ASSIEGNMENT

 Submitted By: Muhammad Junaid

 Submitted To: Eng. Umair Furqan
 Topic : History of Computer

UNIVERSITY OF ENGNEERING AND TECHNLOGY,LAHORE

(FAISALABAD CAMPUS)
 COMPUTER
 A computer is a device that accepts information (in the form
of digitalized data) and manipulates it for some result based
on a program or sequence of instructions on how the data is
to be processed.
 In 1640s, "one who calculates," agent noun
from compute.Meaning "calculating machine".In
modern use, "programmable digital electronic
computer" (1945 under this name; theoretical from
1937, as Turing machine). ENIAC (1946) usually is
considered the first. Computer literacy is recorded
from 1970.
 ABACUS AN CALCULATING
MACHINE
 The abacus (plural abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is
a calculating tool that was in use in Europe, China and Russia,
centuries before the adoption of the written Hindu–Arabic numeral
system.[1] The exact origin of the abacus is still unknown. Today,
abaci are often constructed as a bamboo frame with beads sliding on
wires, but originally they were beans or stones moved in grooves in
sand or on tablets of wood, stone, or metal.
 Although today many use calculators and computers instead of abaci
to calculate, abaci still remain in common use in some countries.
Merchants, traders and clerks in some parts of Eastern Europe,
Russia, China and Africa use abaci, and they are still used to teach
arithmetic to children. Some people who are unable to use a
calculator because of visual impairment may use an abacus.
 Abucas

Napier's bones
 Napier's bones is a manually-operated calculating device created by
John Napier for calculation of products and quotients of numbers.
The method was based on Arab mathematics and the lattice
multiplication used by Matrakci Nasuh in the Umdet-ul Hisab. The
technique was also called Rabdology. Napier published his version in
1617 in Rabdology.
 The complete device usually includes a base board with a rim; the
user places Napier's rods inside the rim to conduct multiplication or
division. The board's left edge is divided into 9 squares, holding the
numbers 1 to 9. The Napier's rods consist of strips of wood, metal or
heavy cardboard. Napier's bones is three-dimensional, square in
cross section, with four different rods engraved on each one. A set
of such bones might be enclosed in a convenient carrying case
 NAPIER’S BONE

Slide rule

 The slide rule, also known colloquially in the United States as a slipstick is a
mechanical analog computer. The slide rule is used primarily for
multiplication and division, and also for functions such as exponents, roots,
logarithms and trigonometry, but typically not for addition or subtraction.
Though similar in name and appearance to a standard ruler, the slide rule is
not meant to be used for measuring length or drawing straight lines.
 Slide rule

PUNCHED CARD
 A punched card or punch card is a piece of stiff paper that can be used to
contain digital information represented by the presence or absence of
holes in predefined positions. The information might be data for data
processing applications or, in earlier examples, used to directly control
automated machinery.
 Punched cards were widely used through much of the 20th century in what
became known as the data processing industry, where specialized and
increasingly complex unit record machines, organized into semiautomatic
data processing systems, used punched cards for data input, output, and
storage. Many early digital computers used punched cards, often prepared
using keypunch machines, as the primary medium for input of both
computer programs and data.
Punched card