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Optimization and Sensitivity Analysis of Mono Crystalline Solar
Photovoltaic cells under Lahore Climatic Conditions
By
Hassan Badar
2017 F MS MET 27
Supervisor
Dr. Awais A. Khan
Department of Mechanical Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore. Pakistan
Optimization and Sensitivity Analysis of Mono Crystalline Solar
Photovoltaic cells under Lahore Climatic Conditions
A Thesis Report Submitted to the Department

of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Engineering and Technology, Lahore
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirement for the Award of Degree
of Master of Science in Mechanical Design
Engineering
DECLARATION
Declaration Statement
Hassan Badar
2017 F MS MET 27
I certify that the above statement is correct.
Dr. Awais A. Khan Date

Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore.
Contents
Abstract............................................................................................................................................1
Scope................................................................................................................................................2
1. Introduction:.............................................................................................................................3
2. Background:.............................................................................................................................4
2.1. Solar Energy:.....................................................................................................................4
2.2. Photovoltaic Phenomena...................................................................................................5
2.3. Types of solar cells:..........................................................................................................5
2.4. Equations of solar cells:....................................................................................................6
3. Objectives and Achievement:...................................................................................................6
4. Process overview......................................................................................................................7
5. Literature Review.....................................................................................................................7
6. Methodology:...........................................................................................................................9
7. Experimentation:....................................................................................................................10
7.1 Collection and Analyzation of Experimental Values:.....................................................29
7.2 Determination of Statistical Relationship.......................................................................30
7.3 Optimization of data........................................................................................................48
7.4 Sensitivity Analysis.........................................................................................................52
8. Results and Discussion...........................................................................................................52
References:....................................................................................................................................86
Figure 1 Process of research........................................................................................................................7
Figure 2 Methodology...............................................................................................................................10
Figure 3 Clean and unclean mono crystalline modules..............................................................................11
Figure 4: Volt meter, Ampere meter and Charge controller.......................................................................11
Figure 5 Minitab Window for Jan Feb Clean panel data............................................................................30
Figure 6 Normal Probability Plot for Jan Feb Clean Panel........................................................................31
Figure 7 Residual plot for Jan Feb Clean panel data..................................................................................31
Figure 8 Minitab Window for Jan Feb Unclean panel data........................................................................32
Figure 9 Normal Probability Plot for Jan Feb unclean Panel.....................................................................32
Figure 10 Residual plot for Jan Feb unclean panel data.............................................................................33
Figure 11 Minitab Window for March April clean panel data...................................................................33
Figure 12Normal Probability Plot for March April clean Panel................................................................34
Figure 13 Residual plot for March April clean panel data.........................................................................34
Figure 14 Minitab Window for March April unclean panel data...............................................................35
Figure 15Residual plot for March April unclean panel data......................................................................35
Figure 16Normal Probability Plot for March April unclean Panel.............................................................36
Figure 17Minitab Window for May June clean panel data........................................................................36
Figure 18 Residual plot for May June clean panel data.............................................................................37
Figure 19 Normal Probability Plot for May June clean Panel....................................................................38
Figure 20 Minitab Window for May June unclean panel data...................................................................38
Figure 21 Residual plot for May June unclean panel data.........................................................................39
Figure 22 Normal Probability Plot for May June unclean Panel................................................................40
Figure 23Minitab Window for July August clean panel data.....................................................................41
Figure 24Residual plot for July August clean panel data...........................................................................41
Figure 25Normal Probability Plot for July August clean Panel.................................................................42
Figure 26Minitab Window for July August unclean panel data.................................................................43
Figure 27Residual plot for July August unclean panel data.......................................................................43
Figure 28Normal Probability Plot for July August unclean Panel.............................................................44
Figure 29 Minitab Window for Sept Oct clean panel data.........................................................................45
Figure 30 Residual plot for Sept Oct clean panel data...............................................................................45
Figure 31 Normal Probability Plot for Sept Oct clean Panel.....................................................................46
Figure 32 Minitab Window for Sept Oct unclean panel data.....................................................................47
Figure 33 Residual plot for Sept Oct unclean panel data...........................................................................47
Figure 34 Normal Probability Plot for Sept Oct unclean Panel.................................................................48
Figure 35 Function file for January February Clean Panel Data................................................................49
Figure 36 Import data window in MATLAB.............................................................................................50
Figure 37 Genetic Algorithm optimization................................................................................................51
Figure 38 Impact of Increasing Wind on Power for clean panel...............................................................53
Figure 39 Impact of Decreasing Wind on Power for clean panel...............................................................54
Figure 40 Impact of Increasing Temp on Power for clean panel...............................................................54
Figure 41 Impact of Decreasing Temp on Power for clean panel..............................................................55
Figure 42 Impact of Increasing Humidity on Power for clean panel..........................................................55
Figure 43 Impact of Decreasing Humidity on Power for clean panel........................................................56
Figure 44 Impact of Increasing Wind on Power for unclean panel............................................................56
Figure 45 Impact of Decreasing Wind on Power for unclean panel...........................................................57
Figure 46 Impact of Increasing Temperature on Power for unclean panel.................................................57
Figure 47 Impact of Decreasing Temperature on Power for unclean panel...............................................58
Figure 48 Impact of Increasing Humidity on Power for unclean panel......................................................58
Figure 49 Impact of Decreasing Humidity on Power for unclean panel....................................................59
Figure 50 Impact of Increasing Wind on Power for clean panel................................................................60
Figure 54 Impact of Increasing Temperature on Power for clean panel.....................................................62
Figure 55 Impact of Decreasing Temperature on Power for clean panel...................................................63
Abstract
Rising fossil fuel prices and increase in their depletion rate in the world has led policy thinkers to
consider other means of energy production. This has led to the diversion of resources from
conventional energy production to cheaper renewable energy production via solar cells, wind
power etc. Extensive experimentation was carried out in the environmental conditions of Lahore,
Pakistan for 10 months covering almost all the seasons in the year. For this purpose,
monocrystalline clean and unclean panels were used. The parameters used in this study are
average wind speed, average ambient temperature and average relative humidity and average
power. After experimentation, the data was analyzed using regression analysis, p-values were
computed to analyze statistically significant variables and regression equations were obtained for
the data analyzed on bimonthly basis. Optimization was then performed using genetic algorithm
and results are reported. Afterwards sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the effect of
each independent variable on power output and results are reported.
1
Scope
Pakistan is facing multiple issues related to power production and distribution. The country faced
a severe energy crisis over the past decade which dented its economic progress. The country is
overcoming the energy crisis with the passage of time. Currently thermal energy production
contributes the majorly in power production throughout the country[1]. According to Inter
Governmental Panel on climate change Pakistan is 5th most vulnerable country to climate change.
Changing weather variables wind speed, solar irradiation, relative humidity, dust, ambient
temperature etc effects the output of solar cells. In order to extract an optimum output from these
cells in various seasons there is a need for a thorough study in the climatic conditions in central
and Southern parts of the country which has a great ability to produce electricity through solar
cells.
2
1. Introduction:
After the industrial revolution the increased reliance on fossil fuels for the purpose of
materialistic development has not only led to their depletion but it has also increased the threats
of global warming and climate change the practical effects of which are visible today in the form
of rising sea levels, increased floods, droughts, unpredicted rain patterns etc. After the oil crisis
of 1970s the world experienced an increased attention towards alternative renewable energy
resources to reduce the entire dependence on fossil fuels, to slow down their depletion rates in
order to ensure their optimum availability for future generations and to cater the negative effects
of climate change.
Solar energy is the one that is readily available to us in nature and offers us the replacement to
fossil fuels foe generating clean electric power in two ways. One is the generation of power via
solar cells and the other is through concentrated solar power.
Pakistan is one of the countries where solar energy is abundant (particularly in Central and its
Southern areas) almost throughout the entire year as it experiences prolonged summer season
and relatively short winter season. Lahore which is major city of the country is the capital of its
federating unit Punjab experiences four weathers summer, spring, autumn, and winter.
Generation of power by means of solar technology as several drawbacks also as it is dependent
on the weather and climatic changes and its output may vary with the change in ambient
temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, solar irradiation etc.
The production of electricity through renewable energy resources in Pakistan is gaining

momentum. The introduction of alternative renewable energy policy 2019 which envisages to
produce 20% of electricity through renewable energy resources by 2025 and 30% by 2030 [2]
giving tax exemptions and other waivers to encourage the production of clean and green energy
in the country. Pakistan is already on the way towards power generation via solar cells as evident
from the 1000 MW solar power plant in Bahawalpur which is the implementation of renewable
energy policy introduced in 2006.
3
2. Background:
2.1. Solar Energy:
Energy from the sun is the most abundantly available source of energy on the earth. It is free,
clean and green source of power production and other meeting contemporary era demands. The
energy that our planet earth receives from the Sun in a time period of one hour roughly equals
the amount of energy required annually by earth which shows that the Sun is colossus body that
emanates huge amounts of energy. The Sun behaves like a black body radiator. It has the surface
temperature of approximately 5800 K and 1367W/m 2 energy density [3-5]. The designing of
solar PV system requires the profound knowledge of sun spectrum and various environmental
factors that affect the performance of solar PV cells [6].
Sun light comprises of three types of radiations

1. Direct Radiations or beam radiations- the one directly received byy earth in the form of
sunlight.
2. Diffused Radiations- the one that gets scattered after striking objects on its way to the
surface of earth it is also called scattered radiations.
3. Albedo radiation- The one the gets reflected from the surface of earth.[7, 8]
The visible range of solar spectrum possesses the greatest energy density as compared to
Ultraviolet and Infrared Ranges which is also evident from the figure 2.
Figure 1 Solar spectrum[9]
4
Therefore, for the selection of materials for solar energy production materials ought to choose
that can absorb energy in visible range.
2.2. Photovoltaic Phenomena

When an incident light falls on a surface it is either reflected, absorbed, or refracted. The incident
photons may raise the temperature of the incident surface. There exist some materials that
convert light rays falling onto their surface directly into electricity. This phenomenon is called
the photoelectric effect.
Semiconductor materials have an energy band gap between conduction band and valence band.
In Valance band electrons are bonded to atoms and are not free while in conduction band
electrons are not bonded to host atoms. With the increase in temperature some electrons will gain
much energy that they will jump from valence band to the conduction band creating an electron
hole pair which will be created in this case if the energy of the incident photons of light is greater
than the energy band gap. The remaining energy of photon will be converted into heat energy.
Band gaps are of two types. One is direct band gap and the other is indirect band gap. Direct
band gap materials are thinner than the other ones but they have the unique ability to absorb
more radiation [10].
Semiconductor materials have electric fields which urges electrons to move to p-side and holes
to n-side of the junction. This electric field is more aggravated by doping atoms. The current
which will be called as photocurrent will depend on the number of electron hole pairs in p-n
junction.
2.3. Types of solar cells:

Majorly there are four different types of solar cells
1. Mono crystalline
2. Polycrystalline
3. Amorphous cells
4. Organic cells
Mono crystalline solar cells are made up of single crystal of silicon. Electrons in mono
crystalline silicon cells have more room to move around due to which they have better
efficiency.
5
Polycrystalline solar cells are made up of different segments of silicon joined together to form a
wafer due to which they have less freedom for electrons to move.
Amorphous cells are thin film solar cells that have p-i-n type of duality where i layer represents
electric field. They have high absorption capacity due to which i layer thickness is kept 0.2-0.5
micro meter.[11]
Organic solar cells use organic materials that produce electricity from sunlight through
photovoltaic effect.
2.4. Equations of solar cells:

The I-V curve shows the performance of photovoltaic cell its equation can be written as [12]
I=I1 –Is (eqv/kT-1) (1)
q=1.6*10-19C, k= 1.38*10-23J/K
The power extracted from PV cell is given by:
P= Voltage * Current= V*I (2)
ᾐ= ᾐ Tref [1 - βTref (Tc - Tref)] (3)
where ᾐ Tref represents the electrical efficiency of the module at reference temperature and
1000W/m2 solar irradiance and βTref is the temperature coefficient. Its value depends on the PV
material and reference temperature.
3. Objectives and Achievement:

 Optimization of power output of mono crystalline solar cells to determine optimized
values of wind speed, relative humidity and ambient temperature that will yield
maximum power output in seasons.
 Of the three factors considered in this study in Lahore environmental conditions which
factor has a significant impact on the ultimate power output of clean and unclean solar
cell.
6
4. Process overview
The research methodology involves the experimentation of two types of solar photovoltaic cells
under Lahore climatic conditions with further classification of in such a way that one panel is
kept clean and the other remains unclean for a particular season. This is done for both mono and
polycrystalline solar cells used in this study.
Use of Statistical
Software to develop
Experimentatiion Optimization
relations using
regression analysis
Figure 1 Process of research
5. Literature Review
Wuebbles et al.[13] stated that carbon dioxide and water vapors are essential to keep the earth
temperature moderate but due to human intervention at the expense of economy greenhouse gas
emissions are increasing and it is expected that the earth’s temperature will rise by 1-5 degree
over the next century due to fossil fuels burning and the requirement is to increase attention
towards clean energy production. Singh at el [14] presented that the efficiency and production
cost of solar cells have not reached a level that they can replace the energy production market
currently dominated by fossil fuel across the globe.
Singh at el [15] and Landis at el [16]work shows that practically most of the solar cells are
exposed too temperature range from 15-50 degrees and with the increase in the temperature the
power output of solar cells falls. Due to this in Punjab Pakistan solar cells have not received
much reception as they should have though further developments are in process in order to make
them more popular for energy production. Ellaban at el. [17] is of the view that the energy
production from renewables has seen a surge over the years throughout the entire world due to
increased awareness about the increase in carbon emissions due to burning of fossil fuels.
7
Jager-Waldau at el [18] proposed that solar PV technology is gaining momentum for commercial
purposes in the last decade it has experienced a growth between 40-90%.Tyagi at el [19]
represented that the efficiency of solar photovoltaic cells have shown a significant improvement
over the years from 15% in 1950s to above 28% now a days adds to this argument that the solar
PV technology has matured to be used for commercial purposes throughout the world. In
addition to crystalline solar technology other technologies like polymer, carbon nanotubes, dye
sensitized cells, hot carrier solar cells have also been developed and their efficiency are
improving owing the extensive research going on across the globe in the field of solar
technology.
Sharma at el [20] proposed that solar cells have gone through three generations of development.
The newest generation which includes nano crystalline solar cells are able to theoretically
convert 60% of sunlight into power but their life is very short hence there is need a great deal of
research in the field of solar cells. Khaliq at el [21] adopted a view that environmental factors
plays a key role in determining the power output of solar cells. Dust is one of them it can reduce
the efficiency of solar cells to 30% as investigated taking into consideration Quaid e Azam Solar
Power Plant, of 1000 MW the first of its kind in Pakistan. On 30 th June 2019 Pakistan’s energy
generation was 369,145 MW with the production from thermal sources being 24,253 MW which
shows that Pakistan has to go a long way towards clean energy production in entirety [22].
Bashir at el [23] conducted an outdoor experimental study comprising of three different types of
solar cells for the month of January in Pakistan. Crystalline solar cells performed better at high
values of irradiance and mono crystalline module was found to be most efficient of the other two
types of modules used in the study. Adinoyi at el [24] showed that dust plays a significant role in
the power output of the solar cells as evident from the study conducted in Eastern Saudi Arabia if
the panels are kept unclean there is seen a depreciation of 50% in the final output power of PV
modules.
Sher at el [25] presented that in contemporary era solar energy production has become the focus
of policy makers even in the underdeveloped countries like Pakistan which has also experienced
a paradigm shift towards clean and green energy production to mitigate its energy deficit.
Omubo-Pepple at el [26] showed the effect of temperature, relative humidity and solar irradiance
on the power output was studied in Port Harcourt and results showed that increment in solar flux,
8
decrease in solar humidity increases the efficiency of solar cells while it drops with the increase
in operating temperature.
Touati at el [27] in a practical study conducted in Malaysia for the comparison of performance
of four kinds of solar cells it was deduced that multi crystalline cells performed better under hot
sun while amorphous panels showed better results under diffused sunshine. It was concluded that
amorphous or CIS technology shall be used. The similar type of study was conducted in Doha.
The results showed that dust accumulation has a more significant impact as compared to relative
humidity and ambient temperature.
To cater the shortcomings of a single renewable energy technology a hybrid of two renewable
energy technologies are being used. Al-Busaidi et al [28] reviewed solar and wind hybrid system
and proposed optimum sizing of such system in Oman. Owing to the threat of Global warming
and Pakistan’s vulnerability the uptake towards Renewable Energy production is rather slow.
Khan at el [29] presented a study in which technological shortcomings are highlighted and
modifications are proposed to make the design process more reliable in the country.
Hossamm-Eldin at el [30] conducted a study in Egypt and investigated the effect of ambient
temperature on various PV cells and results showed that with the increase in ambient temperature
the efficiency of all the types used in the study dropped. Kaldellis at el [31] conducted a study in
South Greece and observed the effect of temperature and wind speed on PV efficiency and
concluded that panels equipped with ventilation showed better efficiency.
Asadi et al [32] conducted thermo economic detailed study along with multi objective
optimization for absorption cooling systems driven by different types of solar collectors and
deduced the results that the one run by evacuated tube collectors was the most economical. The
deployment of solar collectors play a crucial role in determining the final output power from
solar energy resources. Here emerges the need for optimization in order to determine the
maximum output at the least field area. Weinstock et al [33] performed the optimization of single
axes and tracking collectors and showed that the use of multiple rows in a given field results in
the increase of incident field energy and presented the optimal design for stationary and single
axis tracking collectors.
9
Bany Mousa at el [34] conducted sensitivity analysis and multi objective optimization keeping
three objective functions i.e performance, emissions and cost of energy for a combined solar
photovoltaic and solar collector systems for industrial roof tops. The results showed that the mix
of technologies improved all the above said objectives when compared to the systems considered
individually
Benghanem et al [35] worked on choosing the optimal tilt angle for Medina Saudi Arabia and
concluded that the optimal tilt angle allowed the collection of maximum energy and annual
optimum value of tilt angle was found almost in proximity to that of the latitude of that location.
6. Methodology:
The work done here tries to address the effects of changing weather conditions on mono
crystalline clean and unclean solar cells in winter, spring, dry summer, monsoon and pre winter
seasons. Statistical analysis is conducted in order to determine which of the three factors chosen
in this study have a significant impact on the power output of two aforementioned types of clean
and unclean modules of solar cells. Furthermore optimization is performed for the experimental
results of each season in order to know the optimum values for each season so that these
conditions may help in future in order to extract optimum power in every season which will
encourage the implementation of solar energy in the country. It also draws a comparison between
mono crystalline clean and unclean power and their optimization results used in this study. In the
end sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine the effect of each factor on the power output.
The methodology involved in this research work involves the following steps.
10
Experimentation
Collection and Analyzation of

experimental values
Determination of statistical
relationship between different
variables involved in the study
Optimization
Sensitivity Analysis
Figure 2 Methodology
7. Experimentation:
For experimentation purpose mono crystalline solar panels one kept clean in a specific study period and
the other kept unclean has the maximum power of 150 Watts with an area of (1480mm*680mm*40mm),
cell dimensions (156 mm*156 mm), number of cells in series are 36. Module efficiency is 17%,
maximum current is 9.12 A, maximum voltage is 30.32 V while short circuit current and voltage are 9.48
A and 38.23V. Voltmeter and ammeter was installed on each panel separately. Panels were connected
with a charge controller of 12v/24v, 30 A and 100 W electric bulb, 100 A battery and 500 W inverter.
Cleaned Daily Un-cleaned
11
Figure 3 Clean and unclean mono crystalline modules
Volt and ampere meters Charge Controller

Figure 4: Volt meter, Ampere meter and Charge controller
The panel is placed in Lahore Pakistan at a tilt angle of 61 0 with the panel facing the sun. Every day for
ten months for both clean and unclean panels the values were calculated at 8 am and 5 pm and the data
represents the average of these values which includes Average wind speed, Average relative humidity,
Average temperature and Average power of the clean and unclean solar cells. The values of wind speed,
temperature and humidity were taken from the concerned Metrological department.
The experimental values for the month of Januray and February is as follows while the values for the
remaining months are attached herewith as Annexure-A.
Avg.
Wind
Speed Avg. Temperature Avg. Humidity Avg. Power
Date
(Meter (Kelvin) (%age) (Watt)
per
Second)
1-Jan-18 0.514 281.4 56.0 36.6
2-Jan-18 2.056 275.9 53.0 34.3
3-Jan-18 2.056 279.6 55.0 32.2
4-Jan-18 1.542 278.5 50.0 31.6
12
5-Jan-18 1.542 276.5 48.0 32.1
6-Jan-18 2.056 277.6 49.0 33.2
7-Jan-18 0.514 281.3 46.0 36.1
8-Jan-18 0.514 278.6 47.0 35.2
9-Jan-18 2.056 279.6 55.0 35.3
10-Jan-18 1.542 280 51.0 31.5
11-Jan-18 0.514 273.6 56.0 35.2
12-Jan-18 2.056 281.5 52.0 35.6
13-Jan-18 1.542 278.5 50.0 37.7
14-Jan-18 0.514 276.5 51.0 34.4
15-Jan-18 0.514 277.6 53.0 21.2
16-Jan-18 1.542 274.6 55.0 32.8
17-Jan-18 2.056 278.6 56.0 33.9
18-Jan-18 2.056 279.6 50.0 19.0
19-Jan-18 0.514 281.4 49.0 36.6
20-Jan-18 1.542 279.9 48.0 34.5
21-Jan-18 2.056 281.5 45.0 27.0
22-Jan-18 0.514 278.5 50.0 31.4
23-Jan-18 1.542 276.5 53.0 33.5
24-Jan-18 1.542 277.6 51.0 19.6
25-Jan-18 2.056 274.6 53.0 36.5
26-Jan-18 1.542 278.6 55.0 22.5
27-Jan-18 0.514 279.6 56.0 23.0
28-Jan-18 0.514 277.7 50.0 33.1
29-Jan-18 2.056 278 49.0 31.6
13
30-Jan-18 2.056 279 48.0 30.8
31-Jan-18 0.514 281.5 45.0 21.5
1-Feb-18 1.542 285.6 50.0 35.9
2-Feb-18 0.514 287 53.0 33.7
3-Feb-18 0.514 288.7 56.0 33.6
4-Feb-18 2.056 281.5 53.0 34.4
5-Feb-18 2.056 283.4 55.0 35.6
6-Feb-18 2.056 285 50.0 18.0
7-Feb-18 1.028 286.4 48.0 35.5
8-Feb-18 0.514 281.4 49.0 31.2
9-Feb-18 0.514 286.7 46.0 21.5
10-Feb-18 2.056 283.4 47.0 19.0
11-Feb-18 0.514 291.1 55.0 26.2
12-Feb-18 0.514 283.4 51.0 27.3
13-Feb-18 2.056 285 56.0 32.4
14-Feb-18 0.514 286.4 52.0 31.2
15-Feb-18 1.542 281.4 48.0 34.4
16-Feb-18 2.056 286.7 49.0 33.5
17-Feb-18 2.056 287.6 45.0 32.2
18-Feb-18 0.514 291.4 44.0 31.9
19-Feb-18 1.542 293.4 46.0 19.0
20-Feb-18 2.056 290.6 50.0 33.3
21-Feb-18 0.514 290.4 51.0 36.3
22-Feb-18 1.542 296.4 53.0 36.4
23-Feb-18 1.542 290.5 56.0 20.3
14
24-Feb-18 1.028 291.4 54.0 35.8
25-Feb-18 2.056 293.4 55.0 37.2
26-Feb-18 1.028 290.6 49.0 35.1
27-Feb-18 1.542 290.4 48.0 30.0
28-Feb-18 2.056 296.4 50.0 33.0

Table 1 Jan Feb Mono crystalline clean data
Avg. Wind Avg.

Avg. Humidity
Date Speed (Meter Temperature Avg. Power (Watt)
(%age)
per Second) (Kelvin)
1-Jan-18 0.514 281.4 56.0 34.4
2-Jan-18 2.056 275.9 53.0 32.3
3-Jan-18 2.056 279.6 55.0 30.2
4-Jan-18 1.542 278.5 50.0 29.6
5-Jan-18 1.542 276.5 48.0 28.2
6-Jan-18 2.056 277.6 49.0 26.2
7-Jan-18 0.514 281.3 46.0 31.3
8-Jan-18 0.514 278.6 47.0 30.2
9-Jan-18 2.056 279.6 55.0 34.2
10-Jan-18 1.542 280 51.0 28.4
11-Jan-18 0.514 273.6 56.0 31.3
12-Jan-18 2.056 281.5 52.0 32.5
13-Jan-18 1.542 278.5 50.0 35.7
14-Jan-18 0.514 276.5 51.0 31.4
15-Jan-18 0.514 277.6 53.0 18.2
16-Jan-18 1.542 274.6 55.0 27.5
15
17-Jan-18 2.056 278.6 56.0 27.6
18-Jan-18 2.056 279.6 50.0 16.0
19-Jan-18 0.514 281.4 49.0 34.2
20-Jan-18 1.542 279.9 48.0 31.3
21-Jan-18 2.056 281.5 45.0 23.4
22-Jan-18 0.514 278.5 50.0 28.4
23-Jan-18 1.542 276.5 53.0 31.5
24-Jan-18 1.542 277.6 51.0 17.4
25-Jan-18 2.056 274.6 53.0 32.5
26-Jan-18 1.542 278.6 55.0 19.5
27-Jan-18 0.514 279.6 56.0 21.0
28-Jan-18 0.514 277.7 50.0 31
29-Jan-18 2.056 278 49.0 29.6
30-Jan-18 2.056 279 48.0 27.8
31-Jan-18 0.514 281.5 45.0 18.5
1-Feb-18 1.542 285.6 50.0 34.9
2-Feb-18 0.514 287 53.0 31.7
3-Feb-18 0.514 288.7 56.0 31.6
4-Feb-18 2.056 281.5 53.0 32.3
5-Feb-18 2.056 283.4 55.0 33.4
6-Feb-18 2.056 285 50.0 23.4
7-Feb-18 1.028 286.4 48.0 34.9
8-Feb-18 0.514 281.4 49.0 29.2
9-Feb-18 0.514 286.7 46.0 17.5
10-Feb-18 2.056 283.4 47.0 18.2
16
11-Feb-18 0.514 291.1 55.0 24.0
12-Feb-18 0.514 283.4 51.0 24.0
13-Feb-18 2.056 285 56.0 28.3
14-Feb-18 0.514 286.4 52.0 27.2
15-Feb-18 1.542 281.4 48.0 31.2
16-Feb-18 2.056 286.7 49.0 31.5
17-Feb-18 2.056 287.6 45.0 30.2
18-Feb-18 0.514 291.4 44.0 29.9
19-Feb-18 1.542 293.4 46.0 17.0
20-Feb-18 2.056 290.6 50.0 31.3
21-Feb-18 0.514 290.4 51.0 33.3
22-Feb-18 1.542 296.4 53.0 34.4
23-Feb-18 1.542 290.5 56.0 18.3
24-Feb-18 1.028 291.4 54.0 34.6
25-Feb-18 2.056 293.4 55.0 33.9
26-Feb-18 1.028 290.6 49.0 31.0
27-Feb-18 1.542 290.4 48.0 27.6
28-Feb-18 2.056 296.4 50.0 30.3

Table 2 Jan Feb Mono crystalline unclean data
7.1 Collection and Analyzation of Experimental Values:

After the collection of requisite data from 10 months of the year which included various seasons
experienced by the metropolitan during the year the data was put into statistical software called
Minitab in order to develop a relationship between power which is taken here as a dependent or
response variable and the other three variables used in the study are independent variables which
are Wind speed, Humidity and Ambient temperature.
17
In Minitab Regression analysis is conducted which gives us the relationship between dependent
and indepenent variables in the form of regression equation. Regression analysis is conducted to
estimate the relationship between independent and dependent variables being used in the study.
Regression analysis is used for two purposes one it is for forecasting and the other is that it is
used to develop relationship between variables.
Regression is of two types:
 Linear Regression
 Non Linear Regression
Linear Regression works most of the times except when in such data where you check the
residual plots and specific patterns appear. That’s when you chose non-linearr regression. In this
study all the data for 10 months was randomly distributed on the residual plots so linear
regression is used.
In a regression model following things are to be considered especially their interpretation. R

square plays its role in finding out that how effectively a linear model fits the data. Its low is not
bad and same is the case with iis high value. S-value or the standard error of regression it
represents the average distance of observed values from the regression line. Smaller values
indicate that observations are near to the fitted line.
p-value in the model tests the null hypothesis. p-value lower that the confidence interval which in
this study is chosen to be 0.1 exhibits that the null hypothesis can be rejected which in other
words shows that predictor is the meaningful addition to the model, the changes in predictor
contributes to changes in the response variable.
Regression coefficients shows the mean change that take place in the response variable for a unit
change in the predictor variable.
7.2 Determination of Statistical Relationship

The experimenntal data was then incorpooratted in Minitab statistical software and a regression
analysis is conducted too determine the efffect of each independent vareiable on dependent
variable and a subsequent equation is obtained along with other statistical values as shown in the
figures below considdeing the mentioned months. In order to determine which regression is to be
18
used residual plots were plotted for each two month bracket. All the residual plots show that the
data is randomly distributed (not showing a specific pattern) which infers that linear regressionn
can be used to predict the relationship.
Figure 5 Minitab Window for Jan Feb Clean panel data
19
Figure 6 Normal Probability Plot for Jan Feb Clean Panel
Figure 7 Residual plot for Jan Feb Clean panel data
20
Figure 8 Minitab Window for Jan Feb Unclean panel data
21
Figure 9 Normal Probability Plot for Jan Feb unclean Panel
Figure 10 Residual plot for Jan Feb unclean panel data
Figure 11 Minitab Window for March April clean panel data
22
Figure 12Normal Probability Plot for March April clean Panel
Figure 13 Residual plot for March April clean panel data
23
Figure 14 Minitab Window for March April unclean panel data
Figure 15Residual plot for March April unclean panel data
24
Figure 16Normal Probability Plot for March April unclean Panel
25
Figure 17Minitab Window for May June clean panel data
Figure 18 Residual plot for May June clean panel data
26
Figure 19 Normal Probability Plot for May June clean Panel
27
Figure 20 Minitab Window for May June unclean panel data
Figure 21 Residual plot for May June unclean panel data
28
Figure 22 Normal Probability Plot for May June unclean Panel
29
Figure 23Minitab Window for July August clean panel data
Figure 24Residual plot for July August clean panel data
Figure 25Normal Probability Plot for July August clean Panel
30
Figure 26Minitab Window for July August unclean panel data
31
Figure 27Residual plot for July August unclean panel data
Figure 28Normal Probability Plot for July August unclean Panel
32
Figure 29 Minitab Window for Sept Oct clean panel data
33
Figure 30 Residual plot for Sept Oct clean panel data
Figure 31 Normal Probability Plot for Sept Oct clean Panel
34
Figure 32 Minitab Window for Sept Oct unclean panel data
Figure 33 Residual plot for Sept Oct unclean panel data
35
Figure 34 Normal Probability Plot for Sept Oct unclean Panel
7.3 Optimization of data

After finding the statistical relationships using regression, MATLAB was used to optimize the
data and find the optimized values for each data set using Genetic Algorithm. The purpose of this
optimization was to find the optimum conditions at which the panel will give the maximum
power output for each data set.
The optimization starts by making a function ‘m’ file in MATLAB that has the statistical relation
that we got from the MINITAB software. The function is named as ‘simple’ and the variables are
defined that denote the independent values of avg. humidity, temperature and wind speed.
36
Figure 35 Function file for January February Clean Panel Data
Here the function ‘y’ shows the statistical relation between the independent and dependent
variable for months of January and February and the variable w1, w2 and w3 show wind speed,
temperature and humidity, respectively.
Next step is the import of data in the form of an import function from where the function ‘y’ will
pick up the data.
The import data button in MATLAB is used to import the data from the excel file. The data
range that is to be imported is then selected and is imported in the form of a function file so that
it can be recalled when required any time later.
37
‘
Figure 36 Import data window in MATLAB
Once the data is imported in MATLAB, next step is to use the Optimization App in MATLAB to
run the optimization using the genetic algorithm. The name of the function ‘simple’ and the total
number of variables needed to be defined along with the upper and lower bounds of the data
which are the ‘highest’ and ‘lowest’ values of the data, respectively for each variable as shown in
the below figure.
38
Figure 37 Genetic Algorithm optimization
Running the optimization gives the optimum values for each independent variable depending on
the statistical relations between the dependent and independent variable as calculated in
MINITAB.
If we put these optimum values for Humidity, Wind Speed and Temperature in the statistical
relation for January and February Clean Panel, the optimum value for power output that we get is
Power = 4.4-(0.535*0.514)+(0.0743*296.4)+(0.1832*56) = 36.4073
This is the optimum value of power that can be obtained in the month of January and February
depending on the recorded independent variable.
The same process can be followed for the remaining statistical relations to obtain the optimum
values for Clean and Unclean panel for each data set.
39
7.4 Sensitivity Analysis:
After getting the regression equations for data collected the impact of all independent variables
on dependent variable was analyzed for the bracket of each two month time period. The
independent variables are increased and decreased by 5-15% and the impact of each variable in
specific months is determined.
8. Results and Discussion
For the months of January and February:

The summary of the results obtained for the months of January and February are as follows:
Optimum
Month Module Variables p-values values
Avg. Wind
speed (m/s) 0.190 0.514
Avg. Humidity
(%) 0.094 56.000
Clean
Avg.
temperature (K) 0.031 296.400
Avg.
-
Power(Watts) 36.407
Jan Feb
Avg. Wind
speed (m/s) 0.161 0.514
Avg. Humidity
(%) 0.017 56.000
Unclean
Avg. Power
-
(Watts) 34.635
Avg.
Temperature
(K) 0.037 296.400
Table 3 Summary of values of months of January and February
The results reveal that for both clean and unclean mono crystalline panels the independent
variables Avg. Humidity and Avg. Temperature are statistically significant their p values are less
than 0.1, the confidence interval chosen for this study. On the other hand the Avg. wind speed
has no effect on the power output because its p-value is greater than 0.1. The optimum values for
power in these months for the clean panel is observed to be 56 Watts while it is 34.653 Watts for
40
the unclean panel. The lowest optimum values as compared too other months are obtained for
these two winter months.
The regression equation for the clean panels for these months is as follows:
Avg Power=4.4−( 0.535∗Avg . wind speed ) + ( 0.0743∗Avg .Temperature ) + ( 0.1832∗Avg . Humidity )
Similarly, for unclean panel it is given as:
Avg Power=−17−( 0.719∗Avg. wind speed ) + ( 0.1337∗Avg . Temperature )+ ( 0.0221∗Avg . Humidity )
Sensitivity Analysis was then conducted. Wind speed is increased with an increment ranging
from 5-15% and similar case was done with decrement in wind speed while the other two
variables were kept constant and impact on power is determined. Similar process of sensitivity
analysis was carried out for temperature and humidity.
The wind speed variation while keeping other variables constant as depicted by graphs shows a
negligible impact on power output.
41
Impact of Increasing Wind on Power for clean panel
34.100
34.050 34.035
34.011
34.000
33.950 33.936
33.900
Power
33.850
33.810
33.800
33.750
33.700
33.650
1.300 1.350 1.400 1.450 1.500 1.550 1.600
Wind
Figure 38 Impact of Increasing Wind on Power for clean panel
Impact of Decreasing Wind on Power for clean panel

34.250
34.200
34.150
34.100
Po wer
34.050
34.000
33.950
33.900
1.100 1.150 1.200 1.250 1.300 1.350 1.400
Wind
Figure 39 Impact of Decreasing Wind on Power for clean panel
With the increase in temperature there is seen an increase in the power output of solar cells and
vice versa.
42
Impact of Increasing Temp on Power for clean panel
45.000
40.000
35.000
30.000
25.000
Power
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
280.000 285.000 290.000 295.000 300.000 305.000 310.000 315.000 320.000 325.000 330.000
Temperature
Figure 40 Impact of Increasing Temp on Power for clean panel
Impact of Decreasing Temp on Power for clean panel

40.000
35.000
30.000
25.000
Power
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
230.000 240.000 250.000 260.000 270.000 280.000 290.000
Temperature
Figure 41 Impact of Decreasing Temp on Power for clean panel
43
The increase in humidity shows slight increase in power output while decrease in it depicts a
slight decrease in power for the months of January and February.
Impact of Increasing Humidity on Power for clean panel

37.500
37.000
36.500
36.000
35.500
Power
35.000
34.500
34.000
33.500
33.000
32.500
50.000 51.000 52.000 53.000 54.000 55.000 56.000 57.000 58.000 59.000
Humidity
Figure 42 Impact of Increasing Humidity on Power for clean panel
Impact of Decreasing Humidity on Power for clean panel

34.500
34.000
33.500
33.000
32.500
Power
32.000
31.500
31.000
30.500
30.000
42.000 43.000 44.000 45.000 46.000 47.000 48.000 49.000 50.000 51.000 52.000
Humidity
Figure 43 Impact of Decreasing Humidity on Power for clean panel
44
For unclean panel wind speed increment or decrement had a negligible impact on the power
output as shown in graphs.
Impact of Increasing Wind on Power for unclean panel

31.200
31.124
31.100 31.076
31.000 30.974
Po wer
30.900
30.805
30.800
30.700
30.600
1.300 1.350 1.400 1.450 1.500 1.550 1.600
Wind
Figure 44 Impact of Increasing Wind on Power for unclean panel
Impact of Decreasing Wind on Power for unclean panel

31.450
31.389
31.400
31.350
31.300 31.265
31.250
Power
31.200 31.173
31.150 31.124
31.100
31.050
31.000
30.950
1.100 1.150 1.200 1.250 1.300 1.350 1.400
Wind
Figure 45 Impact of Decreasing Wind on Power for unclean panel
Temperature has a considerable impact on the power output of unclean panel. The variation of
power with an increase and decrease of temperature is shown in graphs.
45
Impact of Increasing Temperature on Power for unclean panel
50.000
43.546
45.000
40.000 36.990
35.000 33.016
31.124
30.000
Power
25.000
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
280.000 285.000 290.000 295.000 300.000 305.000 310.000 315.000 320.000 325.000 330.000
Temperature
Figure 46 Impact of Increasing Temperature on Power for unclean panel
Impact of Decreasing Temperature on Power for unclean panel

35.000
31.124
29.232
30.000
25.637
25.000
20.784
20.000
Po wer
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
230.000 240.000 250.000 260.000 270.000 280.000 290.000
Temperature
Figure 47 Impact of Decreasing Temperature on Power for unclean panel
The increase in humidity shows a very negligible increase in the power output and vice versa.
46
Impact of Increasing Humidity on Power for unclean panel
36.000
34.818
35.000
34.000
32.868
33.000
Po wer
32.000 31.687
31.124
31.000
30.000
29.000
50.000 51.000 52.000 53.000 54.000 55.000 56.000 57.000 58.000 59.000
Humidity
Figure 48 Impact of Increasing Humidity on Power for unclean panel
Impact of Decreasing Humidity on Power for unclean panel

31.500 31.124
31.000
30.562
30.500
30.000
29.493
29.500
Power
29.000
28.500
28.049
28.000
27.500
27.000
26.500
42.000 43.000 44.000 45.000 46.000 47.000 48.000 49.000 50.000 51.000 52.000
Humidity
Figure 49 Impact of Decreasing Humidity on Power for unclean panel
For the months of March and April:
For the months of March and April we have the following results:
Optimum
Mar April Clean Avg. Wind 0.556 2.570

speed (m/s)
47
Avg. Humidity
(%) 0.000 44.900
Avg.
Temperature
(K) 0.000 310.000
Avg.
-
Power(Watts) 51.900
Avg. Wind
speed (m/s) 0.161 2.570
Avg. Humidity
(%) 0.017 44.900
Unclean
Avg. Power
-
(Watts) 45.953
Avg.
Temperature
(K) 0.037 310.000
Table 4 Summary of values of months of March and April
On observing the results for the months of March and April significance of independent variables
is like that of the preceding months of January and February. However, the optimum values are
the highest as compared to the other months which exhibits that the spring season of the year
seems to be the best for solar energy production.
For clean panel in these months the regression equation is given as:
Avg. Power = 10.7 + 0.190 Avg. Wind speed + 0.1993 Avg. Temperature

- 0.4693 Avg. Humidity
For Unclean it is:
Avg. Power = 36.4 + 0.028 Avg. Wind speed + 0.0903 Avg. Temperature

48
The impact of wind speed for the months of march and April for both clean and unclean panels is
found out to be negligible in this study.

47.110 47.101
47.100
47.090
47.080
47.070 47.067
Po wer
47.060
47.050 47.046
47.040 47.036
47.030
47.020
47.010
47.000
1.020 1.040 1.060 1.080 1.100 1.120 1.140 1.160 1.180 1.200 1.220
Wind

47.050
47.040 47.036
47.030 47.026
47.020
47.007
47.010
Po wer
47.000
46.990 46.982
46.980
46.970
46.960
46.950
0.860 0.880 0.900 0.920 0.940 0.960 0.980 1.000 1.020 1.040 1.060
Wind
49
42.656
42.654
42.654
42.652
42.650 42.649
42.648
Power
42.646
42.646
42.644
42.644
42.642
42.640
42.638
1.020 1.040 1.060 1.080 1.100 1.120 1.140 1.160 1.180 1.200 1.220
Wind

42.646
42.644
42.644
42.643
42.642
42.640
42.640
Po wer
42.638
42.636
42.636
42.634
42.632
0.860 0.880 0.900 0.920 0.940 0.960 0.980 1.000 1.020 1.040 1.060
Wind
For clean panel temperature has a significant impact when it is increased it results in
considerable increased in power and vice versa. Whereas, for unclean panel slight increase in
power output is experienced with the increase in temperature.
50
Impact of Increasing Temperature on Power for clean panel
80.000
70.000 66.736
60.000 56.339
50.037
50.000 47.036
Power
40.000
30.000
20.000
10.000
0.000
290.000 300.000 310.000 320.000 330.000 340.000 350.000
Temperature
Figure 54 Impact of Increasing Temperature on Power for clean panel
Impact of Decreasing Temperature on Power for clean panel

50.000 47.036
44.035
45.000
40.000 38.334
35.000
30.637
30.000
Power
25.000
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
250.000 260.000 270.000 280.000 290.000 300.000 310.000
Temperature
Figure 55 Impact of Decreasing Temperature on Power for clean panel
51
60.000
51.570
50.000 46.859
42.644 44.004
40.000
30.000
Power
20.000
10.000
0.000
290.000 300.000 310.000 320.000 330.000 340.000 350.000
Temperature

45.000 42.644
41.285
38.701
40.000
35.214
35.000
30.000
25.000
Power
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
250.000 260.000 270.000 280.000 290.000 300.000 310.000
Temperature
52
For clean panel the increase in humidity results in decrease in power output and increase in
power output when the humidity is decreased while the other two variables are kept constant.
Similar trend is observed for the unclean panels as well for the months of March and April.

48.000 47.036
45.842
46.000
44.000 43.335
42.000
Power
40.000 39.198
38.000
36.000
34.000
50.000 51.000 52.000 53.000 54.000 55.000 56.000 57.000 58.000 59.000
Humidity
53
56.000
54.000 53.560
52.000
50.498
50.000
Power
48.230
48.000 47.036
46.000
44.000
42.000
42.000 43.000 44.000 45.000 46.000 47.000 48.000 49.000 50.000 51.000 52.000
Humidity

44.000
42.644
42.000 41.595
40.000 39.393
Power
38.000
35.758
36.000
34.000
32.000
50.000 51.000 52.000 53.000 54.000 55.000 56.000 57.000 58.000 59.000
Humidity
54
49.000 48.376
48.000
47.000
46.000 45.686
45.000
Power
43.693
44.000
43.000 42.644
42.000
41.000
40.000
39.000
42.000 43.000 44.000 45.000 46.000 47.000 48.000 49.000 50.000 51.000 52.000
Humidity
For the Months of May and June:
The results obtained for the months of May and June are given as:
Optimum
May June Avg. Wind

speed (m/s) 0.439 4.112
Avg. Humidity
(%) 0.091 56.000
Clean
Avg.
Temperature
(K) 0.017 322.000
Avg.
-
Power(Watts) 50.567
Unclean Avg. Wind

speed (m/s) 0.603 0.000
Avg. Humidity
(%) 0.047 56.000
Avg. Power - 45.392

(Watts)
55
Avg.
Temperature
(K) 0.024 310.000
Table 5 Summary of values of months of May and June
For the hot dry months of May and June wind speed is statistically insignificant while ambient
temperature and humidity are statistically significant. The 2nd highest optimum values obtained in
these months, after the maximum values obtained in spring season.
The regression equation for clean panel in this season is:
Avg. Power = -76.2 + 0.244 Avg. Wind speed + 0.347 Avg. Temperature

+ 0.333 Avg. Humidity
For unclean panel it is given by:
Avg. Power = 146.8 - 0.218 Avg. Wind speed - 0.416 Avg. Temperature

+ 0.492 Avg. Humidity
When sensitivity analysis is conducted wind speed variation shows a negligible impact on the
power output for both clean and unclean panels.
56
51.750
51.703
51.700
51.650 51.631
Power
51.600 51.587
51.566
51.550
51.500
51.450
1.700 1.750 1.800 1.850 1.900 1.950 2.000
Wind

51.580 51.566
51.560 51.545
51.540
51.520 51.506
51.500
Power
51.480
51.460 51.452
51.440
51.420
51.400
51.380
1.400 1.450 1.500 1.550 1.600 1.650 1.700 1.750
Wind
57
40.600
40.559
40.550 40.541
40.501
40.500
Power
40.450 40.437
40.400
40.350
1.700 1.750 1.800 1.850 1.900 1.950 2.000
Wind
58
40.680
40.661
40.660
40.640
40.620 40.613
40.600
Po wer
40.578
40.580
40.559
40.560
40.540
40.520
40.500
1.400 1.450 1.500 1.550 1.600 1.650 1.700 1.750
Wind
For clean panel in the month of May and June the considerable increment in temperature shows a
considerable increment in power and reduction in temperature shows a decrease in power output.
While for unclean panel the increase in temperature shows a considerable decrement in the
power output and decrease in temperature shows a considerable increase in it. The results are
shown in the following graphs.

100.000
87.628
90.000
80.000
68.595
70.000
57.059
60.000 51.566
Power
50.000
40.000
30.000
20.000
10.000
0.000
310.000 320.000 330.000 340.000 350.000 360.000 370.000
Temperature
59
60.000
51.566
50.000 46.073
40.000 35.636
Power
30.000
21.547
20.000
10.000
0.000
260.000 270.000 280.000 290.000 300.000 310.000 320.000
Temperature

45.000
40.559
40.000
33.974
35.000
30.000
25.000
20.145
Power
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000 -2.673
310.000 320.000 330.000 340.000 350.000 360.000 370.000
-5.000
Temperature
60
90.000
80.000 76.548
70.000
59.657
60.000
50.000 47.144
Power
40.559
40.000
30.000
20.000
10.000
0.000
260.000 270.000 280.000 290.000 300.000 310.000 320.000
Temperature
Increment in the values of humidity while keeping the other two variables constant results in a
slight increase in the power output and vice versa for both clean and unclean panels.

58.000 57.307
57.000
56.000
55.000 54.277
54.000
Po wer
53.000 52.441
52.000 51.566
51.000
50.000
49.000
48.000
52.000 53.000 54.000 55.000 56.000 57.000 58.000 59.000 60.000 61.000
Humidity
61
52.000 51.566
51.000 50.692
50.000
49.030
49.000
Po wer
48.000
46.788
47.000
46.000
45.000
44.000
44.000 45.000 46.000 47.000 48.000 49.000 50.000 51.000 52.000 53.000
Humidity

60.000
49.041
50.000
44.564
40.559 41.851
40.000
Power
30.000
20.000
10.000
0.000
52.000 53.000 54.000 55.000 56.000 57.000 58.000 59.000 60.000 61.000
Humidity
62
45.000
40.559
39.267
40.000 36.813
35.000 33.499
30.000
25.000
Po wer
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
44.000 45.000 46.000 47.000 48.000 49.000 50.000 51.000 52.000 53.000
Humidity
For the Months of July and August:
The study in the months of July and August revealed the following results:
Optimum
July August Avg. Wind

speed (m/s) 0.163 10.000
Avg. Humidity
(%) 0.002 74.500
Clean
Avg.
Temperature
(K) 0.533 316.150
Avg.
-
Power(Watts) 47.600
Unclean Avg. Wind

speed (m/s) 0.464 0.000
Avg. Humidity
(%) 0.000 36.000
Avg. Power - 43.742

(Watts)
63
Avg.
Temperature
(K) 0.347 300.150
Table 6 Summary of values of months of July and August
For the months of July and August which are hot and humid the results shows that average
humidity is statistically significant variable while average temperature and wind speed are
insignificant in these two months. The optimum values obtained for these months are third
highest in the year.
Regression equation for clean panel
Avg. Power = 6.4 + 0.432Wind Speed + 0.082 Avg. Temp + 0.1473 Avg. Humidity
Regression equation for unclean panel
Avg. Power = 73.1 - 0.166 Avg. Wind speed - 0.0512 Avg. Temperature

Sensitivity analysis reveals that for the months of july and August wind speed variation has a
negligible impact on the power output for both clean and unclean panels.
64
41.600
41.534
41.500
41.400
41.338
41.300
Po wer
41.219
41.200 41.162
41.100
41.000
40.900
2.600 2.650 2.700 2.750 2.800 2.850 2.900 2.950 3.000 3.050
Wind

41.200 41.162
41.150 41.105
41.100
41.050
40.998
41.000
40.950
Power
40.900
40.852
40.850
40.800
40.750
40.700
40.650
2.200 2.250 2.300 2.350 2.400 2.450 2.500 2.550 2.600 2.650
Wind
65
33.000
32.990
32.990
32.981
32.980
32.970 32.961
32.960
32.950
Power
32.940
32.929
32.930
32.920
32.910
32.900
32.890
1.100 1.120 1.140 1.160 1.180 1.200 1.220 1.240 1.260 1.280 1.300
Wind

33.050
33.040
33.040
33.030
33.020 33.017
33.010
Power
32.999
33.000
32.990
32.990
32.980
32.970
32.960
0.900 0.950 1.000 1.050 1.100 1.150
Wind
66
For clean panel the increase in the value of temperature results in a slight increase in the value of
power output and vice versa as depicted by graphs. On the other hand the increment in
temperature shows a slight decrease in power output and decrease in temperature results in the
increase in power output.

60.000
49.429
50.000 45.066
41.162 42.421
40.000
Po wer
30.000
20.000
10.000
0.000
300.000 310.000 320.000 330.000 340.000 350.000 360.000
Temperature

45.000
41.162
39.903
40.000 37.510
34.281
35.000
30.000
25.000
Power
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500 4.000 4.500 5.000 5.500
Temperature
67
34.000
32.990
33.000
32.209
32.000
31.000 30.568
30.000
Power
29.000
27.861
28.000
27.000
26.000
25.000
300.000 310.000 320.000 330.000 340.000 350.000 360.000
Temperature

38.000
37.259
37.000
36.000
35.255
35.000
Po wer
33.771
34.000
32.990
33.000
32.000
31.000
30.000
250.000 260.000 270.000 280.000 290.000 300.000 310.000
Temperature
68
For clean panel increase in humidity shows a very slight increase in power output and vice versa.
For unclean panel the increase in humidity shows a slight decrease in power output and vice
versa. This change for unclean panel is more than that observed for clean panel.

44.500
43.934
44.000
43.500
43.000
42.471
42.500
Po wer
42.000 41.584
41.500 41.162
41.000
40.500
40.000
39.500
56.000 58.000 60.000 62.000 64.000 66.000 68.000
Humidity

41.500
41.162
41.000 40.740
40.500
39.938
40.000
Po wer
39.500
39.000 38.855
38.500
38.000
37.500
48.000 49.000 50.000 51.000 52.000 53.000 54.000 55.000 56.000 57.000 58.000
Humidity
69
35.000 32.990
31.775
29.223
30.000
25.013
25.000
20.000
Po wer
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
62.000 64.000 66.000 68.000 70.000 72.000 74.000
Humidity

45.000
39.630
40.000 36.514
34.205
35.000 32.990
30.000
25.000
Power
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
52.000 54.000 56.000 58.000 60.000 62.000 64.000
Humidity
70
For the months of September and October:
Results for the last two months of September and October are:
Optimum
Avg. Wind
speed (m/s) 0.129 0.000
Avg. Humidity
(%) 0.001 69.000
Clean
Avg.
Temperature
(K) 0.030 312.000
Avg.
-
Power(Watts) 43.771
Sept Oct
Avg. Wind
speed (m/s) 0.219 0.000
Avg. Humidity
(%) 0.011 69.000
Unclean
Avg. Power
-
(Watts) 312.000
Avg.
Temperature
(K) 0.067 41.071
Table 7 Summary of values of months of Sept and Oct
For these months it is evident from the p-values that Humidity and Temperature are significant
variables while wind speed is insignificant. The optimum values obtained are higher than the
lowest valued months of January and February.
Regression equation for clean panel:
Power = 8.6 + 0.0372 Avg Relative Humidity - 1.506 Avg Wind Speed

+ 0.1045 Avg temp.
71
Regression equation for unclean panel:
Power = 8.6 + 0.0372 Avg Relative Humidity - 1.506 Avg Wind Speed

+ 0.1045 Avg temp
Upon conducting sensitivity analysis for the months of September and October for wind speed
variation, negligible impact of wind is observed on power output for both clean and unclean
panels.

40.900
40.831
40.800 40.776
40.700 40.661
40.600
Po wer
40.500 40.470
40.400
40.300
40.200
0.720 0.740 0.760 0.780 0.800 0.820 0.840 0.860
Wind
72
41.200
41.150 41.132
41.100
41.050
40.991
41.000
40.950
Po wer
40.886
40.900
40.850 40.831
40.800
40.750
40.700
40.650
0.600 0.620 0.640 0.660 0.680 0.700 0.720 0.740
Wind

38.100
37.983
38.000
37.922
37.900
37.795
37.800
Po wer
37.700
37.585
37.600
37.500
37.400
37.300
0.720 0.740 0.760 0.780 0.800 0.820 0.840 0.860
Wind
73
38.350 38.314
38.300
38.250
38.200 38.158
38.150
38.100
Power
38.043
38.050
38.000 37.983
37.950
37.900
37.850
37.800
0.600 0.620 0.640 0.660 0.680 0.700 0.720 0.740
Wind
For both clean and unclean panels increase in temperature results in slight increase in power
output while the decrement in power results in slight decrease.

60.000
51.144
50.000 45.701
40.831 42.402
40.000
Power
30.000
20.000
10.000
0.000
290.000 300.000 310.000 320.000 330.000 340.000 350.000
Temperature
74
45.000
40.831
39.260
40.000 36.276
35.000 32.247
30.000
25.000
Power
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
250.000 260.000 270.000 280.000 290.000 300.000 310.000
Temperature

60.000
48.315
50.000
42.861
37.983 39.556
40.000
Power
30.000
20.000
10.000
0.000
290.000 300.000 310.000 320.000 330.000 340.000 350.000
Temperature
75
40.000 37.983
36.409
35.000 33.419
29.382
30.000
25.000
Power
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
250.000 260.000 270.000 280.000 290.000 300.000 310.000
Temperature
For clean panel in the months of September and October iit si observed that the variation in
humidity yields a negligible impact on power output while the oother two independent variables
are kept constant. Same is observed for unclean panel as well.

41.600
41.460
41.400
41.200 41.128
Power
41.000 40.927
40.831
40.800
40.600
40.400
51.000 52.000 53.000 54.000 55.000 56.000 57.000 58.000 59.000 60.000
Humidity
76
40.900 40.831
40.800 40.736
40.700
40.600 40.554
40.500
Po wer
40.400
40.308
40.300
40.200
40.100
40.000
43.000 44.000 45.000 46.000 47.000 48.000 49.000 50.000 51.000 52.000
Humidity

38.800
38.645
38.600
38.400
38.295
Po wer
38.200
38.084
37.983
38.000
37.800
37.600
51.000 52.000 53.000 54.000 55.000 56.000 57.000 58.000 59.000 60.000
Humidity
77
38.100
37.983
38.000
37.882
37.900
37.800
37.690
37.700
Po wer
37.600
37.500 37.431
37.400
37.300
37.200
37.100
43.000 44.000 45.000 46.000 47.000 48.000 49.000 50.000 51.000 52.000
Humidity
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Annexure-A
Avg. Wind Speed

Avg. Temperature Avg. Humidity
Date (Meter per Avg. Power (Watt)
(Kelvin) (%age)
Second)
1-Mar-18 0.514 292.75 56.5 43.2
2-Mar-18 1.028 292.9 54 42.8
3-Mar-18 0.514 293.1 55.2 41.1
4-Mar-18 0.514 293.55 55.6 44.4
5-Mar-18 1.056 293.8 55.8 43.5
6-Mar-18 1.028 293.6 56.1 43.1
7-Mar-18 2.570 294.25 54.2 46.2
80
8-Mar-18 1.028 294.5 54.1 48.2
9-Mar-18 1.542 294.8 53.8 46.7
10-Mar-18 1.542 294.9 53.5 43.2
11-Mar-18 2.056 295.2 53.1 46.2
12-Mar-18 1.542 295.3 53.5 41.3
13-Mar-18 0.514 295.5 52.7 45.5
14-Mar-18 1.542 295.7 52.9 43
15-Mar-18 0.514 295.9 52.3 41.2
16-Mar-18 0.514 296 51.9 38.9
17-Mar-18 0.514 296.1 51.8 47.7
18-Mar-18 0.514 295.8 51.6 44.3
19-Mar-18 1.542 296.2 52.6 45.6
20-Mar-18 1.028 296.5 53 47.1
21-Mar-18 1.028 297.1 50.1 40.6
22-Mar-18 1.542 296.15 49.5 42.5
23-Mar-18 0.514 296.25 46.6 42.9
24-Mar-18 0.514 297.25 47.1 42.1
25-Mar-18 1.056 298.75 45.1 42.8
26-Mar-18 1.028 297.5 46.5 47.1
27-Mar-18 0.514 298.75 47.7 47.5
28-Mar-18 1.028 302.23 46.3 47.9
29-Mar-18 1.542 302.75 47.8 47.5
30-Mar-18 0.514 303.65 45.2 44.5
31-Mar-18 1.028 304 46.3 43.4
1-Apr-18 2.056 305 55.6 45.2
81
2-Apr-18 1.028 307 54.5 46.7
3-Apr-18 0.514 304 55 47.2
4-Apr-18 0.514 306 57 45.1
5-Apr-18 2.056 301 54 46.2
6-Apr-18 0.514 300 53.5 47.1
7-Apr-18 1.028 304 54.5 45.6
8-Apr-18 1.028 306 53.8 45.8
9-Apr-18 0.514 305 54.3 46.2
10-Apr-18 0.514 304 52.2 46.4
11-Apr-18 2.056 305 51.2 47.1
12-Apr-18 1.028 306 51.8 46.5
13-Apr-18 0.514 305 50.5 44.9
14-Apr-18 0.514 302 51 45.7
15-Apr-18 1.028 303 52 46.2
16-Apr-18 1.542 306 51 47.3
17-Apr-18 1.028 307 49.5 48.1
18-Apr-18 0.514 307 50 48.3
19-Apr-18 0.514 307 48 48.7
20-Apr-18 2.056 308 48.2 48.6
21-Apr-18 1.028 306 47 49.1
22-Apr-18 1.542 307 46.5 50.5
23-Apr-18 0.514 309 47 51.1
24-Apr-18 1.028 308 45.9 51.7
25-Apr-18 1.542 307 45.1 53.3
26-Apr-18 1.542 307.5 44.9 52.5
82
27-Apr-18 0.514 308 46.7 52.1
28-Apr-18 0.514 309 47.1 51.1
29-Apr-18 1.056 310 46.2 50.9
30-Apr-18 1.542 309 47.2 51.2

Table 8 March April Mono crystalline clean data
Avg. Wind Speed Avg.

Avg. Humidity
Date (Meter per Temperature Avg. Power (Watt)
(%age)
Second) (Kelvin)
1-Mar-18 0.514 292.75 56.5 40.2
2-Mar-18 1.028 292.9 54 40
3-Mar-18 0.514 293.1 55.2 39.1
4-Mar-18 0.514 293.55 55.6 38.2
5-Mar-18 1.056 293.8 55.8 41.6
6-Mar-18 1.028 293.6 56.1 36.1
7-Mar-18 2.570 294.25 54.2 41.3
8-Mar-18 1.028 294.5 54.1 44.3
9-Mar-18 1.542 294.8 53.8 42.3
10-Mar-18 1.542 294.9 53.5 40.3
11-Mar-18 2.056 295.2 53.1 43.3
12-Mar-18 1.542 295.3 53.5 35.5
13-Mar-18 0.514 295.5 52.7 42.3
14-Mar-18 1.542 295.7 52.9 37.1
15-Mar-18 0.514 295.9 52.3 34.4
16-Mar-18 0.514 296 51.9 35.6
17-Mar-18 0.514 296.1 51.8 41.1
83
18-Mar-18 0.514 295.8 51.6 42.3
19-Mar-18 1.542 296.2 52.6 39.9
20-Mar-18 1.028 296.5 53 43.1
21-Mar-18 1.028 297.1 50.1 36.9
22-Mar-18 1.542 296.15 49.5 37.7
23-Mar-18 0.514 296.25 46.6 38.2
24-Mar-18 0.514 297.25 47.1 39.1
25-Mar-18 1.056 298.75 45.1 35.9
26-Mar-18 1.028 297.5 46.5 42.2
27-Mar-18 0.514 298.75 47.7 41.6
28-Mar-18 1.028 302.23 46.3 43.2
29-Mar-18 1.542 302.75 47.8 36.5
30-Mar-18 0.514 303.65 45.2 36.9
31-Mar-18 1.028 304 46.3 37.2
1-Apr-18 2.056 305 55.6 39.2
2-Apr-18 1.028 307 54.5 41.4
3-Apr-18 0.514 304 55 42.6
4-Apr-18 0.514 306 57 39.7
5-Apr-18 2.056 301 54 42.5
6-Apr-18 0.514 300 53.5 43.6
7-Apr-18 1.028 304 54.5 40.8
8-Apr-18 1.028 306 53.8 40.5
9-Apr-18 0.514 305 54.3 41.6
10-Apr-18 0.514 304 52.2 42.3
11-Apr-18 2.056 305 51.2 42.4
84
12-Apr-18 1.028 306 51.8 43.1
13-Apr-18 0.514 305 50.5 37.8
14-Apr-18 0.514 302 51 38.2
15-Apr-18 1.028 303 52 41.8
16-Apr-18 1.542 306 51 41.9
17-Apr-18 1.028 307 49.5 43.2
18-Apr-18 0.514 307 50 43.8
19-Apr-18 0.514 307 48 44.1
20-Apr-18 2.056 308 48.2 43.7
21-Apr-18 1.028 306 47 44.5
22-Apr-18 1.542 307 46.5 44.8
23-Apr-18 0.514 309 47 45.4
24-Apr-18 1.028 308 45.9 45.8
25-Apr-18 1.542 307 45.1 46.2
26-Apr-18 1.542 307.5 44.9 46.9
27-Apr-18 0.514 308 46.7 46.6
28-Apr-18 0.514 309 47.1 45.9
29-Apr-18 1.056 310 46.2 45.5
30-Apr-18 1.542 309 47.2 45.3
Table 9 March April Mono crystalline unclean data
85
Avg. Wind
Date Speed (Meter Avg. Power (Watt)
(Kelvin) (%age)
per Second)
1-May-18 0.514 314.00 50 50.9
2-May-18 2.056 316.00 51 47.9
3-May-18 2.056 318.00 56 46.2
4-May-18 3.084 319.00 54 47.5
5-May-18 1.542 310.00 52 45.7
6-May-18 3.084 320.00 50 46
7-May-18 0.514 314.00 50 52.2
8-May-18 3.598 315.00 51 52.2
9-May-18 2.056 313.00 50 49.9
10-May-18 1.542 316.00 51 50.6
11-May-18 3.598 317.00 52 48.3
12-May-18 0 315.00 51 49.3
13-May-18 1.542 313.00 50 48.6
14-May-18 3.598 315.00 52 45.1
15-May-18 0 319.00 54 47
16-May-18 0 315.00 55 49
17-May-18 0 315.00 51 51
18-May-18 0 319.00 52 49.6
19-May-18 1 314.00 53 47.3
20-May-18 1.542 313.00 51 52.7
21-May-18 2.056 312.00 50 48.2
86
22-May-18 3.598 317.00 51 48.6
23-May-18 1.542 318.00 53 52.9
24-May-18 1.542 320.00 54 52
25-May-18 2.056 315.00 55 49.5
26-May-18 1.542 313.00 56 54.4
27-May-18 0 315.00 54 50.2
28-May-18 0.514 314.00 51 50.9
29-May-18 0 318.00 52 46.9
30-May-18 2.056 319.00 53 48.5
1-Jun-18 3.598 319.00 54 54.2
2-Jun-18 1.542 313.00 54 51.9
3-Jun-18 0.514 315.00 51 52.5
4-Jun-18 1.028 317.00 52 49.9
5-Jun-18 2.056 313.00 53 52.5
6-Jun-18 3.598 314.00 51 54.2
7-Jun-18 2.056 317.00 52 57.4
8-Jun-18 1.028 319.00 55 54.2
9-Jun-18 0.514 318.00 56 56.2
10-Jun-18 3.598 319.00 51 56.8
11-Jun-18 2.056 318.00 54 53.8
12-Jun-18 0.514 312.00 50 49.3
13-Jun-18 0.514 316.00 50 49.5
14-Jun-18 2.57 318.00 52 49.4
15-Jun-18 1.542 319.00 53 53.4
16-Jun-18 3.598 320.00 52 49.4
87
17-Jun-18 2.056 318.00 50 51
18-Jun-18 2.056 317.00 55 52.3
19-Jun-18 3.598 319.00 56 52.4
20-Jun-18 1.542 319.00 56 55.2
21-Jun-18 2.57 320.00 54 54.5
22-Jun-18 0.514 315.00 51 52.2
23-Jun-18 1.542 317.00 53 56.3
24-Jun-18 1.542 319.00 55 54.6
25-Jun-18 1.028 318.00 51 53.9
26-Jun-18 2.056 320.00 52 51.8
27-Jun-18 1.028 322.00 51 56.7
28-Jun-18 1.542 321.00 56 55.1
29-Jun-18 3.598 317.00 52 56.7
30-Jun-18 1.542 316.00 54 57.1

Table 10 May June Mono crystalline clean data
88
Avg. Wind Speed
Date (Meter per Avg. Power (Watt)
(Kelvin) (%age)
Second)
1-May-18 0.514 314.00 50 42.6
2-May-18 2.056 316.00 51 39
3-May-18 2.056 318.00 56 39.68
4-May-18 3.084 319.00 54 37.7
5-May-18 1.542 310.00 52 43.89
6-May-18 3.084 320.00 50 42.56
7-May-18 0.514 314.00 50 39.15
8-May-18 3.598 315.00 51 37
9-May-18 2.056 313.00 50 39.42
10-May-18 1.542 316.00 51 37
11-May-18 3.598 317.00 52 37.44
12-May-18 0 315.00 51 26.4
13-May-18 1.542 313.00 50 37
14-May-18 3.598 315.00 52 32.376
15-May-18 0 319.00 54 31.95
16-May-18 0 315.00 55 32.376
17-May-18 0 315.00 51 30.24
18-May-18 0 319.00 52 37
19-May-18 1 314.00 53 29.82
20-May-18 1.542 313.00 51 42.56
21-May-18 2.056 312.00 50 39.36
22-May-18 3.598 317.00 51 38.28
89
23-May-18 1.542 318.00 53 43.23
24-May-18 1.542 320.00 54 32.34
25-May-18 2.056 315.00 55 41.4
26-May-18 1.542 313.00 56 32.34
27-May-18 0 315.00 54 32.518
28-May-18 0.514 314.00 51 42.6
29-May-18 0 318.00 52 39
30-May-18 2.056 319.00 53 39.68
1-Jun-18 3.598 319.00 54 42.24
2-Jun-18 1.542 313.00 54 44.2
3-Jun-18 0.514 315.00 51 44.54
4-Jun-18 1.028 317.00 52 43.56
5-Jun-18 2.056 313.00 53 44.95
6-Jun-18 3.598 314.00 51 48.84
7-Jun-18 2.056 317.00 52 46.72
8-Jun-18 1.028 319.00 55 44.4
9-Jun-18 0.514 318.00 56 43.2
10-Jun-18 3.598 319.00 51 42.24
11-Jun-18 2.056 318.00 54 45.88
12-Jun-18 0.514 312.00 50 46.86
13-Jun-18 0.514 316.00 50 37.18
14-Jun-18 2.57 318.00 52 41.18
15-Jun-18 1.542 319.00 53 43.2
16-Jun-18 3.598 320.00 52 41.44
17-Jun-18 2.056 318.00 50 35.5
90
18-Jun-18 2.056 317.00 55 44.4
19-Jun-18 3.598 319.00 56 43.2
20-Jun-18 1.542 319.00 56 40.92
21-Jun-18 2.57 320.00 54 37
22-Jun-18 0.514 315.00 51 38.34
23-Jun-18 1.542 317.00 53 38.61
24-Jun-18 1.542 319.00 55 36.92
25-Jun-18 1.028 318.00 51 38.88
26-Jun-18 2.056 320.00 52 38.34
27-Jun-18 1.028 322.00 51 37.7
28-Jun-18 1.542 321.00 56 35.84
29-Jun-18 3.598 317.00 52 35.1
30-Jun-18 1.542 316.00 54 35.84

Table 11 May June Mono crystalline unclean data
Avg. Wind Speed

(Meter per
Avg. Humidity Avg. Temperature Second)
Date Avg. Power (Watt)
(%age) (Kelvin)
1-Jul-18 52 316.15 1 44.62
2-Jul-18 57 313.15 2 44.3
3-Jul-18 60 314.15 3 42.1
4-Jul-18 62 313.15 1 41.5
5-Jul-18 69 310.15 3 41.5
6-Jul-18 61.5 305.15 2 43.2
7-Jul-18 60.5 308.15 2 46.4
8-Jul-18 59 311.15 2 45.6
91
9-Jul-18 57.5 309.15 3 46.4
10-Jul-18 57.3 309.15 3 45.3
11-Jul-18 60.72 307.15 4 46.4
12-Jul-18 65.5 307.15 10 41.9
13-Jul-18 64.5 307.15 3 42.4
14-Jul-18 67.5 303.15 1 39.4
15-Jul-18 67.5 303.15 2 42.9
16-Jul-18 65 300.15 3 42.2
17-Jul-18 67 304.15 4 42.9
18-Jul-18 63.5 307.15 8 46.8
19-Jul-18 65.29 306.15 2 43.6
20-Jul-18 59.5 308.15 6 43.9
21-Jul-18 66.5 309.15 2 46.4
22-Jul-18 69 310.15 3 41.9
23-Jul-18 74.5 310.15 2 43.9
24-Jul-18 69.25 312.15 4 39.4
25-Jul-18 60 303.15 3 42.9
26-Jul-18 66 304.15 3 39.4
27-Jul-18 72 304.15 2 41.4
28-Jul-18 68 302.15 3 46.1
29-Jul-18 59 308.15 3 41.4
30-Jul-18 67 308.15 0 43.2
31-Jul-18 65 305.15 4 45.0
1-Aug-18 56 305.15 1.542 36.5
2-Aug-18 54 304.15 1 38.9
92
3-Aug-18 53 306.15 1.542 35.6
4-Aug-18 48 309.15 6 36.8
5-Aug-18 49 311.15 0.514 36.3
6-Aug-18 54 307.15 0 38.9
7-Aug-18 51 306.15 0.514 34.9
8-Aug-18 69 309.15 0.514 39.2
9-Aug-18 49 304.15 1 41.3
10-Aug-18 36 306.15 1 37.8
11-Aug-18 49 308.15 6 36.6
12-Aug-18 48 310.15 1 36.3
13-Aug-18 69 309.15 1.542 39.8
14-Aug-18 51 306.15 1.542 36.6
15-Aug-18 59 309.15 6 43.3
16-Aug-18 58 306.15 8 34.1
17-Aug-18 57 302.15 1 39.0
18-Aug-18 51 308.15 0.514 39.0
19-Aug-18 50 304.5 2.36 47.3
20-Aug-18 47.5 308.75 2.35 42.5
21-Aug-18 45 306.9 2.33 46.9
22-Aug-18 42.5 307.65 2.32 44.5
23-Aug-18 40 304 2.30 43.96
24-Aug-18 57.5 301.25 2.29 44.5
25-Aug-18 65 304.95 2.27 48.9
26-Aug-18 52.5 306.5 2.26 36.5
27-Aug-18 40 307.4 2.25 36.0
93
28-Aug-18 47.5 307.15 2.23 35.8
29-Aug-18 45 305.25 2.22 35.6
30-Aug-18 42.5 304.4 2.20 35.5
31-Aug-18 40 305.5 2.19 43.8

Table 12 July August Mono crystalline Clean Data
Avg.
Avg. Wind Speed Avg. Humidity
Date Temperature Avg. Power (Watt)
(Meter per Second) (%age)
(Kelvin)
1-Jul-18 0.514 304.15 54 36.1
2-Jul-18 1.028 306.75 57 34.6
3-Jul-18 1.542 306.8 60 34.2
4-Jul-18 0.514 307.6 62 33.6
5-Jul-18 1.542 305.75 69 33.9
6-Jul-18 1.028 305 61.5 34.2
7-Jul-18 1.028 301.75 60.5 35.6
8-Jul-18 0.514 303.25 59 36.1
9-Jul-18 1.542 307.5 57.5 35.4
10-Jul-18 1.542 307.75 57.3 36.9
11-Jul-18 2.056 307.3 60 34.7
12-Jul-18 2.056 300 65.5 33.5
13-Jul-18 1.542 301 64.5 32.1
14-Jul-18 0.514 303.9 67.5 31.9
15-Jul-18 0.514 306.5 67.5 32.5
16-Jul-18 1.028 308 65 33.1
17-Jul-18 1.542 305.75 67 31.5
18-Jul-18 1.028 306.1 63.5 33.2
94
19-Jul-18 1.028 303.9 62 31.9
20-Jul-18 1.542 305.35 59.5 34.6
21-Jul-18 1.028 306.75 66.5 32.6
22-Jul-18 0.514 305.5 63.9 32.9
23-Jul-18 1.028 306.25 67 33.2
24-Jul-18 0.514 307.25 65 31.3
25-Jul-18 1.542 306 60 32.6
26-Jul-18 1.542 307.25 66 31.6
27-Jul-18 1.028 303.25 63 31.4
28-Jul-18 1.542 304 61 32.5
29-Jul-18 0.514 303.8 59 35.6
30-Jul-18 1.542 303.5 67 31.6
31-Jul-18 0.514 304.15 65 32.5
1-Aug-18 0.514 306.2 67 30.6
2-Aug-18 1.028 308.1 66 31.9
3-Aug-18 0.514 305.5 67 30.6
4-Aug-18 1.028 301.1 62 31.1
5-Aug-18 2.056 302 64 32.4
6-Aug-18 1.028 304.6 63 32.6
7-Aug-18 0.514 305.2 65 32.5
8-Aug-18 1.028 306 59 33.4
9-Aug-18 1.028 304.6 58 35.6
10-Aug-18 1.542 309 62 33.2
11-Aug-18 1.028 308.75 63 32.2
12-Aug-18 1.542 306.9 65 31.6
95
13-Aug-18 1.542 307.65 61 33.3
14-Aug-18 0.514 304 63 32.2
15-Aug-18 0.514 301.25 66 31.8
16-Aug-18 1.542 304.95 64 31.4
17-Aug-18 0.514 306.5 65 32.4
18-Aug-18 1.028 307.5 62 31.7
19-Aug-18 1.542 307.15 58 35.6
20-Aug-18 1.028 305.25 57 36.2
21-Aug-18 2.056 304.4 62 31.8
22-Aug-18 1.542 305.5 64 30.1
23-Aug-18 1.028 304.1 63 32.2
24-Aug-18 0.514 305.85 64 32.1
25-Aug-18 0.514 305 59 33.6
26-Aug-18 1.542 301.35 63 33.3
27-Aug-18 0.514 301.24 62 33.5
28-Aug-18 2.056 303.3 61 33.2
29-Aug-18 1.028 302.6 64 31.7
30-Aug-18 1.542 306.1 58 34.8
31-Aug-18 0.514 306.8 57 35.1

Table 13 July August Mono crystalline unclean Data
Avg.
Avg. Wind Speed Avg. Temperature
Date Humidity Avg. Power (Watt)
(Meter per Second) (Kelvin)
(%age)
96
1-Sep-18 0.514 300.5 56 42.9
2-Sep-18 1 300.65 54 40.92
3-Sep-18 1.542 300.75 53 39
4-Sep-18 1 301.9 48 40.3
5-Sep-18 1 302 49 37.7
6-Sep-18 0 304.2 54 37.99
7-Sep-18 0.514 301.65 51 43.2
8-Sep-18 0 302.5 69 43.8
9-Sep-18 0.514 304.55 49 41.76
10-Sep-18 0 304.9 36 40.6
11-Sep-18 1 303.15 49 40.32
12-Sep-18 0 303.7 53 43.23
13-Sep-18 1.542 305.25 69 40.6
14-Sep-18 0.514 301.8 51 37.062
15-Sep-18 0 299.65 59 32.66
16-Sep-18 0 302.15 58 32.34
17-Sep-18 0 302.9 57 32.518
18-Sep-18 0 303.4 51 40.6
19-Sep-18 1 304.85 49 32.34
20-Sep-18 0.514 304.4 34 46.72
21-Sep-18 0.514 303.9 59 41.16
22-Sep-18 0.514 304.05 44 40.61
23-Sep-18 0.514 303.9 47 47.85
24-Sep-18 1.542 303.75 41 44.02
25-Sep-18 0.514 302.9 35 43.508
97
26-Sep-18 0.514 303.05 34 45.44
27-Sep-18 0 303.8 37 43.2
28-Sep-18 0.514 304.5 59 42.9
29-Sep-18 0 304.4 57 40.92
30-Sep-18 0.514 303.65 49 39
1-Oct-18 1.542 309 56 11.97
2-Oct-18 1 308.75 54 42.9
3-Oct-18 1.542 306.9 53 39.6
4-Oct-18 1.542 307.65 48 40.8
5-Oct-18 0.514 304 49 40.3
6-Oct-18 0 301.25 54 42.9
7-Oct-18 0.514 304.95 51 38.86
8-Oct-18 0.514 306.5 69 43.2
9-Oct-18 1 307.4 49 45.26
10-Oct-18 1 307.15 36 41.76
11-Oct-18 1 305.25 49 40.6
12-Oct-18 1 304.4 48 40.32
13-Oct-18 1.542 305.5 69 17.03
14-Oct-18 1.542 305 51 40.6
15-Oct-18 1.542 305.85 59 32.34
16-Oct-18 0.514 305 58 32.092
17-Oct-18 1 301.35 57 33.033
18-Oct-18 0.514 301.05 51 32.976
19-Oct-18 1.542 309 56 11.97
20-Oct-18 1 308.75 54 42.9
98
21-Oct-18 1.542 306.9 53 39.6
22-Oct-18 0.514 312 48 40.8
23-Oct-18 0.514 304.8 49 40.3
24-Oct-18 0 309.4 54 42.9
25-Oct-18 0.514 310.5 51 38.86
26-Oct-18 0.514 308 69 43.2
27-Oct-18 1 311.8 49 45.26
28-Oct-18 1 311.8 36 41.76
29-Oct-18 1.542 311.5 49 40.6
30-Oct-18 0.514 308.8 48 40.32

Table 14 Sept Oct Mono crystalline clean data
Avg.
Avg. Wind Speed Avg. Humidity
Date Temperature Avg. Power (Watt)
(Meter per Second) (%age)
(Kelvin)
1-Sep-18 0.514 300.5 56 42.6
2-Sep-18 1 300.65 54 39
3-Sep-18 1.542 300.75 53 39.68
4-Sep-18 1 301.9 48 37.7
5-Sep-18 1 302 49 43.89
6-Sep-18 0 304.2 54 42.56
7-Sep-18 0.514 301.65 51 39.15
8-Sep-18 0 302.5 69 37
9-Sep-18 0.514 304.55 49 39.42
10-Sep-18 0 304.9 36 37
11-Sep-18 1 303.15 49 37.44
99
12-Sep-18 0 303.7 53 26.4
13-Sep-18 1.542 305.25 69 37
14-Sep-18 0.514 301.8 51 32.376
15-Sep-18 0 299.65 59 31.95
16-Sep-18 0 302.15 58 32.376
17-Sep-18 0 302.9 57 30.24
18-Sep-18 0 303.4 51 37
19-Sep-18 1 304.85 49 29.82
20-Sep-18 0.514 304.4 34 42.56
21-Sep-18 0.514 303.9 59 39.36
22-Sep-18 0.514 304.05 44 38.28
23-Sep-18 0.514 303.9 47 43.23
24-Sep-18 1.542 303.75 41 32.34
25-Sep-18 0.514 302.9 35 41.4
26-Sep-18 0.514 303.05 34 32.34
27-Sep-18 0 303.8 37 32.518
28-Sep-18 0.514 304.5 59 42.6
29-Sep-18 0 304.4 57 39
30-Sep-18 0.514 303.65 49 39.68
1-Oct-18 1.542 309 56 9.17
2-Oct-18 1 308.75 54 40.3
3-Oct-18 1.542 306.9 53 39.3
4-Oct-18 1.542 307.65 48 37.99
5-Oct-18 0.514 304 49 37.7
6-Oct-18 0 301.25 54 40.92
100
7-Oct-18 0.514 304.95 51 42.56
8-Oct-18 0.514 306.5 69 39.15
9-Oct-18 1 307.4 49 41.44
10-Oct-18 1 307.15 36 39.42
11-Oct-18 1 305.25 49 37
12-Oct-18 1 304.4 48 37.44
13-Oct-18 1.542 305.5 69 13.2
14-Oct-18 1.542 305 51 37
15-Oct-18 1.542 305.85 59 31.464
16-Oct-18 0.514 305 58 31.46
17-Oct-18 1 301.35 57 32.376
18-Oct-18 0.514 301.05 51 32.688
19-Oct-18 1.542 309 56 9.17
20-Oct-18 1 308.75 54 40.3
21-Oct-18 1.542 306.9 53 39.3
22-Oct-18 0.514 312 48 37.99
23-Oct-18 0.514 304.8 49 37.7
24-Oct-18 0 309.4 54 40.92
25-Oct-18 0.514 310.5 51 42.56
26-Oct-18 0.514 308 69 39.15
27-Oct-18 1 311.8 49 41.44
28-Oct-18 1 311.8 36 39.42
29-Oct-18 1.542 311.5 49 37
30-Oct-18 0.514 308.8 48 37.44

Table 15 Sept Oct Mono crystalline unclean data
101
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Optimization and Sensitivity Analysis of Mono Crystalline Solar

Photovoltaic cells under Lahore Climatic Conditions

Department of Mechanical Engineering

A Thesis Report Submitted to the Department

of Master of Science in Mechanical Design

I certify that the above statement is correct.

Dr. Awais A. Khan Date

Department of Mechanical Engineering

The production of electricity through renewable energy resources in Pakistan is gaining

Sun light comprises of three types of radiations

Figure 1 Solar spectrum[9]

2.2. Photovoltaic Phenomena

2.3. Types of solar cells:

2.4. Equations of solar cells:

The power extracted from PV cell is given by:

P= Voltage * Current= V*I (2)

ᾐ= ᾐ Tref [1 - βTref (Tc - Tref)] (3)

3. Objectives and Achievement:

Figure 1 Process of research

Collection and Analyzation of

Cleaned Daily Un-cleaned

Volt and ampere meters Charge Controller

1-Jan-18 0.514 281.4 56.0 36.6

2-Jan-18 2.056 275.9 53.0 34.3

3-Jan-18 2.056 279.6 55.0 32.2

4-Jan-18 1.542 278.5 50.0 31.6

6-Jan-18 2.056 277.6 49.0 33.2

7-Jan-18 0.514 281.3 46.0 36.1

8-Jan-18 0.514 278.6 47.0 35.2

9-Jan-18 2.056 279.6 55.0 35.3

10-Jan-18 1.542 280 51.0 31.5

11-Jan-18 0.514 273.6 56.0 35.2

12-Jan-18 2.056 281.5 52.0 35.6

13-Jan-18 1.542 278.5 50.0 37.7

14-Jan-18 0.514 276.5 51.0 34.4

15-Jan-18 0.514 277.6 53.0 21.2

16-Jan-18 1.542 274.6 55.0 32.8

17-Jan-18 2.056 278.6 56.0 33.9

18-Jan-18 2.056 279.6 50.0 19.0

19-Jan-18 0.514 281.4 49.0 36.6

20-Jan-18 1.542 279.9 48.0 34.5

21-Jan-18 2.056 281.5 45.0 27.0

22-Jan-18 0.514 278.5 50.0 31.4

23-Jan-18 1.542 276.5 53.0 33.5

24-Jan-18 1.542 277.6 51.0 19.6

25-Jan-18 2.056 274.6 53.0 36.5

26-Jan-18 1.542 278.6 55.0 22.5

27-Jan-18 0.514 279.6 56.0 23.0

28-Jan-18 0.514 277.7 50.0 33.1

29-Jan-18 2.056 278 49.0 31.6

31-Jan-18 0.514 281.5 45.0 21.5

1-Feb-18 1.542 285.6 50.0 35.9

2-Feb-18 0.514 287 53.0 33.7

3-Feb-18 0.514 288.7 56.0 33.6

4-Feb-18 2.056 281.5 53.0 34.4

5-Feb-18 2.056 283.4 55.0 35.6

6-Feb-18 2.056 285 50.0 18.0

7-Feb-18 1.028 286.4 48.0 35.5

8-Feb-18 0.514 281.4 49.0 31.2

9-Feb-18 0.514 286.7 46.0 21.5

10-Feb-18 2.056 283.4 47.0 19.0

11-Feb-18 0.514 291.1 55.0 26.2