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OBJECTIVES
OE5092
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY
Dr. K. Kamalanand
UNIT I INTRODUCTION
• Accident, causes, types, results and control,
• mechanical and electrical hazards, types,
causes and preventive steps/procedure,
• describe salient points of factories act 1948
for health and safety, washrooms, drinking
water layouts, light, cleanliness, fire, guarding,
pressure vessels, etc, Safety color-codes.
• Fire prevention and firefighting, equipment
and methods.
Accident, causes, types, results and
control
• According to International Labour Office
statistics, 120 million occupational accidents
occur annually at workplaces worldwide.
• Of these, 210,000 are fatal accidents.
• Every day, more than 500 men or women do not
come home because they were killed by
accidents at work.
• Considering the fact that accidents take a
considerable economic toll from nations,
companies and individuals, accidents do not get
much publicity.
•Summarize basics of industrial safety
•Describe fundamentals of maintenance
engineering
•Explain wear and corrosion
•Illustrate fault tracing
•Identify preventive and periodic maintenance
Terminology
• Accident: That occurrence in a sequence of events that
produces unintended injury, death, or property
damage.
– Accident refers to the event, not the result of the event
• Incident: An unintentional event that may cause
personal harm or other damage.
• Near-miss incident: For purposes of internal reporting,
some employers choose to classify as “incidents” the
near-miss incident; an injury requiring first aid; the
newly discovered unsafe condition; fires of any size; or
nontrivial incidents of damage to equipment, building,
property, or product.
• Unintentional injury: The preferred term for accidental
injury in the public health community. It refers to the
result of an accident.
Industrial Accident
• An accident (industrial) is a sudden and
unexpected occurrence in the industry which
interrupts the orderly progress of the work.
• According to the Factories Act, 1948: “It is an
occurrence in an industrial establishment
causing bodily injury to a person who makes
him unfit to resume his duties in the next 48
hours”.
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Industrial Accident
• Accident is an unexpected event in the course
of employment which is neither anticipated
nor designed to occur.
• An accident is an unplanned and uncontrolled
event in which an action or reaction of an
object, a substance, a person, or a radiation
results in personal injury.
• It is important to note that self-inflicted
injuries cannot be regarded as accidents.
Industrial Injury
• An industrial injury is defined as “a personal
injury to an employee which has been caused
by an accident or an occupational disease and
which arises out of or in the course of
employment and which could entitle such
employee to compensation under Workers’
Compensation Act, 1923”.

Types of Accidents
• Accidents may be of different types depending upon the
severity, durability and degree of the injury.
• An accident causing death or permanent or prolonged
disability to the injured employee is called ‘major accident.
• A cut that does not render the employee disabled is termed
as ‘minor’ acci-dent.
• When an employee gets injury with external signs of it, it is
external injury.
• Injury without showing external signs such as a fractured
bone is called an internal one.
• When an injury renders an injured employee disabled for a
short period, say, a day or a week, it is a temporary accident.
• On the contrary, making injured employee disabled for ever is
called permanent accident. Disability caused by accident may
be partial or total, fatal or non-fatal.

• No accident occurs automatically. Instead,

certain factors cause accidents.
• It has been noticed that an accident does not
have a single cause but a multiplicity of
causes, which are often closely related.

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Causes of Accidents
88% of all accidents are caused by unsafe acts
of people, 10% by unsafe actions and 2% by
“acts of God”.
1. Unsafe Conditions
2. Unsafe Acts
3. Other Causes?
Unsafe Acts
• Industrial accidents occur due to certain acts on the part of
workers.
• These acts may be the result of lack of knowledge or skill on the
part of the worker, certain bodily defects and wrong attitude.
Examples of these acts are:
• (a) Operating without authority.
• (b) Failure to use safe attire or personal protective equipment’s,
• (c) Careless throwing of material at the work place.
• (d) Working at unsafe speed, i.e., too fast or too low.
• (e) Using unsafe equipment, or using equipment’s unsafely.
• (f) Removing safety devices.
• (g) Taking unsafe position under suspended loads.
• (h) Distracting, teasing, abusing, quarrelling, day-dreaming,
horseplay
• (i) One’s own accident prone personality and behaviour.
Major accidents in the recent past in
India
• Bhopal, December 1984: In world’s worst chemical disaster, a
methylisocyanate gas leak from the Union Carbide plant in the city
killed over 4000 people. Thousands suffered irreversible health
damage.
• Delhi, December 1985: An petroleum gas leak from the Sriram
Foods and Fertilisers Plant in Delhi severely affected workers and
those living in the neighbourhood.
• Rourkela, December 1985: Blast furnace accident in Rourkela Steel
Plant. 18 workers affected.
• Durgapur, June 1987: Chlorine leak at Durgapur Chemical Factory
created panic all around. Long distance trains were halted. Over
100 were affected.
• Bombay, November 1988: Fire at the Bharat Petroleum Refinery at
Mahul, north-east Bombay, killed 32.
• Ramagunaam, September 1989: Major gas leak at Fertilisers
Corporation of India unit at Ramagundam, killed 7.
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Unsafe Conditions (work-related)
• Unsafe working conditions are the biggest cause of acci-dents.
• These are associated with detective plants, tools, equipment’s,
machines, and materials.
• Such causes are known as ‘technical causes’.
• They arise when there are improper guarded equipment’s,
defective equipment’s, faulty layout and location of plant,
inadequate lighting arrangements and ventilation, unsafe storage,
inadequate safety devices, etc.
• Besides, the psychological reasons such as working over time,
monotony, fatigue, tiredness, frustration and anxiety are also
some other causes that cause accidents.
• Safety experts identify that there are some high danger zones in
an industry. These are, for example, hand lift trucks, wheel-
barrows, gears and pulleys, saws and hand rails, chisels and screw
drivers, electric drop lights, etc., where about one-third of
industrial accidents occur.
Other Causes
• These causes arise out of unsafe situational
and climatic conditions and variations.
• These may include excessive noise, very high
temperature, humid conditions, bad working
conditions, unhealthy environment, slippery
floors, excessive glare, dust and fume,
arrogant behaviour of domineering
supervisors, etc.
• Nagothane, November 1990: Explosion at the Indian
Petrochemicals, Nagothane com-plex, 35 persons killed, over
50 suffered 70 per cent burns.
• Bombay, July 1991: Accident in a Hindustan Organic
Chemicals unit near Bombay kills 7 workers.
• Gwalior, December 1991: Blast at the dyeing department of
GRASIM unit at Gwalior. 14 Killed and 22 severely injured.
• Panipat, August 1992: Ammonia leak at the National
Fertilisers Plant, Panipat killed 11, many injured.
• Kahalgaon, October 1992: Boiler explosion in the National
Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), 11 killed and several
injured.
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Accident Causation Theories

Accidents—Estimated Loss
The domino theory
1. ancestry and social environment
2. worker fault
3. unsafe act together with mechanical and
physical hazard
4. accident
5. damage or injury.

Multiple causation theory

• Multiple causation theory is an outgrowth of the
domino theory, but it postulates that for a single
accident there may be many contributory factors,
causes and sub-causes, and that certain combinations
of these give rise to accidents.
• According to this theory, the contributory factors can
be grouped into the following two categories:
– Behavioural. This category includes factors pertaining to the
worker, such as improper attitude, lack of knowledge, lack of
skills and inadequate physical and mental condition.
– Environmental. This category includes improper guarding of
other hazardous work elements and degradation of
equipment through use and unsafe procedures.
• The major contribution of this theory is to bring out the
fact that rarely, if ever, is an accident the result of a
single cause or act.
The pure chance theory
• According to the pure chance theory, every one
of any given set of workers has an equal chance
of being involved in an accident.
• It further implies that there is no single
discernible pattern of events that leads to an
accident.
• In this theory, all accidents are treated as
corresponding to Heinrich’s acts of God, and it is
held that there exist no interventions to prevent
them.

The accident sequence in terms of four Model of accident causation

factors:
1. Error
2. Accident
3. Hazard
4. Injury

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The Frequency Rate Examples

• The Frequency Rate is used to identify the number of
injuries experienced or expected in a period where one
million person-hours of exposure occur.
• The formula to calculate
• The Frequency Rate involves two important pieces of
information:
– firstly, the number of Lost-Time Injuries (LTIs) and,
– secondly, the total hours of exposure experienced by the
group during the period of interest.
• The following formula will produce a Frequency Rate

Average Time Lost Rate (ATLR)

Steps to Prevent Industrial Accidents

1. Proper safety measures

2. Proper selection
3. Safety conscious
4. Enforcement of discipline
5. Incentives
6. Safety committees
7. Proper maintenance of machines, equipment
and infrastructural facilities
8. Safety training.

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What does hazard mean?
Hazard means:
• any potential or actual threat to the wellbeing of people,
machinery or environment
Electrical hazard safety means:
• taking precautions to identify and control electrical hazards
Mechanical and electrical hazards
– Physical hazards include mechanical, electrical,
heat, sound, and radiation hazards.
– Hazards in each of these categories have the
potential to cause injuries (or, in some extreme
cases, even death), but by taking general
precautions, such as using appropriate protective
equipment and emphasizing routine safety,
physical hazards can be easily minimized
Risk minimization
• Ensure rotating shafts, belts, and pulleys are
covered by guards, lids, or covers.
• Check devices attached to a rotor before use
to ensure that they are tightly fastened.
• Wear eye protection when using uncovered,
rapidly rotating parts
• Have a safety shield available.
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Failing to take the necessary precautions can lead to:
• injury or death
• fire or property damage
Mechanical Hazards
• In general, safety can be increased by ensuring
that equipment is well maintained.
• Rotating Machinery with rotating parts can
catch loose clothing, hands, or hair, potentially
causing serious injuries.
• Uncovered parts may also fly off, thereby
creating additional risk, especially for eye
injuries.
• Tools
– Careless use of tools or use of tools in poor
condition can cause injuries to the hands, eyes,
head, and limbs.
• Cutting Tools (Scalpels, Razor Blades)
– By design, these instruments are very sharp.
Careless use can quickly result in deep cuts.
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Electrical Accidents What are the types of injuries?

Electrical hazards exist in almost every workplace. • Burns

Common causes of electrocution are: • Shocks
• Falls
• making contact with overhead wires
• undertaking maintenance on live equipment
• working with damaged electrical equipment, such
as extension leads, plugs and sockets
• using equipment affected by rain or water ingress KEEP SAFE
KNOW HOW TO CONTROL ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

Electric current
Effect
(contact for 1s)
What are the levels of effect of current? Below 1 mA Not perceptible
1 mA Threshold of feeling, tingling
Slight shock. Not painful. Average individual can let
AC current (mA) Effect on human body 5 mA
go. Involuntary reaction can lead to indirect injuries
1 Slight tingling sensation
6-25 mA
Painful shocks. Loss of muscle control
(women)
2-9 Small shock
Freezing current, "can't let go". The person may be
10-24 Muscles contract causing you to freeze
thrown away from the power source. Individual cannot
25-74 Respiratory muscles can become 9 to 30 mA (men)
let go. Strong involuntary reaction can lead to
paralysed; pain; exit burns often visible
involuntary injuries
75-300 Usually fatal; ventricular fibrillation; entry &
exit wounds visible Extreme pain. Respiratory arrest. Muscles reactions.
50 to 150 mA
Possible Death.
>300 Death almost certain; if survive will have
badly burnt organs and probably require Fibrillation of the heart. Muscular contraction and
1 to 4.3 A
amputations nerve damage occur. Likely death.
10 A Cardiac arrest, severe burns. Death is probable

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Deep burns of skin, muscle and bone How do you respond to electrical incidents?
tissue caused by high voltage
If you come across a person receiving an electric shock:
• if possible, disconnect the electrical supply (switch?)
• assess the situation – never put yourself at risk
• take precautions to protect yourself and anyone else in the vicinity
• apply the first aid principles (e.g. DRSABCD)
• assess the injuries and move the casualty to a safe area if required
• administer first aid if trained
• seek urgent medical attention

What should you do in an electrical emergency? Can you protect yourself from electricity?

For low voltage electricity >50 V AC and 110 V DC • Don’t wear metal objects
• remove the source of electricity supply • Turn power off
• commence CPR if trained • Wear appropriate clothing
• call the emergency number on site • Don’t touch live parts
• Don’t install or repair electrical equipment
For high voltage electricity >1000 V
• Use qualified personnel
• call the emergency number for your site
• Clean and dry leads and plugs before use
• don’t go near the casualty
• Use PPE
• don’t touch the casualty or try to free them with anything

What are other safety measures? Is this a problem?

• Heed warning signs

• Use the right equipment
• Study the operation manual
• Take care of extension leads
• Use only approved extension lamps
• Don’t pull on leads
• Use residual current devices – RCDs
• Use the proper fuses and circuit breakers

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Salient Features of the Factories Act,
1948
OBJECTIVES
• The main objective of the Act is to ensure
adequate safety measures and promote health
and welfare of the workers employed in factories
as well as to prevent haphazard growth of
factories.
• The Factories Act is meant to provide protection
to the workers from being exploited and also
provides for improvement of the working
conditions within the factory premises
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND
DEFINITIONS
• Factory means any premises including the precincts
thereof:-
– i) wherein ten or more workers are working, or were
working on any day of the preceding twelve months and
in any part of which a manufacturing process is being
carried on with the aid of power, or is ordinarily so
carried on, or
– ii)wherein twenty or more workers are working or were
working on any day of the preceding twelve months, and
in any part of which a manufacturing process is being
carried on without the aid of power, or is ordinarily so
carried on
Manufacturing process means any process for: -
i) Making, altering, repairing, ornamenting, finishing,
packing, oiling, washing, cleaning, breaking up,
demolishing or otherwise treating or adapting any
article or substance with a view to its use, sale,
transport, delivery or disposal or
ii) Pumping oil, water, sewage or any other substance
or
iii) Generating, transforming or transmitting power or
iv) Composing types for printing, printing by letter
press, lithography, photogravure of other similar
process or book binding,
v) Constructing, reconstructing, repairing, refitting,
finishing or breaking up ships or vessels,
vi) Preserving or storing any article in cold storage.
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COVERAGE OF THE ACT
The coverage of the Act is confined to the: -
• factories using power and employing 10 or more
workers on any working day of the preceding
twelve months;
• factories not using power and employing 20 or
more workers on any working day of the
preceding twelve months; and the
• factories specially notified under Section 85 of
the Factories Act by the State Govts./Union
Territories.
Worker means a person (employed directly or
through any agency including a contractor) with or
without the knowledge of the principal employer,
whether for remuneration or not in any
manufacturing process, or in cleaning any part of
the machinery or premises used for a
manufacturing process, or in any kind of work
incidental to or connected with the manufacturing
process, or the subject of manufacturing process
(but does not include any member of the armed
forces of the Union).
Hazardous Process means any process or activity in
relation to an industry specified in the First
Schedule where, unless special care is taken, raw
materials used therein or the intermediate or
finished products, by- products, wastes or effluents
thereof would cause material impairment of the
health of the persons engaged in or connected
therewith, or results in the pollution of the general
environment, provided that the State Government
may, by notification in the Official Gazette, amend
the First Schedule by way of addition, omission or
variation of any industry specified in the said
Schedule.
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Fatal Injury means injury resulting from industrial
accident which caused death to the worker.
Non-Fatal Injury means injury resulting from
industrial accident, which prevented injured worker
from attending to work for a period of 48 hours or
more immediately following the injuries.
Adult means a person who has completed his
eighteenth year of age.
Adolescent means a person who has completed his
fifteenth year of age but has not completed his
eighteenth year.
Child means a person who has not completed his
fifteenth year of age
Average Daily Number of Workers Employed The
average daily number of workers employed is
calculated by dividing the aggregate number of
attendances on all the working days (that is,
mandays worked) by the number of working days in
the year. Attendance on separate shifts (e.g.
nightand day shifts) should be counted separately.
Days on which the factory was closed for whatever
cause and days on which the manufacturing process
was not carried on should not be treated as working
days. Partial attendance for less than half a shift on
a working day should be ignored, while attendance
for half a shift or more on such day should be
treated as full attendance

Mandays Worked means total number of attendances

during a calendar year.
The Average number of hours worked per week
means the total actual hours worked by all workers
during the year excluding the rest intervals but
including overtime worked divided by the product
of average number of workers employed daily in the
factory and 52 weeks or Average number of hours
worked per week = total number of man hours
worked/number of weeks in which production
process has taken place.* average number of
workers employed daily. In case the factory has not
worked for the whole year, the number of weeks
during which the factory worked should be used in
place of 52

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Lighting
This section states:
• Firstly, There should be proper lighting in all the
places of the factory from where the workers of
the factory pass.
• In every factory, effective provision shall, so far as
is practicable, be made for the prevention of
glare, either directly from a source of light or by
reflection from a smooth or polished surface;
• the formation of shadows to such an extent as to
cause eye-strain or the risk of accident to any
worker.

Drinking Water Washrooms

• This section states that every factory should
• This section states that in every factory, there make arrangements of latrine and urinals for
should be proper arrangements for a sufficient the employees and the rules are laid down by
supply of wholesome drinking water and shall the State Government in this behalf.
be legibly marked as “drinking water”.

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• Red:
Fire protection equipment
Danger, high risk of injury or death
Safety Colour Codes Emergency stops and alarms
• Orange:
Moderate risk of injury
Guarding devices
• The American National Standards Institute has • Yellow:
Caution statements
established rules governing what specific Minor risk of injury
Materials handling equipment
colors mean. • Green:
Safety equipment or information
• Standardized rules can help people easily First aid equipment or location
• Blue:
recognize and understand the message being No immediate hazard
conveyed. • Trucks, rail cards and other containers must have placards attached indicating the
hazard level of the container’s contents.
• The meanings of various colors on these placards also are standardized:
• Red – combustible materials
Yellow – oxidizers
White – poison or toxic
Orange – explosives
Green – nonflammable gas
Red and white stripe – Flammable solid

Match the pictogram to the hazard

Answers

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• Ignition sources can include any material, equipment or

Fire Protection and Prevention
• Fire is a chemical reaction that requires three elements to be
present for the reaction to take place and continue.
• The three elements are:
– Heat, or an ignition source
– Fuel
– Oxygen
• These three elements typically are referred to as the “fire
triangle.” Fire is the result of the reaction between the fuel
and oxygen in the air.
• If one element of the fire triangle is not present or removed,
fire will not start or, if already burning, will extinguish.
operation that emits a spark or flame—including
obvious items, such as torches, as well as less obvious
items, such as static electricity and grinding operations.
• Equipment or components that radiate heat, such as
kettles, catalytic converters and mufflers, also can be
ignition sources.
• Fuel sources include combustible materials, such as
wood, paper, trash and clothing; flammable liquids,
such as gasoline or solvents; and flammable gases, such
as propane or natural gas.
• Oxygen in the fire triangle comes from the air in the
atmosphere.
• Depending on the type of fuel involved, fires can occur
with much lower volume of oxygen present than
needed to support human respiration.

Fire Classifications Industrial Fire Protection

• Fires are classified as A, B, C, D or K based on the type of
substance that is the fuel for the fire, as follows:
• Class A—fires involving ordinary combustibles, such as paper,
trash, some plastics, wood and cloth. A rule of thumb is if it
leaves an ash behind, it is a Class A fire.
• Class B—fires involving flammable gases or liquids, such as
propane, oil and gasoline
• Class C—fires involving energized electrical components
• Class D—fires involving metal. A rule of thumb is if the name
of the metal ends with the letters “um,” it is a Class D fire.
Examples of this are aluminum, magnesium, beryllium and
sodium.
• Class K—fires involving vegetable or animal cooking oils or
fats; common in commercial cooking operations using deep
fat fryers
Industrial facilities have unique hazards
Chemical production or use
Storage of flammable or volatile materials
Access controls or personnel restrictions
Unique operations require additional considerations included with
simpler methods
Additional considerations require the use of an engineering
approach
Steps for an engineering approach include
Identification of possible accident scenarios
Analysis of consequences resulting in accidents
Evaluation of alternative protection methods

Scenario Identification
– Pre-incident situations (start-up, maintenance, shutdown)
– Ignition source
– Ignited material
– Flaming or smoldering combustion
– Fire spread and heat release rates of ignited material
– Fire spread to secondary combustibles
• Consequence Analysis
– Property damage or loss
– Personnel injury or fatality
– Interruption of operation continuity
– Explosion damage (i.e., surrounding community)

• Evaluation of alternative protection methods

– Effectiveness (e.g., prevention of life/property loss)
– Benefits (e.g., financial, continuity of operation, environmental)

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Historic data on US fires prior to

2003
Number of >$30M % of U.S. Large Type of Fire/Explosion % of Incidents Example
Type of Facility
Losses Loss Fires
Warehouses 17 27% Flammable Liquid 17% GM Livonia, Sandoz Basel

Petroleum Refineries 12 19% Plastic Storage 12.5% Ford Cologne Warehouse

Power Plants 5 8% Dust Explosion 9% Malden Mills

Chemical Plants 5 8% Vapor Cloud Explosion 8% Phillips Petroleum

Grain Elevators 3 Gas Explosion 5% Ford Rouge Powerhouse

Textile Plants 2 Electrical Cable 5% Ameritech Hinsdale

Telephone Exchanges 2 Aerosol Products 5% K Mart

Ink Manufacturing 2 Gas Fires 5% Gas Turbine Fire, VA

Aluminum Plants 2

Ignition sources in large loss fires

Type of Facility # of Incidents # of Fatalities Example

Petrochemical
10 726 – 967 Pemex, Mexico City
Plant
Garment Factory in
Factories 9 549 – 606
Bangladesh
Offshore Oil/Gas
2 203 Piper Alpha, North Sea
Platforms
Jennings, Oklahoma
Fireworks Facility 5 145
USA

Time Distribution of large loss fires

Ignition sources in large loss fires
from NFPA data on 338 Fires in
1985

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Status of automatic suppression Status of automatic detection

systems in 1987 large loss fires systems in 1987 large loss fires
(NFPA Journal, 1988) (NFPA Journal, 1988)

Automatic Detection System Status Number of Fires

Automatic Sprinkler System Status Number of Fires
Not Installed 19
Not Installed 14
Functioned as Designed 4
Overpowered by Fire 7
Not in Area of Fire Origin 1
System Shut Off Before Fire 2
Installation Incomplete 1
Not in Area of Fire Origin 3
Unknown 3
Damaged by Explosion 1
Total 28
Unknown 1
Total 28

Ventilation System Ventilation System

Ventilation System Construction Considerations

• Structural and thermal properties of construction
material
• Fire resistance analytical calculations
• Fire resistance testing for listing
• Fire wall design and loss experience
• Insulated metal deck roofing
• Water spray protection of structural steel
• Protective insulation materials on structural steel

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Storage: Flammable Chemicals Storage Incident

• Toulouse, France (September 2001)
• Chemical properties must be considered – AZote Fertilisant (AZF)
– Flash point – Manufactured fertilizer
– Auto-ignition temperatures – 300 tons of ammonium nitrate stored onsite (2,000 ton capacity)
– Extinguishability • Explosion left a crater 70m long, 40m wide, 6m deep
• Poor maintenance contributed to the incident
• Storage tanks • Mislabeled 500 kg container sodium dichlorisocynate accidently
– Capacity stored with ammonium nitrate
– Tank spacing • Reacted in humid weather to form nitrate trichloride
– Emergency ventilation • 29 fatalities
– Fire suppression • 2,500 seriously wounded
– General designs should be approved to meet specifications • ~60 – 70% of the city’s windows shattered, causing injuries
(such as FM Global – Factory Mutual) • $2Billion USD damages paid

Storage Considerations
• Combustible materials
– Quantity (e.g., rolls, drums)
– Type (e.g., liquids, powders, gases)
– Mixed commodities
• Effective measures to protect against fires
– Suppression systems
• Water
• Dry-chemical
– Spacing of discharge points (e.g., sprinkler heads)
Toulouse
http://oliaklodvenitiens.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/azf002.jpg – Limit ignition sources
– Remove unnecessary combustibles

The following table illustrates the types of extinguishers, fire classes for which each is used and the
Fire Extinguishers limitations of each extinguisher.

• There are different types of fire extinguishers designed

to put out the different classes of fire.
• Selecting the appropriate fire extinguisher is an
important consideration for a roofing contractor.
• The wrong extinguisher actually may make a fire
emergency worse.
• For example, failing to use a C-rated extinguisher on
energized electrical components may endanger workers
by causing the extinguishing material to be electrified
by the energized components that are on fire.
• C-rated fire extinguishers put out the fire by using a
chemical that does not conduct electricity.

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Using Fire Extinguishers

• When using fire extinguishers, employees
should employ the “PASS” system of early-stage
firefighting.
• P—Pull the pin on the extinguisher
• A—Aim at the base of the fire
• S—Squeeze the handle
• S—-Sweep at the fire, moving from side to side
• Employees should be instructed that if a fire
cannot be extinguished using one full
extinguisher, they should evacuate the site and
let the fire department handle the situation.

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