Chapter I

Introduction

This section consists the background of the three variables, namely,

the unemployment rate, total population, and gross domestic product in

Southeast Asia as of the year 2018.

1.1. Background of the Study (inverted triangle – general to

specific)

The increase in the capacity of a country to produce goods and

services is what concludes as its economic growth, this is mainly

measured through the country’s Gross Domestic Product.

Gross Domestic Product, GDP for short, is the amount of finished

goods and services that is produced within a country’s border over a

certain period of time, normally a year. There are four (4) components in

measuring the GDP, there are: Consumption, Investment, Government,

Net Exports (Khouri, 2016). Consumption is the value of purchases made

by the consumers, i.e. food, appliances, medical services. Investments

represents the value of the country’s investment spending, an example of

which is company machinery investment. Government relates to the

value of government spending such as government infrastructure

spending. Government expenditure does not include welfare spending.

Net Exports refers to the overall value of the nation’s exports. GDP is just

one indicator on measuring the economic growth as it does not take

1
Babbie, Earl R. The Practice of Social Research. 12th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Cengage, 2010; Muijs, Daniel. Doing Quantitative Research in Education with SPSS. 2nd
edition. London: SAGE Publications, 2010.
account of the ‘non-material’ aspects of a country, such as crime rates,

pollution and access to basic necessities and education.

Other aspects that affect a country’s economy are their total

population and unemployment rate. Unemployment Rate is the

percentage of unemployed people over the labour force of a country.

Unemployed people are those whom does nothing for a living, is eligible

to work, and is actively trying to find a job for the last four weeks.

Total Population is the number of people that is inhabiting a

country. Total population of a country is compromise of the total number

of individuals either residing the country or are present at the time of the

census.

1.2. Conceptual Framework

For the purpose of this study three (3) variables have been used.

Two independent variables which are, unemployment rate and total

population. Gross domestic product acts as the dependent variable.

Through the proposed framework the relationship of the

unemployment rate and total population to the gross domestic product is

being tested. Furthermore, the framework aims to provide significant

differences amongst the variables and the strength of influence the

1
Babbie, Earl R. The Practice of Social Research. 12th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Cengage, 2010; Muijs, Daniel. Doing Quantitative Research in Education with SPSS. 2nd
edition. London: SAGE Publications, 2010.
unemployment rate and total population affecting the gross domestic

product.

UNEMPLOYMEN
T RATE
GROSS
DOMESTIC
PRODUCT
TOTAL
POPULATION

1.3. Statement of the Problem

This study aims to understand the nature and relationship of the

following variables, namely, the Unemployment Rate, Total Population,

and Gross Domestic Product of the Southeast Asian countries as of the

year 2018. These signifies the three variables: x 1-variable, x2-variable,

and y-variable, respectively. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following

questions:

1. What is the statistical analysis of the following variables:

a. Unemployment Rate;

a. Total Population; and

b. Gross Domestic Product?

2. Is there a significant difference between the following:

a. Unemployment Rate and Gross Domestic Product; and

b. Total Population and Gross Domestic Product?

1
Babbie, Earl R. The Practice of Social Research. 12th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Cengage, 2010; Muijs, Daniel. Doing Quantitative Research in Education with SPSS. 2nd
edition. London: SAGE Publications, 2010.
 3. What is the strength of the relationship between the two variables:

a. Unemployment Rate and Gross Domestic Product; and

b. Total Population and Gross Domestic Product?

4. How does the following variables affect each other:

a. Unemployment Rate to Gross Domestic Product;

b. Total Population to Gross Domestic Product; and

c. Unemployment Rate and Total Population toward Gross

Domestic Product?

1.4. Significance of the Study

The outcome of this study will concentrate on the relationship

among the three variables. The significance of this paper is to study the

association of unemployment rate, total population, and the gross

domestic product of the countries located in the Southeast region of Asia

for the year 2018. Readers of this study shall be:

a) Familiarize with the three variables independently and correlatively

b) Informed on how the following x-variables impacts and correlate

the y-variable

c) Enlightened on the current status of the economy of Southeast

Asia regarding the following attributes

1.5. Scope and Delimitation

1
Babbie, Earl R. The Practice of Social Research. 12th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Cengage, 2010; Muijs, Daniel. Doing Quantitative Research in Education with SPSS. 2nd
edition. London: SAGE Publications, 2010.
 The coverage of this research is about the full recognition and

interpretation of the unemployment rate, total population, and gross

domestic product in Southeast Asian countries, as well as its

relationship and impact toward one another.

This research aims to know how the two x-variables, the

unemployment rate and total population, influences the y-variable, the

gross domestic product. Aside from that, it also aims to measure the

strength and significant differences of the three particulars. This

includes the test of differences, correlation analysis, and regression

analysis.

The study is restricted, however, to the 11 Southeast Asian

countries. It mainly focuses only on the three particulars as of the year

2018.

1
Babbie, Earl R. The Practice of Social Research. 12th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Cengage, 2010; Muijs, Daniel. Doing Quantitative Research in Education with SPSS. 2nd
edition. London: SAGE Publications, 2010.
 Chapter II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

2.1. Review of Related Literature

2.2. Review of Related Studies

2.3. Synthesis and Research Gap

2.4. Theoretical Framework

Chapter III

Research Methodology

This chapter is dedicated to the description of the method and

statistical treatments used to obtain, analyse and interpret the data

findings of the study.

3.1. Collection of Research Data

3.2. Data Visualization

3.3. Research Design (Quantitative Descriptive-Inferential)

The study adopted a quantitative descriptive-inferential design that

make use of different statistical methods in order to test the relationship

and difference of the variables.

Quantitative methods emphasize objective measurements and the

statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through

polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing

statistical data using computational techniques (Babbie, Earl. 2010)1.

1
Babbie, Earl R. The Practice of Social Research. 12th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Cengage, 2010; Muijs, Daniel. Doing Quantitative Research in Education with SPSS. 2nd
edition. London: SAGE Publications, 2010.
 The combination of the two-main type of statistical analysis,

descriptive and inferential, was used to analyse and interpret the data.

According to Laerd Statistics, most researches conducted on groups of

people uses both descriptive and inferential statistics to analyse their

results and conclusions.

As the study deals with substantial numbers, descriptive statistics

best suited to be used. Descriptive statistics provide simple summaries

and measurement about the data and it also describes the basic features

of information in the raw data. This is used to present the quantitative

description of the variables.

In order to test the relationship of unemployment rate and total

population to the gross domestic product, inferential statistics was used.

According to intellspot.com, inferential statistic is used to study the

relationships between variables within a sample, and you can make

conclusions, generalizations or predictions about a bigger population. In

other words, the sample accurately represents the population. Inferential

statistics has two main areas, estimating parameters which is used in

making predictions and hypothesis tests which helps in making

generalization about the data population (Glen, 2015). Through this

study, hypothesis testing was used in answering the research questions.

3.4. Statistical Treatment of Data

1
Babbie, Earl R. The Practice of Social Research. 12th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Cengage, 2010; Muijs, Daniel. Doing Quantitative Research in Education with SPSS. 2nd
edition. London: SAGE Publications, 2010.
 This study used four (4) statistical treatments: Descriptive

Analysis, Analysis of Variance, Correlation Analysis and Regression

Analysis.

Descriptive Analysis depicts the result of the analysis of data of each

variable. These analyses were composed of measures of central

tendencies, measures of dispersions and symmetry, as well as its

extremities. This includes the measures of central tendency: mean,

median, and mode. The mean is the average of all observations. The

median stands for the midpoint of the array data. While the mode is

defined as the most occurring value in the data. Aside from the central

tendency, the measures of dispersion were also taken into account.

These were the standard deviation and sample variance. The standard

deviation and sample variance explain how the scores were spread in the

data. Skewness and Kurtosis is also shown in the result of the analysis,

whereas skewness measures the asymmetricity of the distribution and

the kurtosis tells how sharp the peak of the data when applied to the

bell-curved distribution. To complete the summary of the data, range,

minimum, maximum, sum data observation and count is also indicated.

In Analysis of Variance, shortened as ANOVA, the differences

between two or more means is being tested, which in this study, the

analysis of variance between the unemployment rate and gross domestic

product, and total population with the same y-variable, GDP. As

indicated in the descriptive analysis section, the mean, sample variance,

1
Babbie, Earl R. The Practice of Social Research. 12th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Cengage, 2010; Muijs, Daniel. Doing Quantitative Research in Education with SPSS. 2nd
edition. London: SAGE Publications, 2010.
and the number of observations of the two variables were also mentioned

in the result of this method. Among the data result of this method, two

data serves a significant role in ANOVA; t-statistics and the t-critical

value. The t-statistics, or t Stat, is the value where the null or alternative

hypothesis would be rejected or accepted, depending on the result. On

the other hand, the t-critical value is the cut-off between accepting or

rejecting the null hypothesis, this is the line that separates the accepted

area and rejected area. The p-value, or the probability value, dictates the

significant difference. If the p-value is less than 0.05, there is a

significant difference, while if the value is greater than 0.05, the

interpretation will have no significant difference. The ANOVA method,

also discloses the Pearson correlation, denoted as r. The Pearson

correlation measure of the strength of the association between the two

variables.

To further support the results of ANOVA, Correlation Analysis was

also used. Correlation Analysis shows result of correlation coefficient

which tells how the two variables are strongly related to each other. A

positive 1 indicates a perfect positive correlation which means that as the

x-variable increases, the y-variable increases as well, and vice versa.

While the negative 1 indicates an indirect relationship between the two

variables. A correlation coefficient of 0 means no correlation at all. This

method also illustrates through a scatterplot how the variables correlates

1
Babbie, Earl R. The Practice of Social Research. 12th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Cengage, 2010; Muijs, Daniel. Doing Quantitative Research in Education with SPSS. 2nd
edition. London: SAGE Publications, 2010.
with one another. Whereas, the direction of the plots and trendline

depicts the linear relationship of the variables.

The last method used was regression analysis which includes the

Regression Statistics, ANOVA, and the slope and intercept.

Regression Statistics provides the multiple r, r 2, adjusted r2, and the

standard error of the estimate, which can be used to determine how well

a regression model fits the data. The multiple r, or the correlation

coefficient, measures how strong the linear relationship is and how well

the given variables can be predicted using the linear function. The

coefficient of multiple correlations takes a value between 0 and 1, results

closer to 1 indicates a strong and positive linear relationship between the

two variables. R Square can also be denoted as the coefficient of

determination. It is simply computed by multiplying the multiple r by

itself. R square states the percentage of the x-variable affecting the y-

variable. Adjusted R Square, on the other hand, is often used when there

is more than one x-variable. It tells the percentage of variation explained

by the independent variables that affects the dependent variable. The

standard error tells how precise the regression coefficient is measured. It

also represents the distance of the values to the regression line. In this

part the number of observation is also mentioned which translates to the

number of data being observed.

The Analysis of Variance in regression analysis, depicts a way to

find out if the data results are significant. It tests whether the overall
1
Babbie, Earl R. The Practice of Social Research. 12th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Cengage, 2010; Muijs, Daniel. Doing Quantitative Research in Education with SPSS. 2nd
edition. London: SAGE Publications, 2010.
regression model is good fit for the data. The significance F is the

probability that the null hypothesis in the regression model cannot be

rejected. Meaning, it indicates the significance of the variables of the data

by implying that the probability that all the coefficients in the regression

output is actually zero.

The slope and intercept results shows the coefficients that give

specific information about the data as it depicts whether there is a

positive or negative correlation in variables being tested. This table is

often used in predicting data for the following periods with the help of

linear equation. The standard error in this table explains the estimate of

the standard deviation of the coefficient. It can be thought of as the

measure of precision in which the regression coefficient is measured.

Chapter IV

Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation

4.1. Descriptive Analysis of Data

4.2. Test of Difference of Data

4.3. Test of Correlation of Data

4.4. Regression Analysis of Data

Chapter V

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

1.1. Summary of findings

1.2. Conclusion

1.3. Recommendation
1
Babbie, Earl R. The Practice of Social Research. 12th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Cengage, 2010; Muijs, Daniel. Doing Quantitative Research in Education with SPSS. 2nd
edition. London: SAGE Publications, 2010.
1
Babbie, Earl R. The Practice of Social Research. 12th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Cengage, 2010; Muijs, Daniel. Doing Quantitative Research in Education with SPSS. 2nd
edition. London: SAGE Publications, 2010.
1
Babbie, Earl R. The Practice of Social Research. 12th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Cengage, 2010; Muijs, Daniel. Doing Quantitative Research in Education with SPSS. 2nd
edition. London: SAGE Publications, 2010.