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Practice problems and Formulas
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25% found this document useful (4 votes)
2K views11 pagesEngineering Mathematics 1
Practice problems and Formulas
Uploaded by
Tricia Marie GumisadCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
- Algebra & Advanced Math: Covers fundamental algebraic principles and advanced mathematical concepts including laws of numbers, exponents, and polynomials.
- Plane & Spherical Trigonometry: Explores principles and identities of trigonometry used in plane and spherical geometry, including functions and formulas.
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Third Edition
* ALGEBRA
* PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
* SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
* PLANE GEOMETRY
* SOLID GEOMETRY
« ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
* RECENT BOARD EXAM QUESTIONS y
GILLESANIA Engineering Review & Training Center
Part 1
ALGEBRA & ADVANCED
MATH
BASIC
LAW
OF
NATURAL
NUMBERS
BASIC
LAWS OF
EQUALITY
Let a, b, and c be any number.
1. Law of closure for addition:
atb
2. Commutative law for addition:,
at+b=bta
Associative law for addition:
at(b+c)=(at+b)+e
4. Law of closure for multiplication:
axb
Commutative law for multiplication
axb=bxa
6. Associative law for multiplication
a(be) = (ab)e
7. Distributive Law
a(b + c) = ab +ac
g
1. Reflexive property
a=a
2. Symmetric property
Ifa=b, thenb=a
3. Transitive property
Ifa= band b=c, thena=c. That is, things
equal to the same thing are equal to each other.
4, Ifa=bandc=d,thena+c=b+d. Thatis, if
equals are added to equals, the results are equal.
5. Ifa=bandc=d, then ac = bd. Thatis, if equals
are multiplied to equals, the results are equal.
a INEQUALITY
than another quantity
Symbols used in inequality
Theorems L
on 2
Inequalities 3.
5.
6.
7
OTHER 1
IMPORTANT 2
PROPERTIES .
j IN ALGEBRA .
a
HW 4
5.
;
LAWS OF 1
EXPONENTS
(INDEX LAW)
S Ae wp
N
81s ols a}
greater than b
a>b a
ab — ais greater than or equal to b
a> bifand only if -a<-b
Ifa> 0, then - <0
If-a<0, then a <0
Ifa>b,c <0, then ae < be
Ifa > b, c>d, then (a+ 0) > (b +d)
Ifa>b,c>d, and a,b, c,d >0, then ac > bd
Ifa>0,b>0,a>6, then 2 < +
a b
ax0=0
Ifa x b=0, then either a = or b = 0 or both a and b
are zero.
e =Oifae0
= undefined
a=axaxa...(n 1
factors) 8.
a" xan= ann 1
and — = q™
@
9. a=1
10.1" =a", then m=
(provided a #0) 1 & Training Center
GILLESANIA Enginee:
PRUFERTIES OF
RADICALS
PROPERTIES OF
LOGARITHM
POLYNOMIALS
Expanding
Brackets
1
Lat aq
2 an = Ya" = Yay"
3. (Va) =a
4. VaxVb = fab
5, a
= & provided that b # 0
Io
y
1. log, MN=log.M+ log» N
M
Q- jog, © =iox.M-lor. N
2. log, > = loge M- log. N
3. log, M" =n log.M
4. loged
5. log,a" =xlog,a=x
6. log, 1=0
7. Iflog,M=N, then a” =M
8. Iflog, M= log, N, then M=
9. logeM=InM :
¢ = 2.71828... (Naperian logarithm)
10. log 1» M=log M (Common logarithm)
11. log ,.M=log M / log =InM/ Inn
12. If log, x=a then x= antilog, a
13, a*= antilog, x
14. log jp 4250 = log 10 (1000 x 4.25)
= log 1000 + log 4.25
logy 4250 = 3 + 0.6284 = 3.6284
>
3, the integral part, is called the characteristic
0.6284, a non-negative decimal fraction part, is called
the mantissa
—_—
By multiplying two brackets together, each term in
one bracket is multiplied by each term of the other
bracket.
(a+b+c)(d te) =ad +ae+ bd + be + cd +ce _ Part1
__ Algebra and Advanced Math
Factorization
Factorization is the opposite process of exp
brackets, ‘The usual process includes changing
n without any bracke
expression that includes brackets.
2x? - 6x +d = (x? - Bv + 2) = Av 2)(v-1)
along
to a shorter
Special
Products yt y
and yey
Factoring byl t 224+ Day + Dee + ys
3
y ¢ PP + (7)(Y2) + (YP)
(Xt W(x WOH +A y)
Division of Carrying out the division of polynomials is no
Polynomials different, in principle, to numerical di
Consider the following example.
Erample Divide x!- 1032-9. 20 by x=4,
Selation * By long division
33+ dy? + 6x +15 remainder 40
x-4Ja"= 108 9x20
xt dyt
a 10e 248
= dx 1602
i GF 9 3.6%
: 6x? = 2ay
15x=20 4. 15x
: 15x - 60
remainder > 40
Solution B BY SYNTHETIC DIVISION
Write the coefficients of the terms, su
the coefficient of the missing power of
00) 10, 9) 0a
ia
plying zero as
x
416
146 15 40
The quotient is x9 + 4x2 + 6x + 15 remainder 40
% ~ ——d Algebra and Advanced Math :
Factor Consider a function f(x). If f(1) = 0 then (x - 1) is a
Theorem factor of f(x). If -3) = 0 then (x + 3) is a factor of f(x).
Use of factor theorem can produce the factors of an
expression in a trial and error manner.
Example Factorize 2x3 + 5x2- x -6
—— fix) = 2x3 + 52-7 -6
f) = 2(1)3 + 51)? - (1) - 6 =0,
hence (x - 1) is a factor
AA) = 2-198 + 5-1)? - (1) - 6
hence (x + 1) is not a factor
Ji2) = 2(2)3 + 5Q)? - (2) - 6 = 28,
hence (x ~ 2) is not a factor
S(-2) = 2(-2)3 + 5(-2)? - (-2)-6 = 0,
hence (x + 2) is a factor
f(-3/2) = 2(-3/2)3 + 5(-3/2)? - (3/2) - 6 = 0,
hence 2x + 3 is a factor. =
Thus, 2x° + 5x? - x - 6 = (x= 1)(x + 2)(2x +3)
GILLESANIA Engineering Review & Training Center
Remainder If a polynomial f(x) is divided by (x - r) until a remainder
Theorem *k iahidh is free of vis obtained, the romatader 6 fir).
. If fv) = 0 then (x - 7) isa factor of f(x).
Example Find the remainder when x - 10x? - 9x - 20 is divided
byx-4.
Ss | Sees fit) = x4 ~ 10? - 9x = 20
x-rex-4
re4
Remainder = f(4) = 4* - 10(4)? - 9(4) - 20
Remainder = 40
Example Find k such that x - 3 is a factor of kx? - 6x2 + 2kx - 12,
Selution —* Remainder = (@) = KG) - 6(97 + 2k) -12 = 0
=2
BINOMIAL (| Expansion of (a+b)"
THEOREM
Properties 1, The number of terms in the expansion +1,
2. The first term is a" & the last ternvis b",
3. The exponent of a descends linearly from n to 0, Pascal's Triangle
4, The exponent of b ascends linearly from 0 to n,
5. The sum of the exponents of a and b in any of the
terms is equal to 7,
6. The coefficient of the second term and the second
from the last term is ,
Used to determine the coefficients of the terms in a
binomial expansion.
(a+b
(a+ by
@a+op
(a+)
(aoe
(a+)
rterm= Gorse
To get the middle term (for even value of 1),
n
setr=— +1
=
Find the 3 term in the expansion of (x? + y)5.
Using the properties and Pascal's triangle:
(x2 + y)> = (x2)5 + 5(x2)*y + 10(22)?
Ses Baty + Hoxsy? oe
Using the formula:
(x2) (yy
Perpees- oaioie ,
6-3+0IG-0!
= 10%? Identity is a type of equation which is saticg;
TRCONGMETRIC any value of the variable or variables” Ene iS
NTITIES that are satisfied by some value oF valyeloy
variable are called conditional equation,
Consider the following equations:
-4=0.
..conditional equation
true only for x= 49
(x42) 324 dy +4... identity
sin 0= 05, .- conditional equation
true only if @ = 30°, 159:
sin? 0 + cost = 1... identity
Basic Identities From the right triangle shown:
a/c _ sind
tang =< = “fC 5
b/c cosd
: coon ba Be. 030
a/c sind
b % seco=£=S/¢ 11
b/c cos®
csco= f= S/e 11
a/c sind
Pythagorean From the Pythagorean theorem:
Relations
@+ Rae
dividing both side by <2:
@ yo 2 ay (by
SES (Sse
then;
sin? 0+ cos? 9 = 1
Dividing «2+ 2 = 2 by we get,
. tan? 0+1=sec?9 Dividing a? + & = 2 by a? we get,
1+cot*6 = csc?0
gum and sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + tos x sin Y
pifference of Two sin (x - y) xcosy-cosxsin y
cos (x # y) = cos xcosy-sinxsin y
Ss
Angle cos (x - ¥) rcosy+sinxsiny
tanx+tany .
Cele 1-tanxtany
tanx-tany
tan (x-y) =
&-» T+tanxtany
Double Angle Double angle formulas can be derived using the
Formulas ‘sum of angle formulas.
Consider the following example:
in (x + x) = sin x cos x + cos x sin x
sin 2x = 2sinxcosx
We ca apply similar procedure to the rest of the
formulas. .
cos 2x = cos? x - sin? x
=1-2sin? x
= 2eostx=1
tan 2x = —2RE |
1-tan?x |
po 3
Half-Angle The half-angle formulas may be derived from the
following relations from double angle formula:
For
rmulas cos 2x = 1-2 sin? x
sinx=
2
0
Let 2x = 6, then x = 2
then sin 2 =
2
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