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Pile Design PDF
Pile Design PDF
The pile code consists of four parts. They are Part 1:Concrete piles Part 2: Timber
Piles Part 3: Under reamed Piles Part 4: Load test on Piles. Out of these Part 1
consists of four section. Among these, Section 1: Driven cast in situ concrete piles.
Section 2: Bored cast in situ concrete Piles and Section 3: Driven precast concrete
Piles are revised in 2010. Some of the important changes in the code are highlighted
as follows:
1. Definitions of various terms have been modified as per the prevailing engineering
practice.
2. Minimum grade of concrete to be used in pile foundations has been revised to
M 25.
3. Design parameters with respect to adhesion factor, earth pressure coefficient,
modulus of subgrade reaction, etc, have been revised to make them consistence
with the outcome of modern research and construction practices.
4. Minimum dia of bored cat in situ pile have been changed as 450mm based on
following parameters:
Clear cover over reinforcement Cl.6.11.4 50 x2 = 100mm
Dia of vertical bar minimum Cl. 6.11.4 12 x 2 = 24 mm
Helical reinforcement minimum dia cl. 6.11.4 8 x2 = 16 mm
Clearance for operation of Tremie Cl.6.11.4 4 x20 = 80 mm
Dia of Tremie pipe minimum Cl.8.4 (c) = 200 mm
Total dia of pile required = 420 mm say
450mm
5. Provisions for special use of large diameter bored cast in-situ reinforced cement
concrete piles in marine structures have been added.
6. Procedures for calculation of bearing capacity, structural capacity, factor of
safety, lateral load capacity, overloading, etc, have also been modified to bring
them at par with the present practices.
7. Minimum time of curing before handling of precast piles has been modified.
8. Provision has been made for use of any established dynamic pile driving
formulae, instead of recommending any specific formula, to control the pile
driving at site, giving due consideration to limitations of various formulae.
reamed pile foundation with pile cap and grade beam or Bored cast insitu
2. For clay soil with G+2F, G+3F, silt+3floors loads, under reamed piles with
piles with pile caps may be adopted. This type of foundation is also best
3. If the load on foundation is 500KN (say G+2Floor load), Under reamed pile
foundation for a depth of 3.5m to 4.50m with pile caps shall be adopted.
in ‘situ concrete piles with 6.0m to 20.0m depth with pile caps shall be
If a short bored pile is provided with one, two or three bulbs, to provide anchorage
and / or to increase the bearing load, it is known as the under-reamed pile. Due to
their enlarged based they provide anchorage to structures founded on expansive soils,
carry higher loads in comparison to uniform diameter bored piles and offer high uplift
resistance. This type of pile is particularly useful in swelling soils like black cotton soils.
(2) SUITABILITY :
The choice of the pile is governed by site conditions, economics and time
considerations. Under-reamed Piles are generally adopted in locations, where
soft / loose soils occur at top and relatively compact layers are available at
lower elevations. Best use is made of the existence of such compact soil
layers by resisting the bulb ( at the bottom of the Pile Stem ) so that an
increased bearing capacity ( Point Bearing ) of the pile is obtained. Under-
reamed Piles are also used in locations where the top soils are of high
swelling and high shrinking type in which case the bulbs are rested at a
depth well below the zone of variation of moisture content. In case of
expansive soils (e.g) black cotton soils or filled up soils, under- reamed piles
with bulbs provide a good anchorage. It is found that provision of bulbs in
the under-reamed piles increases the lateral load capacity of piles.
For loose to medium sandy and silty soils, bored compaction piles should
be used since in such piles, the compaction process increases the load
bearing capacity of piles.
General equipments required (a) Auger (b) Under- reamed (c) Boring
Guide (d) General tools like cutting tools, extension rods and general
T & P.
Three men can easily advance 3.5 m of a hole of dia. up to 30 cm. in about
6 hours, in normal conditions. For Piles larger than 3.5 m and / or of the
After reaching the desired depth, the bore is enlarged with a special
diameter. The scraped soil collected in the bucket is lifted up and disposed
off from time to time. In sandy soils, the bore hole is to be kept filled with
is formed, boring is further advanced. Bottom spreads are made with tools.
pile cap embedded in the ground and the bulb should be a minimum
1.5 times the bulb diameter.
(8) Location of bottom most bulb from toe = Bucket length +0.55D
In case the site is such that the depth of fill is more and water
table is high, as far as possible choose single under- reamed Pile.
If, on the other hand, the water table at the site is low and the
depth of fill is less, choose single or double under-reamed
depending upon the load capacity required. In case of double
under-reamed pile, the first under- ream should be 2 times the
bulb dia. or 1.75 m below G.L.
cement content 350 kg/m3 shall be used for without provision for
(12) Reinforcement:
Longitudinal reinforcement:
Transverse Reinforcement :
mm use 8 Φ stirrups.
Under- reamed piles are useful for both in expansive clays as well as in
loose to medium no-expansive soils. It has been established that under-
reamed piles combine safety, economy and speed in construction, especially in
expansive soils. Under-reamed piles are used for following structures:
(i) Residential buildings.
(ii) Industrial sheds, workshops, godowns.
(iii) Machine foundations.
(iv) Retaining walls, boundary walls, fences
(v) Anchors, reaction frames.
(vi) Transmission line towers and pole footings
(vii) Water tanks, silos and bins, cooling towers
(viii) Bench marks, international boundary posts.
other soils where the bore and bulb can be supporting or by mud fluids. In
certain cases it is found that the upper most layer consists of medium to
stiff consistency clay up to 1.50m to 2.0 m and beneath it very very soft
(i) Under-reamed piles are suitable generally only for structures contributing
low loads (20 t to 40 t).
(ii) Because of the presence of unreinforced portion of concrete in the under-
ream bulb, there is a chance of failure of concrete by shear in the bulb
portion. Hence the design engineer must carefully select the sizes of the
pile while proposing under-reamed piles. Further concreting of under-reamed
piles shall be done by tremie only since GW displacement during concreting
must not be allowed.
SKETCH:
Load
D Du= Single Dou No.- 6 mm Single Double Single Dou Single Double
UR bleU DIa Φ@ UR UR ble
2.5D UR UR UR
R
UR
375
940 3.5 3.75 5#12 300 240 360 120 180 30 40
450
1125 3.5 4.5 7 #12 300 350 625 175 256 40 48
500
1250 3.5 5.0 9 #12 300 420 630 210 315 45 54
NOTES TO TABLE 1 OF I.S.2911 (Part III) - 1980 :-
1. This Table apply to both medium compact sandy soils (10 < N <30) and clayey
soils of medium (4 < N < 8) consistency including expansive soils.
2. For dense sandy soil (N ≥ 30) and stiff clayey soils (N ≥ 8) , safe loads in
compression and uplift may be increased by 25%.
3. For loose sandy (4 < N < 10) and soft clayey soils (2 < N 4) safe loads should
be taken 0.75 times Table value.
4. For very loose sandy soil (N ≤ 4) and very soft clayey soils (N ≤ 2 ) the Table
value should be reduced by 50%.
5. For piles with bulb of twice stem dia, the table value should be reduced by 15%.
6. If the pile is full of sub soil water, safe load shall be reduced by 25% as per
clause B 1.6 given in Appendix B.
7. If the spacing between piles is reduced by 1.5 times instead 2 times the under
seamed bulb dia. as per normal requirements safe load shall be reduced by 10%
8. If the under reamed bulb is 2 times pile dia. instead 2.5 times pile dia, safe load
shall be reduced by 10% as per clause 5.2.3.3.