REVIEW ON RELATED LITERATURE

Education

Education as defined by Bowen J. et al is a discipline that is concerned with

methods of teaching and learning in schools or school-like environments as opposed to

various nonformal and informal means of socialization (e.g., rural development projects

and education through parent-child relationships). The fundamental task of education is

to form people who will be able to integrate socially (in kindergarten, school, society)

and then take on responsibilities in the groups they belong to (Petrovai, 2012).

Education is a basic and primary condition to cultivate knowledge and civilize people for

their all-round development (Mirowsky, 2017).

Education are the agents responsible for socializing groups of children and young

people on specific skills and values in a society (Henslin,1999). Appelbaum and

Chambliss (1997) argue that this socializing agent probably contributes most to social

conformity. The school system has become the glue that holds society together.

Schooling has been defined by Biddle & Payne (1999) as the appearance of organized

instructional activity in which the position of the teaches is differentiated from other

positions in the system and given the explicit task of socializing neophytes. The school

is the first large-scale organization of which the child becomes a member. The school is

a miniature reflecting what goes on in the wider society (Saldana, 2013).

Socialization

Socialization is the process of creating a social self, learning one’s culture and

learning the rules and expectations of the culture. The socialization of the individual is

accomplished throughout his life, going through different stages, in an upward

direction. Experience in childhood is essential in the socialization process. Piaget &

Inhelder (1980), supports the idea that “the child starts from a purely individual state,

that of the first months of existence when no exchange is possible with others, and

then a progressive socialization that will never end.”

The socialization process starts from the youngest age when first social contacts

and life experiences take place throughout the man’s life. Erickson (1950) argues that

“every stage of the human development is characterized by a certain type of

socialization”. Socialization has as main purpose the realization of the ability to obey the

exigencies of social norms and ideals materialized in the cultural values of the group to

which man belongs. The socialization process represents the social integration and

identity of the person. “The process, as such, has an ontogenetic evolution that obeys

the social-historical one through the traditions, mentalities, the level of culture and

civilization transmitted from generation to generation”

6 (Şchiopu & Versa, 1995).

Social interactions teach children about themselves and what they need to do to

become accepted and competent members of their social worlds. Within the context of

these interactions, children develop a set of values and standards for behavior and

goals they strive to achieve (Grusec & Goodnow, 1994).

Social Interactions with Teachers

In the classroom, teachers play the central pedagogical function of transmitting

knowledge and training students in academic subject areas. However, during the course

of instruction, teachers also promote the development of behavioral competencies by

way of classroom management practices (Doyle, 1986), and by structuring learning

environments in ways that make social goals more salient to students (Cohen, 1986).

Similarly, Birch and Ladd (1998) found teacher-child closeness to be associated

positively with children's academic performance, school liking, and self-directedness,

whereas relationships marked by conflict and dependency were associated with less

than positive outcomes, including declines in children's prosocial behavior over time.