Kabul Polytechnic University

Water Supply And Environmental Engineering Department

Water Quality Testing (‫)آزمایش کیفیت آب‬

Surface Water Treatment

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INTRODUCTION
o Large variations in available quantity as well as in quality.
o Natural forms: rivers and lakes
o Man-made forms: canals, reservoirs and gravel and sand extraction pits

o In the lower course of the river, the water is highly mineralized and contaminated with residential and
industrial wastewater.

Direct treatment

Surface water
treatment
Indirect direct
treatment via
infiltration

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TRADITIONAL TREATMENT PLANTS Coagulant Powdered activated
carbon used for the
Cl2 Fe3+ PAC removal of micro-
pollutants

River Basin(s) Flocculation

Cl2

Clear water
Rapid filtration Floc removal
reservoir

Traditional treatment scheme for direct treatment of surface water

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CONTEMPORARY TREATMENT PLANTS

The production of drinking water from surface water with direct treatment

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CONTEMPORARY TREATMENT PLANTS used to increase the pH
Retention time Cl2 Fe3+ PAC CaO
> 1 month

River Reservoir Flocculation Sedimentation

Cl2

Clear water Activated carbon

Aeration
reservoir filtration

Contemporary direct treatment of surface water (Berenplaat)

• Adsorption
• Backwashed
• Reactivated 1 – 1.5 years

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CONTEMPORARY TREATMENT PLANTS

Contemporary direct treatment of surface water (Berenplaat)

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CONTEMPORARY TREATMENT PLANTS

Fe3+

River Reservoir Flocculation Sedimentation

Cl2 /ClO2 NaOH Addition of iron to enhance Fe3+ H2 SO4

particle removal

Clear water Activated carbon Rapid sand

Ozonation
reservoir filtration filtration

Contemporary direct treatment of surface water with ozonization (Kralingen) Lowering the pH to
enhance Ozonation

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CONTEMPORARY TREATMENT PLANTS

Kralingen drinking water production plant (Zuid-Holland)

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CONTEMPORARY TREATMENT PLANTS
Problems of contemporary treatment

o Formation of disinfection by products (THMs, bromates)

o Emerging micropollutants (polar micropollutants)
o Effective removal of Cryptosporidium and Giardia
o Endocrine disruptors
o Prevention of Legionella.
o Assimilable organic matter (AOC)

Need to a renewed orientation of the integral setup of treatment schemes

Main focus on biological and physical processes

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CONTEMPORARY TREATMENT PLANTS
Problems of contemporary treatment
Biological processes
In biological processes, pollutants are assimilated by biomass and therefore removed from the water.

Reduction of organic matter (DOC, AOC, etc)

Treated water should be biologically stable

Application

 Biologically activated carbon filtration

 Slow sand filtration

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CONTEMPORARY TREATMENT PLANTS
Problems of contemporary treatment
Physical processes

 UV disinfection
 membrane filtration

With UV radiation:
o the DNA structure of organisms is destroyed,
thereby stopping growth.
o No harmful side-effects to date.

With membrane filtration:

Water is pressurized through a membrane
Available in several different pore sizes (microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, Reverse osmosis)

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CONTEMPORARY TREATMENT PLANTS
Physical processes

Membrane separation processes overview (Judd and Jefferson, 2003)

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CONTEMPORARY TREATMENT PLANTS
Fe3+ NaOH

River Reservoir Microstraining Flocculation

H2 O2 More effective with UV

Activated
UV- Rapid sand
carbon Sedimentation
disinfection filtration
filtration

Clear water
Microstraining
reservoir

Direct treatment of surface water at Andijk production plant (2005)

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CONTEMPORARY TREATMENT PLANTS Fe3+ NaOH

River Microstraining Reservoir Flocculation

Activated
Rapid sand
Ultrafiltration carbon Sedimentation
filtration
filtration

H2 SO4
Anti-scalant

Reverse Clear water

osmosis reservoir
Direct treatment of surface water at Heemskerk
production plant
Concentrate

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INDIRECT TREATMENT OF SURFACE WATER
Infiltrating pre-treated surface water into the ground, abstracting it and treating it afterwards
(post-treatment).

o Surface water quality and quantity varies along the year

o Water can be infiltrated with open canals and ponds into the phreatic groundwater.
o Infiltration projects cover large areas (need to be protected)

Pre-treatment

 Suspended particles need to be removed first.

 Standard treatment consists of flocculation followed by floc removal and rapid filtration.
 With the flocs, substances like heavy metals (being positively charged and adsorbed to the flocs) and
microorganisms are removed.
 Coagulants are trivalent metal salts (FeCl3, iron chloride sulfate, or aluminum sulfate.)

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INDIRECT TREATMENT SURFACE WATER
Pre-treatment
Fe3+

River Flocculation Sedimentation

Rapid sand
Transport
filtration

Preliminary treatment of surface water for infiltration

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INDIRECT TREATMENT SURFACE WATER
Quality data of the raw and treated water at Nieuwegein (Utrecht)
Parameter Unit Raw water Clear water
Temperature °C 12.5 12.5
pH - 8 7.8
EC mS/m 80 80
SI - 0.4 0.2
Ca2+ mg/l 81 81
HCO−
3 mg/l 157 156
O2 mg/l 9.2 7.3
CO2 mg/l 2.6 4.4
Cl− mg/l 149 155
E−Coli n/100 ml 5,000 50
NH4+ mg/l
Turbidity FTU 10.4 0.2

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INDIRECT TREATMENT SURFACE WATER
Pre-treatment
FeClSO4 Ca OH 2

River Reservoir Flocculation Sedimentation

Activated
Rapid sand
Transport carbon
filtration
filtration

Treatment scheme of infiltration water where organic micropollutants are removed

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INDIRECT TREATMENT SURFACE WATER
Infiltration
The pre-treated surface water infiltrates into the soil, which results in a quality improvement,
including the levelling of concentrations.

A retention time of two months is deemed enough to make the water microbiologically reliable.

V T. Q
Spatial requirement T= →A=
Q D. p

where:
T = the average retention time in the ground (s) An infiltration rate from the infiltration
V = the volume flowing through (m3) facilities of 2 m/d (730 m/y) appears
Q = the flow through the ground (m3/s) possible.
D = the thickness of the aquifer (m)
p = the porosity of the ground (-)

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INDIRECT TREATMENT SURFACE WATER
Infiltration
o The distance between the infiltration facility and abstraction is determined by the porosity of the
ground.
o A limiting factor is the acceptable reduction of the groundwater level.
o Facilities is constructed in such a way that all ponds can be dried separately
o Infiltration can affect natural areas.

The soil passage in the dunes removes

microorganisms and, at the same time
dissolves iron, manganese, and
ammonium ions from the soil.

Infiltration systems in the dunes

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INDIRECT TREATMENT SURFACE WATER
Infiltration

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INDIRECT TREATMENT SURFACE WATER
Infiltration

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INDIRECT TREATMENT SURFACE WATER
Infiltration

Sludge in infiltration pond

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INDIRECT TREATMENT SURFACE WATER
Post-treatment

River Dune extraction Aeration

ClO2 NaOH PAC

Rapid sand
Clear water tank
filtration

A simple post-treatment scheme of infiltration water

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INDIRECT TREATMENT SURFACE WATER

Pre-treatment, infiltration and post-treatment of infiltration water

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