ASSIEGNMENT

 Submitted By: Faizan Arif

 Submitted To: Eng. Umair Furqan
 Topic : Analog computers
 ABACUS AN CALCULATING
MACHINE
 The abacus (plural abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a
calculating tool that was in use in Europe, China and Russia, centuries
before the adoption of the written Hindu–Arabic numeral system.[1] The
exact origin of the abacus is still unknown. Today, abaci are often
constructed as a bamboo frame with beads sliding on wires, but originally
they were beans or stones moved in grooves in sand or on tablets of wood,
stone, or metal.

 For any particular abacus design, there usually are numerous different
methods to perform a certain type of calculation, which may include basic
operations like addition and multiplication, or even more complex ones,
such as calculating square roots. Some of these methods may work with
non-natural numbers (numbers such as 1.5 and 3⁄4). Picture given following
the paragraph.
Abacus
 SLIDE SCALE OR SLIDE RULE
 The slide rule, also known colloquially in the United States as a slipstick,it is
a mechanical analog computer. The slide rule is used primarily for
multiplication and division, and also for functions such as exponents, roots,
logarithms and trigonometry, but typically not for addition or subtraction.
Though similar in name and appearance to a standard ruler, the slide rule is
not meant to be used for measuring length or drawing straight lines.

 Slide rules exist in a diverse range of styles and generally appear in a linear
or circular form with a standardized set of markings (scales) essential to
performing mathematical computations.

Slide Rule
 PUNCHED CARD
 A punched card or punch card is a piece of stiff paper that can be used to
contain digital information represented by the presence or absence of
holes in predefined positions. The information might be data for data
processing applications or, in earlier examples, used to directly control
automated machinery.

 Punched cards were widely used through much of the 20th century

PUNCHED CARD
 NAPIER’S BONE
 Napier's bones is a manually-operated calculating device created by John
Napier of Merchiston for calculation of products and quotients of numbers.
The method was based on Arab mathematics . The technique was also
called Rabdology. Napier published his version in 1617 in Rabdology.,
printed in Edinburgh, Scotland, dedicated to his patron Alexander Seton.

 Using the multiplication tables embedded in the rods, multiplication can be

reduced to addition operations and division to subtractions. More
advanced use of the rods can even extract square roots. Note that Napier's
bones are not the same as logarithms, with which Napier's name is also
associated.

NAPIER’S BONE
 ANALYTICAL ENGINE
 The Analytical Engine was a proposed mechanical general-purpose
computer designed by English mathematician and computer pioneer
Charles Babbage.It was first described in 1837 as the successor to
Babbage's difference engine, a design for a mechanical computer.
 The logical structure of the Analytical Engine was essentially the same as
that which has dominated computer design in the electronic era.
 Babbage was never able to complete construction of any of his machines
due to conflicts with his chief engineer and inadequate funding.It was not
until the 1940s that the first general-purpose computers were actually
built, more than a century after Babbage had proposed the pioneering
Analytical Engine in 1837.
 Babbage intended to use punched cards to feed the instruction and data
into Analytical Engine (1834-71).
 Tow types of punched cards are used.
1.”Operational Card”, for inputting instruction.
2. “Variable Cards”, for inputting data.

ANALYTICAL ENGINE