W '* 0 i T j i A r

GO MRE T IT IO N
t i t i

E X P R E S S

MATHEMATICS FOR

IIT-JEE
M ains & A dvanced

CALCULUS
S. Ti war i

Highlights
- Theory & Explanation in Highlish Language
- Solved Example Supported with Practice Problems
- Separate Exercise for Mains & Advanced with Solution
(An Imprint of Laxmi Publications Pvt. Ltd.)
English Terminology and Connecting Words in ftNt
 Mathematics
for
IIT-JEE Main & Advanced

CALCULUS
By
Sandeep Tiwari

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MATHEMATICS FO R IIT-JEE MAIN & ADVANCED
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 Preface
I am pleased to present the INDIA’SFirst Book in HINGLISH Language before the readers,
book eft creative language 4 authors and publishing houses fe feRJ future 4 kkT challenging benchmark set ffekf
11 Hinglish language kk based India fef wfet book on co-ordinate geometry was written by me in 2012.
I had a thought of writing a student-friendly mathematics. From my teaching experience over 14000
students till data in Kota (3 years), Delhi (2 years) and Ranchi (3 years) I noticed fef maj ority of students kTfir
pure English 4 comfortable tkTfe fe? Hindi 4, thus I decided to write a book in Hinglish language. I can bet
for the fact, fe ffer f e f rt interest maths 4 fef t, fetr book fit k fe fe kTk interest srr vfefnr I
Generally maths 4 logic and thought fe generation kk background clear kTfefi fe kkkk maths tough krkfir
11 If book fe k fe 4 snkkk maths 4 interest develop fern t, then fe fe? kRT achievement fe n Ikk kk
414 cfem fe book teacher fe replace f e kR n fe t, kk fit ferr s w kk additional supplement 11
Writing book in such a language is like chasing in Marathon, kfilffe w kkf and innovative f e r fe fe? you
need self-drag force, motivation, confidence and patience. If snw r 41 life 4 kfe out of league kRRT t fe snw r
kkfet f e hurdles face n fe f e I It took one year of my life to write such a Biblistic Book for calculus. I with
you will like and appreciate my efforts.
I can assure that JEE-Mains kk kfe question fetr book fe scope fe kikk kk f e fenr and IIT advanced fe
kk question fe basic ideology fetr book 4 discussed 11 Make sure to read "How to read the Book". While
reading you will find that the content is unparallel to any other book and you will realize the originality of work
and efforts. There are many such statements fe ffe snkfe concept fe crystal clear knowledge and schematic
presentations fe vmfefe kRTfe and I will appreciate, if someone could take initiative of writing books in
Physics and Chemistry in Hinglish.This idea will bring revolution in education industry and in coming years you
will also find books in English + Tamil/Telegu language. If fek book fe contribution fe 3TNWkT 3P^T perform
kR f e then fefe f e 3TTkfe life 4 contribution f e kkT fe RkRTT t?
There are many students ffe# 3rrt environment o f study f e ffer kTkT t kT afford f e kR f e , f e kfef fe
ffe? ?fef s rfe book f e fefe i kk book 3fkk f e kfef fif kkk kR f e fe 4 nfen ffe 44 fifer 4 kfR honorable work
ffekT 1 1 Please make sure sttv st w reading experience share f e after reading the book, ? f e f e moral
support 14ei a i t to write better in upcoming edition and do read the book o f co-ordinate and algebra in same
language.

For the first time Rk 44 Hinglish 4 book ffefe kk idea share ffekT kk almost f e f 4 f e f v f e and in fact, you
will find people fef ffe book fef f f e 4f fe 4 saying ffe local language 4 book ffefef t, kkkk content t but while
reading aimfel kkT kef fe «ii^ m book fefet 11 I tried to approach almost all big publications o f the country and
majority said, kk idea flop fe RKRTI But sincere thanks to LAXMI PUBLICATIONS in believing in me and took
step forward in this direction. This is little bit o f my part o f struggle fefffe 44 face ffekT and kk felt kk 3Tk4f-3Tk4f
life 4 fe f fe struggle fecTT 4 sfR f e stmggling phase 4 3TRkk k f e kRT kTTfe 3TTk fefi 11

I assure that you will enjoy the journey o f mathematics following my words.
Ending my words... Finally, I wish you a successful career and prosperous life.

B est W ishes £ n ...

Sandeep liw a ri
 How To Read the Book

IDEOLOGY
Book classroom cfft ideology TOT i m w feR#T u f 1 1 tM teacher class h topic t toto# toto tot® questions class
f attempt TOTO TOTTOTOt . then finally totoMiscellaneous questions TOT discussion TOTOcTt , similarly, book h theory TO
toto Concept Learning Problems given t KTOTO practise Miscellaneous problems 11

JEE-M A IN S
to# stn mains to?Tpreparation tot v t t , then tottotot book # solved example # tottoLEV EL-1 solve totot TOftf and
after that, LEVEL-2 totot TOftf I If sttto concepts toto 3fk elaborate totot tottoto t toTyou must look for Multiple
Choice Questions. It will be sufficient for the mains.

IIT-ADVANCED
to# 3tn IIT advanced to?Tpreparation tot v t t , then book # solved example totto # toto a iw t Concept Learning
Problems toto solve totot TOft# I For practise attempt LEVEL-1 , LEVEL-2 TOT to? # attempt TOtotot solve totot
wi%V i You can attempt LEVEL-3 only chapter is finished in classes, else s i w t excercise tot# tough enftft IAs
you get possible timing, attempt the rest o f excercise.

General M istakes of Students

1. I have observed, many students #T# theory TO TOtj?t TOTOTf TO #r TOTO 11 Make a note, if TOTO TO chapter
TO minimum 100 questions tjto # solve TOlfT #TO t, then don't think #T exam TOTOTO quesions TO#f l

2. Many students say to me "Sir questions to! solve toto TO time totto t" . I say "Maths is a game o f
thought and approach, if solve TOTO tott f t f t attempts TO solve ft tototot, else leave the question for time
being. Don't give more than 2 minutes for a question. The same logic is applicable to PCM."

3. While solving exercise, students TO question solve TOTO t # tto answer check TOTO t and so on, TO? TOFT
approach 11 I will suggest tot to tost 15 questions attempt tot then solution TOTO, It will save lot o f your
time. Solution TO TOTO mtoim to toto toto TOTkTO book completely solved 11

4. Teacher #T presence tot tout alternate to# t, book f t toto totototo to additional supplement 11 like a
m ultivitamin medicine, fTO-rot 3TTTOTOT all round grip over topic TOTOT 11 In fact, students update TOTO f #r
topic # ttott cover ft yjTOT t, TOTOtoto remaining 11 Along with your teacther, totto book TOT sequentially
follow TOf, will surely make wonderful result.

N o te:For a book to publish, there is author supervising other fellows for technical assistance, typing, proof
reading, designing and publishing department. If there is some mistake in book-m ay be some spelling
m istake or calculation, please overlook considering it to be hum an error and w rite to me at
sandeep.iiitj@gmail.com. I would also welcome all suggestions from my readers for improving further
additions of book.

With love for students

Sandeep Tiwari
 Acknowledgement
I am pleased to present the book to all the readers. My sincere thanks to all my students, my colleagues,
my friends and my family members for consistently motivating me during the course o f writing the book. It was
a tough time taking classes and writing book, but the j ourney completed happily. My affectionate thanks to family
members, to my wife SSA K SH I and son M AD D Y keeping patience in their neglect during the period o f writing
the book.

This book will be incomplete without mentioning gratitude to my teachers who taught me at St. M ichael’s
Hr. Sec. School, Satna (M.P.) and without the blessings o f Mother Smt. Saroj Tiwari and Brother Pradeep
Tiwari (Faculty-Chemistry) completion o f book would have never been possible.

I dedicate this book to my father Mr. Shri Niwas Tiwari who taught me Mathematics.
It was under his guidance that developed my interest in Mathematics.

Sincere thanks to my mentors...

Mr. Shubhendu Shekher (MSS Sir)
M aster’s in Mathematics (1994), Director BROTHER’S ACADEMY, RANCHI

Mr. Suyash Pratap Singh (SPS Sir),

BTech. IIT Bombay (1998), Faculty Mathematics

Mr. Mohit Tyagi (MT Sir),

BTech. IIT Delhi (2000), Faculty Mathematics

Mr. Vagish Chandra Jha (MVC Sir)

M aster’s in M athematics, Delhi University (2002), Faculty Mathematics

Mr. Shiv Pratap Raghuwanshi (SPR Sir)

BTech. IIT Kanpur (2002), Faculty Chemistry & Physics

Mr. Aayush Goyal (AGL Sir)

BTech. IIT Madras (2003), Faculty Mathematics

Mr. Amarnath Anand (ANA Sir)

BTech. IIT Delhi (2004), Faculty Mathematics

Mr. Prateek Arora (PKA Sir)

BTech. IIT Delhi (2004), Faculty Physics

Extraordinary credit to DIRECTORS o f Brother’s Academy Mr. Paras Aggrawal (PPA sir) & Mr. Prem
Prasoon Gupta (CPR Sir), without their support the book would have never been completed in such a
beautiful format. Special thanks to Mr. Saurabh Singhania (CSS Sir) and Mr. Amit Jindal (PAJ Sir) for
keeping my moral high in hectic times.

Author
Sandeep Tiwari
B rother’s Academy, Ranchi
 TABLE OF CONTENT
FUNCTIONS 1.1 -1.94
l.l. Definition l.l
1.2 Types of Functions 1.2
1.3 Domains and Ranges of Common Function 1.8
1.4 Graphs of Basic Functions 1.9
1.5 Graph of Trigonometric Function 1.10
1.6 Trigonometrical Inverse Function 1.12
1.7 Rules to Find Domain of Function 1.13
1.8 Transformation of Graphs, Solutions & Max./Min. Function 1.18
1.9 Methods of Determining Range 1.21
1.10 Equal or Identical Functions 1.31
1.11 Odd and Even Functions 1.32
1.12 Periodic Functions 1.35
1.13 Classification of Functions 1.39
1.14 Composite Function 1.47
1.15 Inverse of a Function 1.50
* Exercise 1.58
* Answers 1.74
* Solutions 1.75
LIMIT OF FUNCTION 2.1 -2.72
2.1. Introduction 2.1
2.2 Mathematical Definition 2.1
2.3 Graphical Representation of Limit 2.1
2.4 One sided Limit 2.1
2.5 L.H.L. and R.H.L. at x = a 2.2
2.6 Fundamental Five Theorems of Limits 2.4
2.7 Direct Substitution Method 2.4
2.8 Indeterminant Forms 2.4
2.9 Methods of Removing Indeterminancy 2.4
2.10 Factorisation Method 2.5
2.11 Rationalization Method 2.6
2.12 Algebraic Limit at Infinity 2.7
2.13 Limit Using Binomial Expansion 2.10
2.14 Standared Algebraic Limit 2.11
2.15 Trigonometric Limit 2.13
2.16 Oscillating Limit 2.18
2.17 Exponential and Logarithmic Limit 2.19
2.18 Limit of 1' Form 2.21
2.19 L’Hospital Rule 2.23
2.20 Limits using Expansion 2.25
2.21 Limit of Form 0°, °°° 2.27
2.22 Sandwich (squeeze play) Theorem 2.28
* Exercise 2.32
* Answers 2.47
* Solutions 2.48
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 3.1 -3.70
3.1. Introduction 3.1
3.2 Continuity at a Point 3.2
3.3 Theorems on Continuity 3.6
3.4 Continuity of Composite Functions 3.8
3.5 Continuity in an Interval 3.8
3.6 Types of Discontinuity 3.10
3.7 Intermediate Value Theorem 3.13
3.8 Differentiability of Functions 3.14
3.9 Differentiability and Continuity 3.17
3.10 Differentiability Using Differentiation 3.20
3.11 Differentiability Using Graph 3.21
3.12 Theorems of Differentiability 3.22
3.13 Differentiability Over an Interval 3.24
3.14 Differentiability Function Using Functional Rule 3.25
* Exercise 3.30
* Answers 3.50
* Solutions 3.51
METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION 4.1-4.56
4.1. Derivative by First Principle 4.1
4.2 Derivative of Elementary Functions 4.6
4.3 Fundamental Rule of Differentiation 4.6
4.4 Chain Rule of Differentiation 4.9
4.5 Logarithmic Differentiation 4.12
4.6 Implicit Differentiation 4.16
4.7 Differentiation Using Substitution 4.18
4.8 Parametric Differentiation 4.23
4.9 Differentiation of / (x) w.r.t.g(x) 4.24
4.10 Higher Order Derivatives 4.26
4.11 Differentiation of Determinant 4.28
4.12 L' hospital Rule 4.29
4.13 Combined Application 4.30
* Exercise 4.33
* Answers 4.42
* Solutions 4.43
TANGENT & NORMAL 5.1-5.58
5.1. Derivative as Rate of Change 5.1
5.2 Error and Approximation 5.4
5.3 Tangent and Normal 5.7
5.4 Parametric Coordinates on a Curve 5.12
5.5 Tangent from External Point 5.14
5.6 Angle of Intersection of Two Curves 5.17
5.7 Length of Tangent, Normal, Subtangent and Subnormal 5.21
5.8 Shortest Distance Between Curves 5.22
5.9 Rolle's Theorem 5.24
5.10 Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem (LMVT) 5.27
* Exercise 5.31
* Answers 5.41
* Solutions 5.42
MONOTONOCITY & MAXIMA-MINIMA 6.1-6.102
6.1. Monotonocity of Function 6.1
6.2 Method of Solving 6.3
6.3 Monotonocity of a Function at a Foint 6.10
6.4 Concave Upward, Concave Downward and Point of Inflection 6.12
6.5 Maxima-Minima 6.14
6.6 First Order Derivative Test for Local Maxima-Minima 6.15
6.7 Second Order Derivative Test for Local Maxima-Minima 6.21
6.8 nth Order Derivative Test 6.23
6.9 Inequality Change using Monotonocity 6.23
6.10 Maxima-Minima for Non Differentiable Function 6.26
6.11 Global Maximum and Minimum 6.32
6.12 Application of Maxima-Minima 6.35
6.13 Application of Monotonocity 6.47
6.14 Guidelines for Sketching a Curve 6.49
6.15 Slant Asymptotes 6.53
6.16 Different Graphs of the Cubic 6.54
* Exercise 6.56
* Answers 6.76
* Solutions 6.77
7. INDEFINITE INTEGRATION 7.1-7.102
7.1. Definition 7.1
7.2 Standard Formula 7.1
7.3 Elementary Integration 7.3
7.4 Integration by Substitution 7.7
7.5 Integration of Irrational Algebraic Function 7.53
* Exercise 7.58
* Answers 7.79
* Solutions 7.80
DEFINITE INTEGRATION 8.1-8.104
8.1. Definition Integration 8.1
8.2 Properties of Definite Integrals 8.7
8.3 Property IV. For Even and Odd Fucntion 8.12
8.4 Property V. King's Property 8.15
8.5 Property VI. Queen of all Property 8.20
8.6 Property VII. Property of Periodicity 8.26
8.7 Definite Integral as a Limit of Sum 8.29
8.8 Limit of Sum as Definite Integral 8.32
8.9 Derivatives of Antiderivatives (Leibnitz Rule) 8.34
8.10 Walli's Theorem (Reduction Formula) 8.38
8.11 Estimation of Definite Integral 8.40
* Exercise 8.47
* Answers 8.71
* Solutions 8.72
AREA UNDER CURVE 9.1-9.54
9.1. Introduction 9.1
9.2 Area Bounded by Curve with x-axis 9.1
9.3 Area Bounded by Curve with y-axis 9.2
9.4 Area Enclosed Between Two Curves 9.3
9.5 Shifting of Curves 9.11
9.6 Using Curves Sketching 9.12
9.7 Determination of unknown Variables 9.14
9.8 Resolve the Language 9.18
* Exercise 9.23
* Answers 9.36
* Solutions 9.37
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION 10.1-10.88
10.1 Definitions 10.1
10.2 Order and Degree of Differential Equation 10.1
10.3 Forming A Differential Equation 10.2
10.4 Solutions of Differential Equation 10.5
10.5 First Order and First Degree Differential Equations 10.7
10.6 Homogeneous Differential Equation 10.13
10.7 Equations Reducible To The Homogeneous Form 10.17
10.8 Linear Differential Equation 10.21
10.9 Linear Differential Equation of First Order 10.21
10.10 Equations Reducible to Linear Form: (Bernoulli's Equation) 10.26
10.11 Exact Differential Equation 10.29
10.12 D.E. of First Order but not First Degree 10.31
10.13 Orthogonal Trajectories 10.41
* Exercise 10.44
* Answers 10.60
* Solutions 10.61

1.1 DEFINITION
Let A and B are two given non empty sets and 40
function f 0T define 04T from set A to set B.
Function 40 y0K 0T ru led , vjflfch set A ^ elem ents 0T
set B 4> elem ent % associate 001 d I
(i) R epresented as, / : A —> B or A — f— > B
(ii) Read as, f is function defined from A to B
or, /m a p s A to B.
vjI AT, set A is called dom ain of function ‘f and set B is
c a lle d c o -d o m a in of f u n c tio n ‘f (M ake s u re B
co-domain A student generally B 0 f range 4T05T cFT d1)
Relation if, given two conditions 04 satisfy 0A 1I
then Relation 0 f Function 0 6 JI I
(i) Set A 0 T 64 elem ent, set B 4> Rb'dl 4 Rh'tfl
elem ent % associate dFTT I The G raph o f a F u n ctio n
(ii) Set elem ent 4d unique image set B 4 6Tfd
0ffd4 I
N ote :
(i) Dom ain 0T 0!^ elem ent un-associated 4df dFTT
4Tfd4, w h e re a s codom ain 0T 0 f d e le m en t
un-associated 4001d1 Given below examples
will explain the concept.
(ii) If elem ents x e A and y e B, th en under the
function f, input x 44 output y feel I, th en we say
t h a t " x f?F image y % " and w ritten as f(x) = y.
(iii) 40 input value <Ar 0 output value ■t/T 61'l l 0l%6 I
E xam ple 1
W hich of th e follow ing p ic to ria l d ia g ra m s
represent the function
(A )Q = € > (B )(g F * T g l
<P>G ) : O
Sol.
(A), N o t a fu n c tio n , cratfcF S e t A 0 T 4 0
element u n -a sso c ia te d ^ JK-i 1| For function set A
0T 64 elem ent associateddFTT I
FUNCTIONS
(B) F u n c tio n , d , cRjtfcF c o n d itio n s 0)
satisfy 044TT %I It is possible 1% Set B 0T elem ent
unassociated dT 4T0cTT d1
(C) N ot a fu n c tio n , 04)4% s e t A 0 T 4 0
elem ent set B ^ Yl elem ent % associated %I
(D) Represents Function.
Exam ple 2
R epresent all possible functions defined from
{a, b} to {1, 2}.
T he g ra p h of a fu n c tio n y = f(x), 4) 4TTd
points (x, f(x)) 0 C artesian plane 44 represent 04dl d I
By definition of a function, 64 4 0 x 44 y 4d 4 0 dt value
dFTT wl%q I This m eans vertical line 04 slide 00 0?
line curve 0T40 point 0? intersect 06Ji l I If line 4 0 %
0TT0T point 0? intersect 00ft d then graph is not a
function.
Exam ple 3
C heck M a th e m a tic a lly w h ic h of th e
following correspondences represent a function ?
(A) f(x) = 2x + 3 ; {-1, 0, 1} -0 {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
(B) f(x) = ±y!~x ; {0, 1, 4} —> {-2, -1 , 0, 1, 2}
(C) f(x) = V i ; {0, 1, 4} -0 {-2, -1 , 0, 1, 2}
(D) f(x) = x 2 - 1 ; {0, 1, 2} -0 {-2, -1 , 0, 1, 2}
Sol. (A) From rule we get f(-l) =1, f(0) = 3 & f(l) = 5.
Since 64 in p u t v alu es 4d output value given co-domain
if % Hence f(x) is function because
(B) f(x) is n o t a fu n c tio n b e c a u s e f{l} = - 1 ;
f( 1) = 1 and f(4) = -2; f{4} = 2 i. e., 4 0 input values
js 5 1
x = 1 77 two ouput values 1 and -1 fteT Tiff 11 G iv en tw o fu n c tio n s f a n d g, th e n su m .
Sim ilar case in x = 2. difference and product 77 domain, dom ain of f and
dom ain of g 77 intersection 5t7T (i.e., dom f n dom g).
(C) f(x) is function because 57 in p u t values 7?f output
value given co-domain 5 I (/+ g)(x) =/(x) + g(x)
(D) f(x) is not a function because f(2) = 3, and (/■ -g)(x)= /(x)-g(x)
3 co-domain 7t?t i t 1 Thus dom ain 77 elem ent
and (fg) (x)=/'(x)g(x).
x = 2 un-associated 7? 771 it I
D om ain, C o-dom ain and R an ge o f a F u n ctio n
7 ' /(* )
Moreover (x)= has dom f n {x e dom g: g(x)*0}
x 7?f TTnft values fvRi 77 function f(x) defined t 71 f(x) Si x)
m eaningful t 7> combined set Tit D om ain TlgTf § I
And set of all the images of elem ents in domain is called 1.2 TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
the Range.
(i) P olyn om ial F u n ction :
M apping^ input v a lu e s ^ corrspondm g fhcR TIoft out­
If a function f is defined by /(x) = a0 + a ,x + a„x- +
put values 77 combinely Range of function 77?cf % I ... + a n^x"-1 + a nx n, w h e re a 0, a .„ ....,a n a re r e a l
num bers (a0 * 0) and ‘n’ is a non negative integer and
Range = {/(x): x e domain}
the f is called a polynomial function of degree n.
Set B fvrRTh function 77 o utput associate FtTT t , 77t
Sam ple: f(x) = x3 - 2x + 5, f(x) = (3x - 2)3 - 17x5 + 3,
codomain TTUct 11 Question 5777 co-domain define 7771
ll f(x) = 3 are polynomials, where as

f(x) = 2 + 2x, /(x) - 2 + 3x1,:l - 7x3 are not

Domain x
polynomials.

N o te : Polynomial function 7 x 7?t power whole num ber

FRf) it i.e.. n e W. If given a polynomial function. vffW
f i\
N ote :
relation /(x)./ =fc) + f , Tit satisfy 7>^
\XJ \XJ
(i) Range c Co-domain. Range co-domain
IJtST 5t7T 7T xS7l<r> 77177 5l71 I Then, f(x) = 1 ± x” (*very commolny asked)
(ii) Curve Tit plot 717^ 77, x-axis 77 cover ftJvtt 77 Proof: Let. f(x) = a0xn + a |xn^1 + ... + an, then
portion 77 domain 7>5ct it and curve f ^ t 77
y-axis ^ region 77 Range mgrl f | f 1N a \
+ ... + a .
Exam ple 4 \x )
L e t/:{1,2,3} ->• {1,2,3,4,5} w here f(x) = x + 2, then Since the relation holds for m any values of x,
graphically represent the dom ain & range.
Com paring the coefficients of x", we wet
S o l. D o m a in is {1,2,3}. W h e re a s fu n c tio n Tfl
a.,a
0 n = ar,0 => a n = 1
o utput values {3, 4, 5} range % and codomain is
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Similarly comparing the coefficients of x" \ we get
a„a
0 n-1, + a,a
I n = a ,1 => a n-1 = 0 .
Co-domain
Ramie likewise a ...... a, are all zero.
Domain Com paring the constant term s, we get
tig . 1.2

Algebraic Operation on Functions al + li ; + . . . + a; = 2a ] => a0=±l

F u n c tio n s 1.3

E xam ple 5 P r o p e r tie s :

Dom ain : R
Given polynom ial function y = f(x), which sa tis­
R a n g e : R+
R o o t: None
fies th e re la tio n , f(x) f\ /(x) + f\ and Always increasing function
\ Lower bounded function with lower bound zero
f(3) = —26, th en find f(2). No M aximum and M inim um value
Asym ptote : y = 0.

Sol. G iven,/(x)./ - =/(x) + /

(v) L o g a rith m ic F u n c t io n :
Then conclusion is, given function either /(x) = loga(x) is called logarithm ic function, w here a > 0
and a ^ 1 and x > 0. Its graph can be as follows :
/(x) = 1 + xn or /(x) = 1 —xn iff iTbTT I
Given, /(3) = -2 6 => /(x) = 1 - xn
Case-I Case-II
/(3) = -2 6 = 1 - 3n =s> n = 3
Fora>l For0<a<l
f(x) = l - x 3thenf(2) = -7
(ii) A lg o b ra ic F u n c t io n :
y is an algebraic function of x, a function Glhb simplify
F 0(x)yn + F 1(x)yn-1 + ... + F n_1(x)y + F n(x) = 0,
(n e W) qi form 3 express vTT 'JFfFTT I? and F (x),
F (x),... are polynomials in x algebraic function F e.g.,
y = Ix | is an algebraic function, since it satisfies the
equation y 2—x 2= 0 .
N o te : conditions t —
(i) TTR polynom ial functions, algebraic F but LTR (i) 0 < A rgum ent
algebraic function polynomial FT, w h %I (ii) 0 < Base and Base ^ 1 FblT I
(ii) A fu n c tio n t h a t is n o t a lg e b ra ic is c a lled P r o p e r tie s :
Transcendental Function. (i) loga m ■n = loga m + logan
m
(iii) R a tio n a l F unction: (ii) loga — = loga m - loga n
g(x) (iii) loga m n = n loga m
A rational function is a function of the form.y =
, P_
w here g(x) and h(x) are polynomials. ( W here h(x) ^ 0) (iv) log /( bp = logab

(iv) E x p o n e n tia l F u n c tio n :

A function f(x) = ax= exlna (a > 0, a ^ l, xe R) is called an togx b
(v ) logab = log a = logxb logax
exponential function. Graph of exponential function can
be as follows : (vi) log b •logb a = 1
Case-I Case-II (vii) If loga fix) = y =* f(x) = (ay
Fora>l For0<a<l
lf(x)>g(x)ifa>l
/(x) /(x) (vm) If log,/(x) > log, g(x) = . | / ( r ) £ g ( x ) j f 0 < a < l

■X J /(x ) > a' a > 1

(ix) If log, /(x) > y =•
|/ ( x ) < ay if 0 < a < 1

G raph of exponential function like 2X, 3X, 4X41 sim ilar |/ ( x ) < ( f l) v a> 1
6 ld t , vjI ifch next topic graphs of function F discuss f Af I (x )Iflo g a/ ( x ) < y ^
|/ ( x ) > (a)y if 0 < a < 1
 m m
Exam ple 6
How m any solutions are there for equation
log4(x - 1) = log2(x - 3) ? (d) , (y * 0)
: If I
Sol. Given, log4(x - 1) = log.,(x - 3)
(e) xl - |y I | < |x + y | < | x | + | y |
1 N ote
— log2(x - 1) = log2(x - 3) (Property-iv)
(i) Modulus functions (+)ve function same 'i'istdl t
lo g „ (x -l)1/2= log„(x-3) and (-)ve function P pep 3fR (-)ve (+)ve PPT
=> (x —1)1/2 = (x - 3)" 1? I Then function modules 3PT graph
x —1 = x2 —6x + 3 draw PR x-axis P> below graph PP reflection
=> (x - 2)(x - 5) = 0 => x = 2, 5
above x-axis StcTT 11
*Check w hether solutions PP log defined ? PT pjff I (ii) x2= | x | - or (x-3)2 = | x-312 or (sinx)2 = | sinx | 2
Now, x —1 > 0 and x - 3 > 0 are very commonly used expression in solv ing
x > 1 and x > 3 m odulus function.
So only one solution x = 5. Exam ple 8
Exam ple 7 Solve for x, x2—5 1x I + 6 =
Solve for x, logx(x2 - 1) < 0. Sol. Given, x2—51 x | + 6 = 0
Sol. Given logx (x2 —1) < 0. PPlfiP Base P variable t 1x | 2 - 5 1x | + 6 = 0
^RTfcTV cases PPTfi P^T 1 (1*1 - 2 ) ( h 1 - 3) = 0
Case-I: 1 < Base x = ± 2 and ?i = i 3
(vii) S ig n u m F u n c t io n :
If 1 < x, then shifting base inequality change FPff
Represented as sgn(x)
0 < x2 - 1 < 1 A functions fix) = sgn(x) is defined as follows :
or 1 < x2 < 2
or for x>0
x e E—V 2 - ~ 1] ^ ( 1 . V2 )
fix) = sgn(x) = " for x=0
or x e ( 1 .^ 2 ) ...(l)
Case-II: 0 < B a s e < l for x<0
If 0 < x < 1, th en shifting base inequality change Ffiff I
then, logfix2 - 1) < 0 => x2 —1 > x°
x2 - 1 > 1 or x2 > 2
0<x< 1 v = 1 if x > 0
We get x e (-00, - - J 2 ] u ( V 2 . »), T? ITPfi initially
-►X
0 < x < l PTP 21T I Thus, x = <|) ...(2) O
From (1) union (2), we get y = - l ifx < 0
x e (1, -v/2 ) (Answer)
y = sgn x
(vi) A b solu te V alue F u n ction/M odu lus F unction:
The symbol of m odulus functions is f(x) = | x | and is Fig. 1.6
defined a s : N ote

/ ( X ) |.
; f(x) * 0
(i) sgn fix) = - f i x )
0; f(x) = 0

(ii) sgn function PP output - 1 , 0 and 1 ptcP t

Fig. 1.5 sgn(+ ve) = 1

P r o p e r tie s o f m od u lu s fu n c tio n s : S tu d en t m ust use -1 Sgn(0) = 0
(a) | x | n = | x” |
(b) Ixn | = xn, where n is even and n e z s g n (-v e ) = -1
(c) |xy| = |x | |y |
F u n c tio n s -JJL
Sample: (ii) I f 3 < [x2- 4x + 7], F in d x ?
(a) sgn(x2 + 1) = 1 becuase sgn <PT argument +ve Sol. 3 < [Argument] => Argument GI value 3 ^
thus output = 1 «T^f F^l means [Arg] value 4, 5. 6 .... Ft ^fT^nft 1 1
(b) sgn (2x - x2 - 3) = —1 because sgn 3F argument Thus, 3 < [Argument] => 4 < Argument.
F*ftHT -vet?, thus output = -1 . 3 < [x2 - 4x + 7] => 4 < x2 - 4x + 7
0 < x 2- 4 x + 3
(viii) G reatest Integer F u n ction or Step Function: 0 < (x - 3)(x - 1)
The function y = f(x) = [x] is called the greatest integer x e (-» , 1] <j [3, oo)
function, where [x] equals to the greatest integer less ( i i i ) If [x] = 1.5, F ind x ?
than or equal to x. GIF x ^ value ^ just smaller integger Sol. [Argument] = 1.5 => Greatest Integer output
gtcfl t? or if x integer f then value same ilFcfl 11 value Integer FFft t, decimal Ft I
For e xampl e. [2.3] = 2 ; [3.89] = 3 ; [4] = 4 ; Thus [x] = 1.5 => No solution. (No value of x)
[-1 .2 ]= -$ ,
(iv) F in d th e v a lu e o f

__ 1
^ 1

O
O
'1 1 '1 2 ' '1 3 ‘

h
+
3 + 100 3 + 100 3 + 100 3 100_
Sol. Using properties (/) of GIF
1
Here x = —, n = 100

'l 1 'l 2 ' '1 3 ' '1 99'

+ + +...+
__
1m

---- 1
__rn 1
-

-
3 100_

O
O
O
3 ' 100_ 1

1
Fig. 1.7
P ro p erties o f GIF [x] : —x 100 = 33
(a) [ x±k] = [x]±k, i f k e Z
(b) [—x] = - [x] -1 (ix) F ra ctio n a l P art F u n ctio n :
If is defined as, y = {x} = x —[x], where [.] denotes great­
[ 0. i f x is an int eger est integer function.
(c) M + [~x] ~ 1, i f x is not an i nt eger 0 < {< 1 i.e, fractional part value 0 ^ 1 3 FtcfT
t I (Range e [0, 1)). Also, F^t TT(+)ve Ftm 11
(d) [x] - [-x] = 2[x] + 1, x e I
Example, {2.1}= 0.1 and {-3.7} = 0.3.
(e) x —1 < [x] < x
Every number x = Int. part + fractional Part
r o' 3l n —1 2.3 xs— 2 + 0.3
x -i---- x+— x-t— + . X 4- = [nx] 4 = 4 + 0
n n n n +
-3.7= -4 0.3
(g) [x] + [y] < [x + y] < [x] + [y] + 1 Period of this function is 1 and graph drawn below.
(h) [ x ] > n 3 x > n , n e l
(i) [x] > n => x < n + 1, n e I v
0) [xj < n => x < n + 1, n e I
(k) [x] < n => x < n, n e I
N ote :
Generally property a, b, h, i, j and k mains level cT9>
questions use Ftcfl s? I Students proper applica­
tion If I Given below examples will explain
my words
(i) I f [x2 + 1] = 1, F ind x ? Fig. 1.8
Sol. [Argument] = 1 => Argument 3F G.I. 1 ^ means P rop erty :
Argument 1 Tt 2 ^ #TT | (i) Domain = R
(ii) Range a [0. 1)
=> [x2+ l ] = l => 1 < x2 + 1 < 2
(iii) Period s 1
=> 0 < x2 < 1 => x e (—1, 1)
 Mathematics For IIT-JEE Mains And
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