
0
Integrating of Differential Equation
>>dsolve('Dy=2*x+1') >> dsolve('Dy=2*t+1','y(0)=0')

ans = ans =
C13 + t*(2*x + 1) t*(t + 1)
>> dsolve('Dy=2*x+1','x')
ans =
C15 + x*(x + 1)
Chapter 6
Numerical Analysis with MATLAB

Chapter Objectives
■ To get familiar with numerical analysis by answering the following

questions,
What is numerical analysis?
What is numerical method?
Why we need numerical analysis?
■ To practice on different numerical calculation functions available in

MATLAB which are commonly used in engineering applications.
■ To practice on MATLAB programming based on numerical

methods.
What is Numerical Analysis?
Numerical Analytic
Experiment
A Special Example
Time Velocity
(s) (m/s)
dv C
 g  d v2 0 0.0000
dt m
2 18.7292
4 33.1118
By integral 6 42.0762
8 46.9575
gm  gC d  10 49.4214
v( t )  tanh  t 
Cd  m  12 50.6175
 51.6938
A Special Example
Time Velocity
(s) (m/s)
dv v v( t i 1 )  v( t i )
  0 0.0000
dt t t i 1  t i
2 19.6200
v ( t i 1 )  v ( t i ) C 4 36.6417
 g  d v( t i ) 2
t i 1  t i m 6 46.2983
8 50.1802
 Cd 
v ( t i 1 )  v ( t i )   g  v( t i )2 ( t i 1  t i ) 10 51.3123
 m 
12 51.6008
At t=0, v=0
 51.6938
A Special Example
Velocity Velocity
Time
(m/s) (m/s) Error
(s)
(Exact) (Approximate)
0 0.0000 0.0000 0
2 19.6200 18.7292 0.8908
4 36.6417 33.1118 3.5299
6 46.2983 42.0762 4.2221
8 50.1802 46.9575 3.2227
10 51.3123 49.4214 49.4214
12 51.6008 50.6175 50.6175
 51.6938 51.6938 0
A Special Example
60
Approxmiate
50
Exact solution
40
Velocity (m/s)
30
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time (s)
Selected Topics
Interpolation
Finding Roots
Solutions for Systems of Linear Equations
Numerical Differentiation
Numerical Integration of Differential Equation

Interpolation
What is Interpolation?
x y = f(x)
3 7
5 8.1
6.5 9
x=4.2 y=?
Interpolation (Cont.)
Methods
■ Newton Interpolating Polynomial
(1) Linear Interpolation
(2) Quadratic Interpolation
■ Lagrange Interpolating Polynomial

Newton Interpolating Polynomial
(1) Linear Interpolation
f ( x 2 )  f ( x1 )
f ( x )  f ( x1 )  ( x  x1 )
x 2  x1
(2) Quadratic Interpolation
f ( x )  b1  b2 ( x  x1 )  b3 ( x  x1 )( x  x 2 )
b1  f ( x1 ) f ( x 3 )  f ( x 2 ) f ( x 2 )  f ( x1 )

f ( x 2 )  f ( x1 ) x3  x2 x 2  x1
b2  b3 
x 2  x1 x 3  x1
Lagrange Interpolation
y  L 1y 1  L 2 y 2
x y = f(x)
x  x2
L1 
x1  x 2 3 7
x  x1 5 8.1
L2 
x1  x 2
6.5 9
x  x2 x  x1
f(x)  y1  y2
x1  x 2 x 2  x1
MATLAB functions
Yq = interp1(X,Y,Xq) Vq = interp2(X,Y,V,Xq,Yq)
Yq = interp1(X,Y,Xq,’method’) Vq = interp3(X,Y,Z,V,Xq,Yq,Zq)
'nearest' - nearest neighbor interpolation

'linear' - linear interpolation
'spline' - piecewise cubic spline interpolation (SPLINE)
'pchip' - shape-preserving piecewise cubic interpolation
'cubic' - same as 'pchip‘
'v5cubic' - the cubic interpolation from MATLAB 5, which does
not extrapolate and uses 'spline' if X is not equally
spaced.
Nearest Interpolation
x y = f(x)
9 
 3 7
8
7 
5 8.1
6.5 9
3 5 6.5
Newton Interpolating Polynomial (Example)
ln(1)=0;
ln(6)=1.791759
ln(4)=?
ln(1)=0;
ln(4)=1.386294
ln(6)=1.791759
ln(2)=?
Root Finding
Roots
f(x)=0
f1(x) f2(x) f3(x)=0
 b  b 2  4 ac
x1 , x 2 
2a
ax2+bx+c=0
C1x4+C2x3+C3x2+C4x+C5=0
Root Finding (Cont.)
MATLAB functions
>> roots (C)
>>fzero(funciton, x0)
>>fzero(funciton, [x0 x1] )
>> solve(‘f(x)==0’)
Methods
Graphical Method
Bracketing Method
Bisection Method
False Position Method
Simple Fixed Point Iteration
Newton-Raphson Iteration
Secant Method
Graphical Method
x=[………………]
f(x)= […………….]
plot (x, f(x))

Bracketing Method (Incremental Search)
x=[x1, x2,x3,x4…….xmax]
F(x1)=?
F(x2)=?
If f(x1)*f(x2)<0;
[x1 x2]
end
Bisection Method
■
Start with xmin xmax xmax
xmin
Bisect the interval xmid=(xmin+xmax)/2
Find f(xmin), f(xmax), f(xmid)
■
If f(xmin)*f(xmid)<0
xmin xmax
xmax=xmid
bisect
■
elseif f(xmid)*f(xmax)<0
xmin xmax
xmin=xmid
bisect
else
end
Go until (xmax-xmid)< tolerance
or (xmid-xmin)<tolerance
False Position Method
f ( x u )( x l  x u )
xr  xu 
f ( xl )  f ( xu )
If f(xr)*f(xu)<0
xl=xr
Find xr again
elseif f(xr)*f(xl)<0
xu=xr
Find xr again
end
Go until (xu-xl)< tolerance
Simple Fixed Point Iteration
Guess initial xn
f( x)  0
f ( x)  x  x Then find xn+1
g( x )  x Reset xn=xn+1
g( x n )  x n 1 Go until (xn- xn+1)
x n 1  g( x n )
Newton-Raphson Iteration Method
f ( x0 )
ax 2  bx  c  0 x1  x 0 
f ' ( x0 )
f ( xn ) f ( x1 )
x n 1  x n  x 2  x1 
f ' ( xn ) f ' ( x1 )

Secant Method
 xn f ( xn )
x n 1  x n 
f ( x n  x n )  f ( x n )
 Perturbation fraction,  =110-6

Solutions of Linear Equations
System of Linear Equations
f(x1,x2,x3,….xn)=0 (1)
f(x1,x2,x3,….xn)=0 (2)
f(x1,x2,x3,….xn)=0 (3)
a11x1+ a11x2 + a11x3 + ….. + a1nxn =0 (1)
a21x1+ a22x2 + a23x3 + ….. + a2nxn =0 (2)
a31x1+ a32x2 + a33x3 + ….. + a3nxn =0 (3)

Solutions of Linear Equations
System of Linear Equations
10 I1 - 9 I2=100 (1)
System of linear
-9 I1 + 20 I2 - 9 I3=0 (2)
equation
-9 I2 + 15 I3=0 (3)
Solutions of Linear Equations (Cont.)
Solving Methods
Graphical Method
Matrix Inverse Method
Cramer’s Rule
Gauss Elimination Method
LU Factorization
Cholesky Factorization
Gauss-Shidel Iteration Method

Graphical Method
x2
3x1+2x2=18 (1)
-x1+x2=2 (2)
(x2,x1)
x2=f1(x1)

x2=f2(x1)
plot(x2,x1)
x1
Matrix Inverse Method
A * X =C
3x1+2x2=18
A *A-1 X = A-1 * C
I* X = A-1 * C -x1+x2=2
X = A-1 * C
>> A= [3 2; -1 1];
>> C=[18; 2];
>> X=inv(A)*C
Cramer’s Rule
a 11 a 12 a 13   x1   c1 
a a 22 a 23  x 2   c 2 
 21
a 31 a 32 a 33   x 3  c 3 
det( A )  ?
 c1 a 12 a 13  a 11 c1 a 13  a 11 a 21 c1 
c a 22 a 23  a c2 a 23  a a 22 c 2 
 2  21  21
c 3 a 32 a 33  a 31 c3 a 33  a 31 a 32 c 3 
x1  x2  x3 
det( A ) det( A ) det( A )
Cramer’s Rule (Exercise)
0.3 0.52 1   x1    0.01

0.5 1 1.9  x    0.67 
   2  
 0.1 0.3 0.5  x 3   0.44
det( A )  ?
 c1 a 12 a 13  a 11 c1 a 13  a 11 a 21 c1 
c a 22 a 23  a c2 a 23  a a 22 c 2 
 2  21  21
c 3 a 32 a 33  a 31 c3 a 33  a 31 a 32 c 3 
x1  x2  x3 
det( A ) det( A ) det( A )
Gaussian Elimination Method
a 11 a 12 a 13   x1   c1 
a a 22 a 23  x 2   c 2 
 21
a 31 a 32 a 33   x 3  c 3 
a a 32
st
1 Round R 2  21 R 1 nd
2 Round R3  R2
a 11 a 22
a 31
R3  R1 [Forward elimination]
a 11
Gaussian Elimination Method
a 11 a 12 a 13   x1   c1 
0 a 22 a 23  x 2   c 2 

 0 0 a 33   x 3  c 3 
c c 2  a 23 x 3
1 Round x 3  3
st 2 nd Round x 2 
a 33 a 22
c1  a 13 x 3  a 12 x 2 [Backward substitution]
3rd Round x1 
a 11
LU Factorization
AX  C a 11 a 12 a 13 
U   0 a '22 a '23 
 0 0 a "33 
U L 
1 0 0
LD  C L  f 21 1 0
f 31 f 32 1
UX  D a
f 21  21
a
f 31  31
a '32
f 32  '
a 11 a 11 a 22
LU Factorization
a 11 a 12 a 13 
A  a 21 a 22 a 23 
a 31 a 32 a 33 
1 0 0 a 11 a 12 a 13 
L  f 21 1 0 U   0 a '22 a '23 
f 31 f 32 1  0 0 a "33 
>>[L,U]=lu(A)
LU Factorization (Example)
 3  0.1  0.2  7.85 

A  0.1 7  0.3 C   19.3
0.3  0.2 10   71.4 
>> A=
>> [L, U]=lu(A)  3 

X   2.5
>> D=inv(L)*C  7 
>>X=inv(U)*D
Cholesky Factorization
a 11 a 12 a 13  UT [ D]  [ C]
A  a 21 a 22 a 23 
a 31 a 32 a 33  U[ X ]  [ D]
i 1
u 11 u 12 u 13  u ii  a ii   u ki
U   0 u 23 
k 1
u 22
i 1
 0 0 u 33  a ij   u ki  u kj
u ij  k 1
u ii
Cholesky Factorization (Example)
 3  0.1  0.2  7.85 

A  0.1 7  0.3 C   19.3
0.3  0.2 10   71.4 
>> A=
>> C=
 3 
>> [U]=chol(A) X   2.5
>> D=inv(U’)*C  7 
>>X=inv(U)*D
Gauss-Shidel Method
c1  [ a 12 x 2  a 13 x 3  ...  a 1n x n ]
x1 
a 11
Assume c 2  [ a 21x1  a 23 x 3  ...  a 2 n x n ]
x2 
x1,x2,x3,…, xn a 22
n 1
c n   a nk x k
xn  k 1 (nk)
a nn
Gauss-Shidel Method with Relaxation
x i  x i  (1   )x i 1
= 1 ~ 2
Matrix Left Division
A * X =C
X = A\C
3x1+2x2=18
>> A=
-x1+x2=2
>> C=
>> X=A\C
>> X=mldivide(A,C)
Direct Methods (Matrix Left Division)

Integration
I   f ( x ) dx I   f ( x, y ) dx dy
I   f ( x, y , z ) dx dy dz
b
I   f ( x ) dx I   f ( x ) dx I   f ( x, y )
a
Integrating in MATLAB
>> syms x y >> syms x y
>> int(x^2+1) >> int(x^2+1,2,3)
>>int(x^2+1,x) >>int(int(x^2+1,2,3),y,4,5)
>>int(x^2+1,y)
>>int(int(x^2+1,x),y)
Numerical Integration (Cont.)
Integrating in MATLAB
>> integral(F, L,U)
>>integral2(F,Lx,Ux,Ly,Uy)
>>integral3(F,Lx,Ux,Ly,Uy, Lz,Uz)
>> F=@(x) x.^2+1

Methods
Trapezoidal Rule
Recursive Trapezoidal Rule ***
Simpson’s Rule (1/3 rule)
Simpson’s Rule (3/8 rule)
Adaptive Simpson’s Rule ***

Trapezoidal Rule
Y=f(x)
b
I   f(xi )
a f(x)
n 1 f(a)
f ( x 0 )  2 f ( x i )  f ( x n ) f(b)
I  b  a  i 1
2n
h
(b  a) x i 1  x i  h
h
n a b x
Trapezoidal Rule
>> trapz(Y)
>> trapz(X,Y)
>> X=[0:0.2:1];
>> Y=X.^2+1;
>>trapz(X,Y)
>>cumtrapz(X,Y)
Simpson’s Rule (1/3) Y=f(x)
f(x)
b f(a)
I   f(xi ) f(b)
a
h
(b  a) x i 1  x i  h
h
n
a b x
n 1 n 2
f ( x0 )  4  f ( x i ) 2  f ( x j )  f ( xn )
I  b  a  i 1, 3 , 5 i 2, 4 ,6
3n
Simpson’s Rule (3/8) Y=f(x)
f(x)
b f(a)
I   f(xi ) f(b)
a
h
(b  a) x i 1  x i  h
h
n
a b x
3h  n 1 n 2

I 
8 
f ( x 0 )  3  f ( x i )  2  f ( x j )  f ( x )
n 
i 1, 3, 5 i 2 , 4 ,6 
Adaptive Simpson’s Rule
I1 
a c b
I2   
a b
c
1
( I 2  I1 )  
15
     
a c
c b
1 1
( I 2  I1 )   / 2 ( I 2  I1 )   / 2
15 15
Simpson’s Rule (3/8)
>> quad(F, L,U)
>>quad2d(F,Lx,Ux,Ly,Uy)
>>quadgk(F,L,U)
>> F=@(x) x.^2+1

Numerical Differentiation (Cont.)
Differentiation in Engineering and Science
y  f(x)
dy df ( x )

dx dx
v  f(t )
v=Velocity dv df ( t )
a( t )  
a=Acceleration dt dt
dy df ( x )
  2x
dx dx
y  f ( x)  x2  1
dy df ( x ) f ( x i  x )  f ( x i )
 
dx dx x
f  2f x 2  nf x n
f ( x  x )  f ( x )  x  2  ..... n
x x 2! x n!
f df f ( x  x )  f ( x )
 
x dx x
Forward Difference
Taylor Series
At x=a;
f ( a )  2f ( a ) ( x  a )2
f(x)  f(a )  (x  a)   ....
x x 2
2!
 nf ( a ) ( x  a )n
At x=xi+x; 
x n n!
?
Taylor Series
>>taylor(f)
>>taylor(f,x)
>>taylor(f,x,a)
Fifth order Taylor polynomial approximation of
a function, f(x), about the point x=0.

Finite Difference Approximation by Taylor’s Series
f f ( x i 1 )  f ( x i )
 First order, Forward
x x difference
f f ( x i )  f ( x i 1 )
 First order, Backward
x x difference
f f ( x i 1 )  f ( x i 1 )
 Second order, Central
x 2x difference
f f
? ?
x y
 2f  2f
? ?
x 2
y 2
 2f
?
xy
>> sin(2*pi*0.2) 0.9511

>> diff(X)
>> sin(2*pi*0.22) 0.9823
>> diff(X,N) >> y=[0.9511 0.9823];
>> x=[0.2 0.22]
e.g., >> df=diff(y)/diff(x) 1.5600
f ( x )  sin( 2x )
f ( x )
 2 cos( 2x ) 1.1774
x
>> gradient (A)
>>gradient(A,x)
>> [Fx,Fy]=gradient (A)
>> f f ( x i 1 )  f ( x i 1 )

x 2x
Numerical Integration of ODE
ODE (Ordinary Differential Equation)
dy
 y'  f ( y , t ) Initial Value Problem
dt
y   y'  ? y'  f ( y , t )
y( 0 )  C
Numerical Integration of ODE (Cont.)
>>dsolve('Dy=2*x+1') >> dsolve('Dy=2*t+1','y(0)=0')

ans = ans =
C13 + t*(2*x + 1) t*(t + 1)
>> dsolve('Dy=2*x+1','x')
ans =
C15 + x*(x + 1)
>> dsolve('D2y=2*t‘)
ans =
t^3/3 + C2*t + C3
>> dsolve('D2y=2*t','Dy(0)=0','y(0)=0')
ans =
t^3/3
Methods
Euler’s Method
Heun’s Method
The Midpoint Method
Runge-Kutta Method
Euler’s Methods
dy
y'   f (t, y ) ( Given )
dt
y 0  y( 0 )  C ( Given )
t  t0 ~ tf
y i 1  y i  y 'i h
h  t i 1  t i
y i 1  y i  f ( t i , y i )h
Euler’s Methods (Example)
y '  4e 0.8 t  0.5y
t  0~4 s Exact Solution

At t 0  y( 0 )  2 4 0.8 t 0.5t
y ( e  e )  2e 0.5t
1.3
y( 0 )  2 y  6.1946
y ' ( 0 )  f ( 0,2 )  3
y(1)  2  f ( 0,2 )(1)  5
Heun’s Method
dy
y'   f ( t , y ) ( Given )
dt
y i 1  y i  y 'i ,avg h
y 0  y( 0 )  C ( Given )
t  t 0 ~ tf y0  C
y '0  f ( t 0 , y 0 )
y 1  y 0  y '0 h
h  t i 1  t i
y 1'  f ( t 1 , y 1 )
y '0 ,avg  ( y '0  y 1' ) / 2
Heun’s Method (Example)
Exact Solution
y  4e
' 0.8 t
 0.5y
4 0.8 t 0.5t
t  0~4 s y ( e  e )  2e 0.5t
1.3
At t  0  y( 0 )  2 y  6.1946
y( 0 )  2 y '0  y 1' 3  6.4022

y '0 ,avg  
y ' ( 0 )  y '0  f ( 0,2 )  3 2 2
y(1)  y 1  y 0  y '0 h  5 y(1)  y 1  y 0  y '0,avg h  6.7011
y ' (1)  y 1'  f (1,5)  6.4022
The Midpoint Method
dy
y'   f ( t , y ) ( Given )
dt
y 0  y( 0 )  C ( Given ) h
y i 1/ 2  y i  f(t i , y i )
t  t 0 ~ tf 2
y 'i1/ 2  f ( t i 1/ 2 , y i 1/ 2 )
y i 1  y i  f ( t i 1/ 2 , y i 1/ 2 )h
h  t i 1  t i
The Midpoint Method (Example)
y '  4e 0.8 t  0.5y

Exact Solution
t  0~4 s
At t  0  y( 0 )  2 4 0.8 t 0.5t
y ( e  e )  2e 0.5t
1.3
1 y  6.1946
y i 1/ 2  2  f ( t i , y i )   3.5
2
y 'i1/ 2  f ( 0.5,3.5 )  4.2173
y i 1  2  4.2173 1  6.2173
Runge-Kutta Method (Second Order Method)
h  t i 1  t i
y i 1  y i  ( a 1k 1  a 2 k 2 )h
k1  f(t i , y i )
a2=1/2
k 2  f ( t i  p1h , y i  q 11k 1h )
a2=1
a1  a 2  1
a 2 p1  1 / 2 a2=2/3
a 2 q 11  1/ 2
Midpoint method
Runge-Kutta Method (Third Order Method)
1
y i 1  y i  ( 2k 1  3k 2  4 k 3 )h
9
k1  f(t i , y i )
1 1 h  t i 1  t i
k 2  f ( t i  h , y i  k 1h )
2 2
3 3
k 3  f ( t i  h, y i  k 2h )
4 4
Runge-Kutta Method (Forth Order Method)
1
y i 1  y i  ( k 1  2k 2  2k 3  k 4 )h
6
k1  f (t i , y i )
1 1
k 2  f ( t i  h , y i  k 1h ) h  t i 1  t i
2 2
1 1
k 3  f ( t i  h, y i  k 2h )
2 2
k 4  f ( t i  h , y i  k 3h )
Runge-Kutta Method (Forth Order Method) (Example)
Exact Solution
y  4e
' 0.8 t
 0.5y
4 0.8 t 0.5t
t  0~4 s y ( e  e )  2e 0.5t
1.3
At t  0  y( 0 )  2 y  6.1946
k 1  f ( 0, 2 )  3 1
y 1  2  ( 3  2  4.2173
k 2  f ( 0.5,3.5 )  4.2173 6
k 3  f ( 0.5, 4.1086) 3.9130 2  3.9130  5.9457)
k 4  f (1, 3.9565) 5.9457 y 1  6.2010

Runge-Kutta Method (Fifth Order Method)
1
y i 1  y i  ( 7k 1  32k 3  12k 4  32k 5  7k 6 )h
90
k1  f(t i , y i )
1 1
k 2  f ( t i  h , y i  k 1h )
4 4
1 1 1
k 3  f ( t i  h , y i  k 1h  k 2 h )
4 8 8
1 1 h  t i 1  t i
k 4  f ( t i  h , y i  k 2 h  k 3h )
2 2
3 3 9
k 5  f ( t i  h , y i  k 1h  k 4 h )
4 16 16
3 2 12 12 8
k 6  f ( t i  h , y i  k 1h  k 2 h  k 3h  k 4 h  k 5 h )
7 7 7 7 7
MATLAB functions for solving ODE
[t, y]=ode23(F, tspan, y0)
>> dydt=@(t,y) 4*exp(0.8*t)-0.5*y;

>> [t,y]=ode23(dydt,[0:4],2)
[t, y]=ode45(F, tspan, y0)
>> dydt=@(t,y) 4*exp(0.8*t)-0.5*y;

>> [t,y]=ode45(dydt,[0, 3, 6, 7, 10, 16],2)

[t, y]=ode23(F, [t1 t2 t3 t4 t5], y0)
>> dydt=@(t,y) 4*exp(0.8*t)-0.5*y;

>> [t,y]=ode23(dydt,[0 1 3 4 6 10],2)
System of ODE
dy 1
 f1( t , y 1 , y 2 ,...,y n )
dt
dy 2
 f1( t , y 1 , y 2 ,...,y n )
dt
dy 3
 f1( t , y 1 , y 2 ,...,y n )
dt
.
.
.
dy n
 f1( t , y 1 , y 2 ,...,y n )
dt
System of ODE (Example)
dx 2 Initial condition
 t  2t
dt
x=0 at t=0
dv
 2t  2 v=0 at t=0
dt
>> dxdt=@(t,x) t^2+2*t;
>> dvdt=@(t,x) 2*t+2;
>> [t,x]=ode45(dxdt,[0:4],0)
>> [t,v]=ode45(dvdt,[0:4],0)
function [y] =test(F,a,b);
y=F(a)+F(b);
end
>>test(@sin,2,3)
dy 1
 1.2 y 1  0.6y 1y 2
dt
dy 2
 0.8 y 2  0.3y 1y 2
dt
y1= 2 at t=0
y2=1 at t=0
function [dydt] =F(t,y)
dydt=[1.2*y(1)-0.6*y(1)*y(2);-0.8*y(2)+0.3*y(1)*y(2)];
end
[t,y]=ode45(@F,[0:4],[2 1])
d 2 y1 2 dy 1
2
 ( 1  y 1)  y1  0
dt dt y1  1 at t=0
dy 1
dy 1 y2   1 at t=0
 y2 dt
dt
dy 2
 (1  y 12 )y 2  y 1  0
dt
function [dydt] =F(t,y)
dydt=[y(2);1*(1-y(1)^2)*y(2)-y(1)];
end
[t,y]=ode45(@F,[0:20],[1 1])
Boundary Value Problem
d2 y1  BC 1
2
 f ( t , y 1, .....)
dt  BC 2
t1 t
d2 y1
2
 f ( t , y 1, .....)  BC2
dt
 BC1
t1 t

T=200 h=0.05
d2T
2
 h ( T  T )  0
dx
dT
z x=0 x=L
dx
dz T(0)=300 T(L)=400
 h( T  T )
dx
dz
 0.05( 200  T )
dx

T=200 h=0.05
dT
z
dx
dz
 0.05( 200  T ) x=0 x=L
dx
T(0)=300 T(L)=400
T=300 at x=0
Z=-5 at x=0
z (0)= ?
z=-5 T(L)= 569
z=-20 T(L)= 259.51
z=? T(L) = 400
Use slope equation since it is linear equation.


T=200 h=0.05
T=200
d2T
2
 h ( T  T )  0
dx
dT
z
dx x=0 x=L
dz dT/dx= (T(0)-T) T(L)=400

 h( T  T )
dx
Chapter 6
Creating Graphical User Interface

Chapter Objectives
■ To get familiar with graphical user interface by answering the

What is the purpose of GUI?
Where can we use it?
What are the steps to create GUI in MATLAB?
What are GUI components available in MATLAB?
■ To practice on creating GUI in MATLAB for some engineering

applications
GUIs in MATLAB
Purposes of GUIs
The purposes are to
■ allow the user to interact with your program

■ to complete a task in a convenient and faster way
■ to assembly and to see essential input/output data on the
same panel
GUIs in MATLAB (Cont.)
Application of GUIs
It is applicable as a supporting tool for computation and
simulation in
(1) Thesis and Dissertation
(2) Project Reports

Steps in Creating GUIs in MATLAB
The three-step approach is as follows.
(1) Designing the layout
(2) Setting properties of GUI components
(3) Programming the GUIs

GUI files
GUI
Step 1
Step 3
Step 2
Figure M-file Code M-file

Call GUIDE Menu bar Tool bar
>>guide
GUI component
panel
GUI Layout area

Adjusting GUI Layout Area
Drag here
Property inspector
GUI Components
Pop-up List Box

Menu
Push Slide
Toggle Table
Button
Radio
Check Figure
Button Panel
Editable Static Button Active

Text Text Group X
Control
Designing GUI Layout
Drag & Drop

Designing GUI Layout (Example)
Daily Traffic Arrival Pattern
Peak Time
Plot
GUI Components
Push Button


Push Button

GUI Components (Cont.)
Push Button
Push button
% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton1.

function pushbutton1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement a Statements to be done soon after
…xxxxxxxx pressing push button.
…xxxxxxxxxxxx
…xxx
Slider






Slider
Slider
Slider
% --- Executes on slider movement.
function slider1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
handles.step=get(hObject,'Value')
guidata(hObject, handles);
Radio Button




Radio button

Radio Button
Radio button
% --- Executes on button press in radiobutton1.

function radiobutton1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
handles.H=get(hObject,'String');
guidata(hObject,handles)
handles.H=get(hObject,‘Value');
Setting the Properties of GUI components



Panel


Panel
% --- Executes when selected object is changed in uipanel1.

function uipanel1_SelectionChangeFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
handles.H=get(hObject,’String')
handles.H=get(hObject,‘Value');


Check Box

Check Box
% --- Executes on button press in checkbox1.

function checkbox1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
handles.H=get(hObject,'Value')
handles.H=get(hObject,‘String')


Editable text

Editable text
function edit1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)

handles.H=str2double(get(hObject,'String'))
handles.H=get(hObject,'String‘)
Editable text
handles.H=eval(get(hObject,'string'))



Static text





Pop-up Menu
 

Pup-up Menu
% --- Executes on selection change in popupmenu1.
handles,H= get(hObject,'Value')




List box
 

List box
% --- Executes on selection change in listbox1.
handles,H= get(hObject,'Value')




Toggle button

Toggle button
% --- Executes on button press in togglebutton1.

function togglebutton1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
handles.H=get(hObject,'value')
Axes 
Chapter 7
Ccoder and Audio Processing

Chapter Objectives
■ To learn how to convert from MATLAB code to other language

code
■ To learn how to use C-coder to convert MATLAB code to C-

code available in MATLAB
Ccoder
From Apps (Toolbox Menu)

Ccoder (Cont.)
From Command Line Interface
>> Ccoder
Project name
Where you want to save

Ccoder (Cont.)
Configuration of Ccoder
Ccoder (Cont.)
Defining Global Variables

Ccoder (Cont.)
Function M-file vs. Script M-file

Ccoder (Cont.)
Choose Output Type

Ccoder (Cont.)
Building C Code
Ccoder (Cont.)
More Detailed Setting

Ccoder (Cont.)

Ccoder (Cont.)
Location of project folder and build folder

Ccoder (Cont.)
Only for inter operation, floating point operation will not appear
Check, if the algorithm supports for NaN and Inf

Otherwise, uncheck
Ccoder (Cont.)
Set as default setting

Ccoder (Cont.)
To generate code in a single file
Comment style
If else statement to switch statement

Ccoder (Cont.)
To show status of code generation
To create code report
To automatically launch report or not

Ccoder (Cont.)
Product from which company

Product type
Ccoder (Cont.)
Overall
setting
Sound Recording
% Record your voice for 5 seconds.

recObj = audiorecorder;
disp('Start speaking.')
recordblocking(recObj, 5);
disp('End of Recording.');
% Play back the recording.
play(recObj);
% Store data in double-precision array.
myRecording = getaudiodata(recObj);
% Plot the waveform.
plot(myRecording);
Sound Recording (Cont.)
y = getaudiodata(recorder, dataType)
Int8 -128 to 127

uint8 0 to 255
int16 -32768 to 32767
single -1 to 1
double -1 to 1
Think Smarter,
Work Harder !
Thank You
19/6/2015

Essential MATLAB For Engineers and Scientists (YTU, IT Group)

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Essential MATLAB For Engineers and Scientists (YTU, IT Group)

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ESSENTIAL MATLAB

for Engineers and Scientists

Dr. Nay Zar Aung (Lecturer)

M.E (Mechanical, ITS, Indonesia), Ph.D (Mechatronics, HIT, China)

Department of Mechatronic Engineering, YTU

■ Chapter 1 Introduction to MATLAB

■ Chapter 2 MATLAB Fundamentals

■ Chapter 3 MATLAB Programming

■ Chapter 4 Plotting Graphs and Curve Fitting Toolbox

■ Chapter 5 Using Symbolic Toolbox

■ Chapter 6 Numerical Analysis with MATLAB

■ Chapter 7 Creating Graphical User Interface with MATLAB (GUI)

■ Chapter 8 Converting MATLAB Code to Other Language Code

[1] HOLLY MOORE, “MATLAB for Engineers,” third Edition, Pearson,

2012, New York,

[2] BRIAN H HAHN and DANIEL T. VALENTINE “Essential MATLAB

for Engineers and Scientists,” fourth Edition , Elsevier , 2010.

[2] STEVEN C. CHAPRA, “Applied Numerical Method with MATLAB, for

Engineers and Scientists,”, second Edition, Mc GrawHill, 2005.

[3] PATRICK MARCHAND and O. THOMAS HOLLAND, “Graphics and

GUIs with MATLAB,” third Edition, CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC, 2003.

Day Morning Afternoon

*** 2 periods per week

10 Chapter 5 Using Symbolic Toolbox

Task Marks Mark Grade

Assignment I 10% 75%-100% A+

■ To get familiar with MATLAB by answering the following

■ To get familiar with MATLAB environment (MATLAB GUI)

■ MATLAB stands for Matrix Laboratory.

■ It is forth generation technical computing and

■ All the computations performed and programs

implemented in MATLAB environment are based on

Day= [Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat]

Diameter= [ 3 3.1 2.9 2.9 3 3 3 3 3.1 3.2 3 3.1 3 3.05]

Fx1 Fx2 Fx3

x1=2 m x2=4 m x3=6 m x4=8 m

Manhattan (Linear ) Cell  [1 2 3]

Interface In Interface Out

Image processing by using MATLAB

Transmitted power ratio

Research papers Graphs

■ MATLAB is the product of MathWorks.

■ It is started in 1984 and in 2000 it became popular in many areas.

■ Cleve Moler, Department of Computer Science, University of New

Maxico in the late of 1970.

■ Cleve Moler , Steve Bangert and Jack Little founded MathWorks.

Version Year Version Year

MATLAB 1.0 1984 MATLAB 7.2

Version Year Version Year

(1) Insert MATLAB software CD and open it

MATLAB 7.04 (2005)

MATLAB 8.3 (2014)

Script M-file Function M-file

xxxxxxx function xxxxxxxxxx

Script M-file Function M-file

% This program calculates the function [ Area ] = T_area( b ,h )

area of a % This program calculates the

% triangle with a height and base area of a

% given. % triangle with a height and base

b=input('Enter the base \n'); % given.

h=input('Enter the height \n'); Area=0.5*b*h;

Area= 1/2*b*h end

>> Tri_area >> T_area (12,8)

h=input('Enter the height \n'); Area=0.5bh;

Area= 1/2bh end

Multiplication ab ab 81

Multiplication a.b [8 1]. [1 5]