Amirul A+

1
OUTLINE
CONTENT PAGE
1.0 DEFINITION OF BUILDING DEFECTS 3-4
2.0 DEFINITION OF MAJOR AND MINOR DEFECTS 5-6
3.0 DEFECT SHEETS 7-80
4.0 CONCLUSIONS 81
5.0 REFERENCES 82-83
2
a) State the definition of building defects with a proper references(CO1);
b) Distinguish the definition major and minor defect in the context of building surveying
works (CO1);
3
1.0 Definition of building defects
a)
Building defects is defined as building flaws where it sometimes might lead into danger
condition. It is not only happen to old buildings but also to new buildings. Defect within new
buildings is maybe of non-compliance with Building Code and published acceptable tolerances
and standards. Meanwhile the older buildings, or building out of warranty period, may not
comply with these standards but must be judged against the standard at the time of construction
or refurbishment. There are many causes that leads to building defects such as poor
workmanship, improper methods of installation, poor quality of materials, soil subsidence and
poor material performance.
There are common types of building defects include structural defects resulting in cracks or
collapse, defective or faulty electrical wiring or lighting, defective or faulty plumbing, inadequate
drainage systems, faulty ventilation, cooling or heating systems, insufficient insulation or sound
proofing, and also inadequate fire protection suppression systems.
4
2.0 Definition of major and minor defects
b)
Building defects is divided into two categories which are major defects and minor defects.
Major defects or also known as structural defect is a defect in a major element of a building that
is attributable to defective design, defective or faulty workmanship, defective materials, or a
failure to comply with the structural performance requirements. It causes the building unable to
function well as its intended purpose, destruction of any part of the building or the building or
any part of it will might be collapsed. Major defects involve within internal or external load-
bearing component of a building that is essential to the stability of the building or any part of it, a
fire safety system and waterproofing.
Minor defects or also known as non-structural defect is a defect that is not categorized under
major defect and not likely affect the usability of the building. It also synonym to maintenance
defects as it is repairable and can be improved upon with only small changes. Minor defects on
the building are such as blemishes, cracks, wall dents, corrosion general deterioration and
unevenness in the finishes and materials
5
3.0Defect term with appreciate diagram base case study
c) Find out all the defects terms which outlined by PWD and translate to English version
complete with a proper references (CO1,CO2, CO3);
d) Clearly describe on the ‘defect terms’ and should be supported with appropriate
diagram, sketches and photo based on real case study (CO1)
6
Defect sheet No. 1 /74 Level 03
Location FSPU
Element/Component ROOF
BARIS
Condition Priority Matrix Colour
3 3 9
Defect Description
Rain water leakage on the roof
Possible Causes/Sources
Old roof that had rot or damaged, nail holes

Diagram 1.0
on loose roofs, inaccurate roofing work,
materials and impervious concrete mixing on
flat roof, roof sealing is not working or
inadequate, the roof is in a bad position
because the roof structure is damaged,
broken or rot
Remedies
https://www.washingtonpost.com
Location FSPU
Element/Component GUTTER
7
BARIS
4 3 12
Defect Description
Rain water leakage on the gutter
As it is blocked by dirt, leaves and others, the
lifetime is too long, the connectors is
removed, small size, removed brackets.
Remedies
Diagram 2.0 https://www.ecolinewindows.ca › leaking-

windows
Location PUSAT ISLAM
Element/Component DRAINAGE
BARIS
3 3 9
Diagram 3.0
Defect Description
Rain water leakage on the drain
8
`
Due to drainage fractured by load pressure,
soft or sedimentary base, cement mortar
connectivity is remove
Remedies
https://carroar.com › fix-water-leaks
Element/Component TANK
BARIS
3 2 6
Diagram 4.0 Defect Description
Water supply leakage on tank
Because the ball is damaged or removed by

the tank , excessive water loads, removable
sheet connectors, tanks due to damaged or
Diagram 4.1 broken retaining structures
Remedies
https://www.tulsaprotech.com ›
9
PINTU UTAMA UITM

Location
SERI ISKANDAR
Element/Component MAIN PIPE
BARIS
3 3 3
Water supply leakage on the supply pipe
Due to the old pipe, the load pressure from

the top, the connectors removed, broke
because of the load pressure, incomplete
Diagram 5.1
installation, clogging pipe.
Remedies
https://ell.stackexchange.com
10
Element/Component
BARIS
2 2 4
Diagram 6.0
Defect Description
Slanted door frame
Due to unbalanced load on it, inaccurate

installation, sinking foundation, crashes,
joists or moving beams without lintels
Diagram 6.1
Remedies
Defects and Deterioration in Buildings
11
Defect sheet No. 7/74 Level 00
Location KOLEJ TERATAI
Element/Component
BARIS
3 3 9
Slanted window frame
Due to unbalanced load on it, inaccurate

installation, sinking foundation, crashes,
joists or moving beams without lintels
Diagram 7.1
Remedies
12
Element/Component Roof
BARIS
3 3 9
Defect Description
Diagram 8.0
Slanted wood frame and connectors
Because it is warping by weather and thin

frame.
Remedies
Diagram 8.1 Defects and Deterioration in Buildings
13
Location
Element/Component
BARIS
1 2 2
Defect Description
Slanting on board
Diagram 9.0 Possible Causes/Sources
Due to warping by weather, insufficient

screws or nails
Remedies
14
KOLEJ INDERA
Location
SAKTI
Element/Component STEEL
BARIS
3 2 6
Defect Description
Slanting on metal frames
Diagram 10.0
Because of the high pressure or

attractiveness
Remedies
Location IPOH
Element/Component
BARIS
15
3 3 9
Defect Description
Rusting nails on roof hanger or slate tiles
Because it is too long, exposed to heat and

rain
Remedies
Diagram 11.0
Location ANNEX 2
Element/Component HANDRAIL
BARIS

Diagram 12.0
3 3 9
Defect Description
Rusting on metal frame including handrail,

balcony grill , door and window grill
Diagram 12.1 As it is not coated with paint or insulation,
16
exposed to acids or salts, exposed to
moisture or water, infected with animal or
poultry and by misuse
Remedies
Element/Component METAL
BARIS
3 2 6
Diagram 13.0
Defect Description
Rust on building equipment
Due to misuse, no insulation or paint,

exposed to heat or rain
Diagram 13.1
Remedies
Defects and Deterioration in Buildings:
17
BARIS
3 4 12
Diagram 14.0
Defect Description
Rust on roof gutter and rainwater downpipe
Due to old age, unpainted, paint was peel
Remedies
Diagram 14.1
Element/Component POLYMER PVC
BARIS
3 4 12
Defect Description
Diagram 15.0
Waste water leakage
18
Due to long lifetime, load pressure from
above, connectors was removed, clogging,
foundation has sink
Remedies
Location IPOH PARADE
Element/Component WALLPAPER
BARIS
Diagram 16.0 3 3 9
Defect Description
Peeling wallpaper
Because of old age, vandalism and damped

wall.
Diagram 16.1 Remedies

19
Element/Component WALL
BARIS
3 3 9
Chipped paint on wall, ceiling, door and

window frame
`Cause by old paint, new layer of the paint is

not suitable, changed of humidity and
dryness in weather and painting using wrong
Diagram 17.1 technique.
Remedies
Defect sheet No. 18 /74 Level
Location
Element/Component FLOOR
BARIS

Diagram 18.0
20
3 3 9
Defect Description
Decayed bathroom floor
Cause by a leakage of drainage pipe, wet

and damp floor, leakage of waste water pipe,
flooring work that are not perfect and pores.
Remedies
BARIS
3 3 9
Diagram 19.0
Defect Description
Decayed floor
Cause by too much floor cleaning or water

splashing, leakage of nearby underground
Diagram 19.1 water pipe.
Remedies
21
KOLEJ INDERA
Location
MULIA
Element/Component DOOR
BARIS
3 3 9
Decayed door, window and fascia board
Cause by too much exposer from wet and dry

condition, low quality building material and
Infested by pest and mold.
Diagram 20.1
Remedies
Location
BARIS
22
3 4 12
Defect Description
Decayed kitchen floor
Diagram 21.0
Cause by sink leakage, leakage of drainage

pipe and leakage of service water pipe.
Remedies
Location IPOH PARADE
Element/Component SKIRTING
BARIS

Diagram 22.0
3 3 9
Defect Description
Decayed at skirting board
Cause wall dampness, especially ground

floor, infest by pest
Diagram 22.1
Remedies
23
Location QUANTITY SURVEY
BARIS
3 2 6
Defect Description
Decayed carpet
Diagram 23.0
Caused by water infiltration from floor,

sprinkling of rain, leakage of service water
pipe/nearby waste water pipe
Remedies
Location
BARIS
24
3 3 9
Defect Description
Decayed parquet floor
Caused by water infiltration from floor,

sprinkling of rain, leakage of service water
pipe/nearby waste water pipe, parquet wood
quality, infest by pest.
Remedies
Diagram 24.0
Location IPOH
BARIS
3 3 9
Defect Description
Diagram 25.0
Decayed brick wall
25
Caused by low quality brick, too much
exposed from rain water or strong wind
current.
Remedies
Location IPOH
BARIS
3 4 12
Diagram 26.0
Defect Description
Decayed wooden plank floor
Cause by leakage of roof, water absorb from

ground to wall plates that contacted with the
wall or damped pillar/column/stud, pest
Diagram 26.1 infestation.
Remedies
26
KOLEJ CEMPAKA
Location
SARI
BARIS
4 3 12
Defect Description
Diagram 27.0 Decayed threshold
Caused by exposed to dry and wet, leakage

of roof gutter or overflow
Remedies
BARIS
Diagram 28.0 3 2 6
Defect Description
27
Decayed bridging, metal deck or roof beam
Cause by nearby leakage pipe, exposed

sprinkling of rain, wood quality, pest infection.
Remedies
Location DIAK
BARIS
3 3 9
Defect Description
Diagram 29.0
Dampness on the downside of outside wall
and walls in the building
Caused by water is absorb from the ground

that is cause of poor workmanship, lack off
water pounding, leakage of pipe that is near
the wall, overflow of water from drainage,
Diagram 29.1
lack off plastering, basement usually flooded,
stagnancy of water
Remedies
28
Location MEPS
BARIS
3 3 9
Diagram 30.0
Defect Description
Dampness on the middle side of outside wall.
Cause by sprinkling of water, leakage of

water pipe from above floor, surface water
Diagram 30.1 pipe leakage, lack of plastering.

Remedies
Location PEJABAT HEP
Element/Component BEAM
BARIS

Diagram 31.0
3 3 9
29
Defect Description
Dampness on the top side of the outside wall
Caused by sprinkling of water, leakage of

gutter or overflow of water, lack off plastering.
Remedies
Location ANNEX 1
Element/Component CEILING
BARIS
3 3 9
Diagram 32.0
Defect Description
Dampness of ceiling
Cause leakage of roof, leakage of pipe or

tank in the roof, low temperature from air
conditioning that are near the ceiling.
Diagram 32.1
Remedies
30
BARIS
3 3 9
Diagram 33.0
Defect Description
Dampness of ground floor
Cause by absorption of water from ground

that is caused by no present or lack of water
ponding, leakage nearby pipe.
Diagram 33.1
Remedies
Location ANNEX2
BARIS

Diagram 34.0
3 3 9
31
Defect Description
Dampness of floor and wall floor or above

wall and floor that is nearby washroom
Cause by service water and waste pipe

leakage, clogged pipe, stagnant water in
service hole,
Remedies
Location ANNEX1
BARIS
3 3 9
Diagram 35.0
Defect Description
Condensation wall at the ceiling.
Because of the fire-proof wall outside the roof

has no flashing, not enough plaster.
32
Location DIAK
Element/Component WALL/FLOOR
BARIS
3 3 9
Diagram 36.0
Defect Description
Condensation floor or wall at the basement.
Because not enough water seals, less

plaster, the pipe was leakage, high water
level.
Diagram 36.1
Remedies
Location IPOH
BARIS
Diagram 37.0 3 3 9
33
Defect Description
Floor bending.
Because the opening and the distance of

gutter and beam too big, the quality of wood
floor and overload.
Remedies
https://www.impressionsflooring.com
Location
Element/Component COLUMN
BARIS
3 3 9
Defect Description
Wood column tank bending.

Diagram 38.0
Because the small size, distance or opening

column is too spacious, the wood was wet
because the leakage, lack of column.
Remedies
34
https://www.basiccivilengineering.com
Location
BARIS
3 3 9
Defect Description
The roof frame bending.
Diagram 39.0
Because the less amount of skeleton, the
size of skeleton is small, overload, the
frame wood wet because the upper roof
was leakage, the quality of skeleton is low.
Remedies
https://www.steelconstruction.
35
Location GRAPHIC DESIGN
Element/Component FOUNDATION
BARIS
3 4 12
Sinking Basement / downstairs.
The soil is soft not solid enough, do not have

pile, do not have foundation, floor do not
have reinforced, the floor concrete was
Diagram 40.1 excessive, shake nearby.
Remedies
Location BOOK GARDEN
BARIS
36
3 3 9
Defect Description
Sinking Basic floor.
Soil erosion at ground floor, drain was

leakage or broken, nearby root tree was rot
or was take it off, movement of soil at the soil
layer, movement nearby.
Remedies
Diagram 41.0
37
Location DSI
BARIS
3 3 9
Diagram 42.0
Defect Description
Sinking Column and structure.
Less basic site, the layer of site too thin, soil

erosion, the solid soil not balanced, do not
have pile, movement nearby.
38
Location ANNEX 1
BARIS
3 3 9
Defect Description
Condensation In the ceiling room.
Diagram 43.0
Lack of roof insulation, less ventilation, air

conditioning weather was different, water
from the tank not covered .
Remedies
39
Location ANNEX 1
BARIS
3 3 9
Condensation Inside the wall or two layers

window glass.
Sealing defects or manufacturer error.

Diagram 44.1
Remedies
40
BILIK PAM KOLEJ

Location
TERATAI
BARIS
Diagram 45.0 3 4 12
Defect Description
Condensation In the storage.
Nearby wall was too moist, does not have

Diagram 45.1 enough ventilation.
Remedies
41
Location
BARIS
3 4 12
Defect Description
Condensation In a room or basement

Diagram 46.0
Not enough air circulation, floor and wall is

wet or damp walls, have stagnant water.
Remedies
42
KOLEJ PASIR
Location
SALAK
BARIS
3 4 12
Roof
Lack of skeleton or purlin collar, roof frame is

damaged, roof is melting, roof installation is
not perfect, roof movement occurs due to
Diagram 47.1
external pressure or wind blowing.
Remedies
43
Element/Component FLASHING
BARIS
Diagram 48.0 2 2 4
Defect Description
Flashing pieces
Small size, misplaced, wind blow, not enough

nails.
44
Location
Element/Component PORCH
BARIS
3 3 9
Defect Description
Porch
Diagram 49.0
Basement moved, no connectors or

reinforcement between each other, end load
of porch is heavy.
Remedies
45
Element/Component HANDRAIL
BARIS
2 2 4
Defect Description
Diagram 50.0 Handrail
Pressure or shake, brackets are shallow

planted, date or loose screw.
Remedies
46
Location ANNEX 3
Element/Component RENDER
BARIS
3 3 9
Diagram 51.0
Defect Description
Slipping or rendering
Too dry when it pasting, too thick, nearby

tremors, old age, root of the tree is covered.
Remedies
Diagram 5.1
47
KOLEJ INDERA
Location
MULIA
BARIS
3 3 9
Diagram 52.0
Defect Description
Large cracks of brick walls carry loads
Soil deposition, soil movement or erosion,

fundamental weaknesses of the site, nearby
tremors, overload from above, tree root,
Diagram 52.1
cements mortar failure.
Remedies
48
Location DSI
BARIS
3 3 9
Defect Description
Large cracks in the structure
Diagram 53.0
Beams or joints in the bottom is crack,

bending or breaking, horizontal load
pressure, building structure is stagnant, tree
root, wall is too wide or less stiffeners.
Remedies
49
Location
BARIS
3 4 12
Defect Description
Large cracks in the connecting walls
Diagram 54.0
Difference in moisture content between new

wall and original wall, no metal or wire
connecting between both of wall
Remedies
https://theconstructor.org
50
Location ANNEX 1
BARIS
2 2 4
Diagram 55.0
Defect Description
Small crack in the wall
Wrong mixed of spare mixture, brickwall too

dry, uneven slipping method.
51
Location ANNEX 3
Element/Component APRON
BARIS
Diagram 56.0 3 3 9
Defect Description
Apron or cement pavement
Sediment site, no reinforcement connected to

the building structure, tree root, gaps are
broken and fall, load pressure.
Remedies
Diagram 56.1 Defects and Deterioration in Buildings
52
Location ANNEX1
Element/Component BEAM
BARIS
3 3 9
Defect Description
Structure of the joints and beams
Diagram 57.0
Design error, overload, sediment site, lack of

foundation, shaking, erosion, structural
movement.
Remedies
53
Location MEPS
BARIS
3 3 9
Diagram 58.0
Defect Description
Others vertical structure
Load, lower structure moving or falling, lack

of reinforcement.
54
Defect sheet No. 59 /74 Level OO
Location INTERIOR DESIGN
Element/Component FOUNDATION
BARIS
Diagram 59.0 3 4 12
Defect Description
Ground floor
Sediment site, lack of reinforcement, load

Diagram 59.1
pressure, no connector is extended.
Remedies
55
BARIS
2 2 4
Defect Description
Diagram 60.0
Upper floor
Load pressure, no connector is extended, low

quality plastering, shaking, moving structure,
broken beam, too wide floor without support.
Diagram 60.1
Remedies
56
Location ANNEX1
Element/Component
BARIS
2 2 4
Diagram 61.0
Defect Description
Broken flat roof
Lack of reinforcement bar, no or lack of width

connection, changes of weather, and load
Diagram 61.1 pressure
Remedies
57
BARIS
Diagram 62.0 3 2 6
Defect Description
Broken wall next to door
There is no lintel, lack of size, base frame of

window or door was break.
Remedies
Diagram 62.1
58
Location ANNEX1
Element/Component WIRE
BARIS
Diagram 63.0 2 2 4
Defect Description
Wrong wiring
Illegal connection, additional wiring over

limitation, and did not wiring specification.
Diagram 63.1
Remedies
59
Element/Component HEAD PIPE
BARIS
3 3 9
Diagram 64.0
Defect Description
Water hammer
Direct system was used, water flow from low

tank to higher tank’ big diameter of pipe, and
Diagram 64.1 there is no balance pipe.
Remedies
60
Location INTERIOR DESIGN
BARIS
3 2 6
Defect Description
Broken bottom rail of bathroom’s door

Diagram 65.0
Cement liner too low
Remedies
61
FLOOR
Element/Component
BARIS
3 3 9
Diagram 66.0
Defect Description
Flooding, stagnant, overflow gutter
Drop flow too shallow, slope of the floor is not

good, or sewage pipe clogged up
Diagram 66.1
Remedies
62
Location
Element/Component STEEL
BARIS
2 1 2
Defect Description
Shaking machinery
Diagram 67.0
Loose screw, loose screw of machinery,

footing not good
Remedies
https://www.britannica.com
63
BARIS
3 2 6
Diagram 68.0
Defect Description
Wooden door attacked by pests
Termite, beetle, rat

Remedies
Diagram 68.1
Defects and Deterioration in Building
64
Location
BARIS
2 1 2
Defect Description
Palm roof attack by pests

Diagram 69.0
Rat, bird, snail
Remedies
rumbiaatap.blogspot.com
65
Location IPOH
Element/Component TIMBER FLOOR
BARIS
Diagram 70.0 2 2 4
Defect Description
Attacked by pests at ceiling and floor
Bat, swallow nest

66
Location MEPS
BARIS
2 2 4
Diagram 71.0
Defect Description
Attack of pests at ceiling verandah and

external building
Swallow nest
Diagram 71.1
Remedies
67
Element/Component SERVICE PIPE
BARIS
3 2 6
Diagram 72.0
Defect Description
Clogged up of service pipe
Dent pipe, high or dregs and dirt.

Diagram 72.1
Remedies
68
Element/Component WASTE PIPE
BARIS
3 2 6
Diagram 73.0
Defect Description
Clogged up sanitary pipe
Dent and broken pipe, dirt and rubbish,

abundant of tissue, drop of laundry and other
Diagram 73.1 washing tools.

Remedies
69
BARIS
Diagram 74
3 4 12
Defect Description
Clogged up gutter
Leaves and rubbish, any equipment or
broken roof pieces drop into pipe, dent or
Diagram 74.1
broken pipe
Remedies
70
4.0 CONCLUSIONS
Throughout the studies, building defects happen to both new and old buildings. It is
depending to the cause of it to happen such as unstable foundation, poor workmanship,
improper installation methods, poor quality of materials and others. Building defects are
divided into two categories which are major and minor defects. The major ones are the
defects that involving the main components of a building structure and the minor defects are
the ones that we can fix or replace to a new one
71
5.0REFERENCES
1.
The Technology of Building Defects
By John Hinks, Geoff Cook
2.
Defects and Deterioration in Buildings: A Practical Guide to the Science and ...
By Barry Richardson
72
3.
European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy, Issue 1, vol. 6, 2014
4.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287517311_General_Building_Defects_Causes_
Symptoms_and_Remedial_Work
5.https://www.ebi.net.au/identifying-major-and-minor-defec
73
74

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1

1.0 DEFINITION OF BUILDING DEFECTS 3-4

2.0 DEFINITION OF MAJOR AND MINOR DEFECTS 5-6

3.0 DEFECT SHEETS 7-80

5.0 REFERENCES 82-83

Condition Priority Matrix Colour

Rain water leakage on the roof

Old roof that had rot or damaged, nail holes

Defect sheet No. 2 /74 Level 03

Condition Priority Matrix Colour

Rain water leakage on the gutter

Diagram 2.0 https://www.ecolinewindows.ca › leaking-

Defect sheet No. 3 /74 Level 00

Location PUSAT ISLAM

Condition Priority Matrix Colour

Rain water leakage on the drain

Defect sheet No. 4 /74 Level 02

Location PUSAT ISLAM

Condition Priority Matrix Colour

Diagram 4.0 Defect Description

Water supply leakage on tank

Because the ball is damaged or removed by

Diagram 4.1 broken retaining structures

PINTU UTAMA UITM

Element/Component MAIN PIPE

Condition Priority Matrix Colour

Diagram 5.0 Defect Description

Water supply leakage on the supply pipe

Due to the old pipe, the load pressure from

Location PUSAT ISLAM

Condition Priority Matrix Colour

Slanted door frame

Due to unbalanced load on it, inaccurate

Location KOLEJ TERATAI

Condition Priority Matrix Colour

Diagram 7.0 Defect Description

Slanted window frame

Due to unbalanced load on it, inaccurate

Defect sheet No. 8 /74 Level 00

Location KOLEJ TERATAI

Condition Priority Matrix Colour

Because it is warping by weather and thin

Condition Priority Matrix Colour

Diagram 9.0 Possible Causes/Sources

Due to warping by weather, insufficient

Defects and Deterioration in Buildings

Condition Priority Matrix Colour

Slanting on metal frames

Because of the high pressure or

Defects and Deterioration in Buildings

Defect sheet No. 11 /74 Level 02

Rusting nails on roof hanger or slate tiles

Because it is too long, exposed to heat and

Defects and Deterioration in Buildings

Defect sheet No. 12 /74 Level 02

Condition Priority Matrix Colour

Rusting on metal frame including handrail,

Diagram 12.1 As it is not coated with paint or insulation,

Defects and Deterioration in Buildings

Defect sheet No. 13 /74 Level 01

Location KOLEJ TERATAI

Condition Priority Matrix Colour

Rust on building equipment

Due to misuse, no insulation or paint,