Design of Medical Gas System of Assiut I PDF

ASSIUT UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT (BATCH 2016)
Under supervisor:
Prof. Dr / Nabil Yassen Abd El-Shafy
DESIGN OF MEDICAL GAS SYSTEM OF ASSIUT INJURES HOSPITAL `1

Contents
List of figures ............................................................................................................................................ 6
List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................ 8
CHAPTER (1)............................................................................................................................................. 10
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 10
1 INTRODUCTION: ............................................................................................................................. 11
1.1 Hospital description: ................................................................................................................... 11
1.1.1 Under ground: ..................................................................................................................... 11
1.1.2 Ground floor: ...................................................................................................................... 11
1.1.3 First floor: ........................................................................................................................... 11
1.1.4 Second floor: ....................................................................................................................... 11
1.1.5 Third floor: .......................................................................................................................... 11
1.1.6 Fourth floor: ........................................................................................................................ 11
1.1.7 Fifth floor: ........................................................................................................................... 11
1.1.8 Sixth floor: .......................................................................................................................... 11
1.1.9 Seventh floor: ...................................................................................................................... 11
1.1.10 Eighth floor: ........................................................................................................................ 12
1.1.11 Ninth floor (the floor): ........................................................................................................ 12
1.2 The importance of medical gas pipeline system (MGPS): .......................................................... 12
1.2.1 Sources of supply for pipeline installations: ....................................................................... 12
1.3 Basic principles of design: .......................................................................................................... 13
1.3.1 Quantity of supply:.............................................................................................................. 13
1.3.2 Identity of supply: ............................................................................................................... 13
1.3.3 Continuity of supply: .......................................................................................................... 13
1.3.4 Quality of supply:................................................................................................................ 13
1.4 The general uses of gas and pipe installation:............................................................................. 14
1.5 Systems of medical gas pipeline system: .................................................................................... 14
1.6 oxygen ......................................................................................................................................... 14
1.6.1 Provision of terminal units, and the location of AVSUs, local alarm indicator panels and
LVAs 14
1.6.2 Gas flow: ............................................................................................................................. 15
1.6.3 Cylinder manifold installations: .......................................................................................... 15
1.7 Medical compressed air systems: ................................................................................................ 16

1.7.1 Air treatment and filtration: ................................................................................................ 16
1.8 Medical vacuum systems: ........................................................................................................... 16
1.9 Standard gases ports:................................................................................................................... 16
2 OXYGEN ............................................................................................................................................... 19
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 19
2.2 Oxygen Plant............................................................................................................................... 19
2.3 The main component of oxygen plant......................................................................................... 19
2.3.1 Oxygen supply system ........................................................................................................ 20
2.3.2 Storage System configurations............................................................................................ 21
2.3.3 Ambient air vaporizer ......................................................................................................... 25
2.3.4 Pressure reducing station .................................................................................................... 26
2.3.5 Terminal units ..................................................................................................................... 27
2.4 Component of the security system .............................................................................................. 27
2.4.1 Alarm system ...................................................................................................................... 27
2.4.2 High pressure regulator ....................................................................................................... 30
2.4.3 Solenoid valve ..................................................................................................................... 30
2.4.4 Safety valve ......................................................................................................................... 31
2.5 Calculation of pressure drop and Sizing ..................................................................................... 31
CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................................... 43
Medical Compressed Air Systems .............................................................................................................. 43
3.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 44
3.2 Types of medical air pressure ..................................................................................................... 44
3.2.1 Medical air 400 kPa (4 Bar) ................................................................................................ 44
3.2.2 Surgical air 700 kPa (7 Bar)................................................................................................ 45
3.3 Medical air system components .................................................................................................. 46
3.3.1 Air compressor .................................................................................................................... 46
3.4 Compressed air dryer .................................................................................................................. 48
3.4.1 How to dry compressed air ................................................................................................. 49
3.4.2 Refrigerated dryer ............................................................................................................... 49
3.4.3 Desiccant compressed air dryers. ........................................................................................ 50
3.4.4 Considerations when buying a compressed air dryer .......................................................... 50
3.4.5 Air Receivers ...................................................................................................................... 51
3.5 After cooler ................................................................................................................................. 52

3.6 Pressure regulator........................................................................................................................ 52
3.6.1 Can You Have Multiple Air Regulators? ............................................................................ 53
3.6.2 About Compressor Regulators Misconception ................................................................... 53
3.6.3 Compressor Regulator Maintenance ................................................................................... 54
3.7 Air treatment and filtration ......................................................................................................... 54
............................................................................................................................................................ 55
3.7.1 Solid contaminants .............................................................................................................. 55
3.7.2 Dust filters ........................................................................................................................... 56
3.7.3 Activated carbon filter ........................................................................................................ 56
3.7.4 Bacteria filters ..................................................................................................................... 56
3.8 Pressure drop calculations for compressed air systems (4 Bar &7 Bar) ..................................... 57
3.8.1 Compressed air system 4 Bar ............................................................................................. 57
3.8.2 Compressed air system 7 Bar .............................................................................................. 61
3.9 Final designed diameters for pipes network................................................................................ 61
3.10 Final designed diameter for risers ............................................................................................... 62
3.11 Selection of compressor .............................................................................................................. 62
4 Nitrous oxide:...................................................................................................................................... 64
4.1 What is Nitrous oxide (medical) and what it is used for? ........................................................... 64
4.2 Before you use Nitrous oxide (medical) ..................................................................................... 64
4.3 How to use Nitrous oxide (medical) ........................................................................................... 65
4.4 Possible side effects. ................................................................................................................... 65
4.5 Storing Nitrous oxide(medical) ................................................................................................... 66
4.6 Advantages of nitrous oxide(medical)? ...................................................................................... 67
4.7 Properties of Nitrous oxide ......................................................................................................... 67
4.8 Nitrous oxide in anesthesia machines: ........................................................................................ 68
4.9 places where used nitrous oxide in medical: ............................................................................... 68
4.10 Nitrous oxide cylinder:................................................................................................................ 69
4.10.1 Color of the cylinder: .......................................................................................................... 69
4.10.2 Cylinder specifications: ....................................................................................................... 69
4.10.3 Gas-specific connectors: ..................................................................................................... 69
4.10.4 Cylinder contents ................................................................................................................ 69
4.10.5 Cylinder components: ......................................................................................................... 70
Storage of cylinders ............................................................................................................ 73

4.11 Calculations of pressure drop:..................................................................................................... 74
4.11.1 For second floor: ................................................................................................................. 74
4.11.2 For first floor: ...................................................................................................................... 77
4.11.3 For ground floor: ................................................................................................................. 78
CHAPTER 5 .................................................................................................................................................. 79
VACUUM SYSTEM ....................................................................................................................................... 79
5 VACUUM ........................................................................................................................................... 80
5.1 General ........................................................................................................................................ 80
5.1.1 Components of vacuum plant ............................................................................................. 80
5.1.2 Vacuum pump ..................................................................................................................... 81
5.1.3 Bacteria filter group TER GROUPTE ................................................................................ 81
5.1.4 Digital electric control panel ............................................................................................... 82
5.1.5 Vacuum reservoir ................................................................................................................ 83
5.1.6 Flexible joint ....................................................................................................................... 83
5.1.7 Collector .............................................................................................................................. 84
5.1.8 Non- return valve ................................................................................................................ 84
5.2 Pipelines of vacuum system ........................................................................................................ 84
5.2.1 Network of pipelines in first floor....................................................................................... 85
5.2.2 Network of pipelines in Second Floor ................................................................................ 85
5.2.3 Calculation of Pressure drop in pipelines............................................................................ 86
5.2.4 Distribution of main point on pipeline at first and second floor ......................................... 88
5.2.5 Calculation of pressure drop ............................................................................................... 90
5.3 Selection...................................................................................................................................... 92
5.3.1 Pipelines diameters ............................................................................................................. 92
5.3.2 Components of vacuum plants ............................................................................................ 92
References: ................................................................................................................................................. 95

List of figures
Fig. (1- 1) Standard gases ports ................................................................................................................... 17
Fig. (2- 1) schematic of oxygen planet component..................................................................................... 20

Fig. (2- 2) schematic to primary and secondary supply .............................................................................. 22
Fig. (2- 3) terminal unit of oxygen............................................................................................................... 27
Fig. (2- 4) Master alarm system .................................................................................................................. 28
Fig. (2- 5) local alarm system ...................................................................................................................... 29
Fig. (2- 6) ) Area alarm ............................................................................................................................... 30
Fig. (2- 7) high pressure regulator............................................................................................................... 30
Fig. (2- 8) safty valve ................................................................................................................................... 31
Fig. (2- 9(pass for ground floor ................................................................................................................... 33
Fig. (2- 10) pass for frist floor (line 1).......................................................................................................... 34
Fig. (2- 11) pass for frist floor (line 2).......................................................................................................... 35
Fig. (2- 12) pass for 2nd floor line 1 ............................................................................................................ 36
Fig. (2- 13) pass for 2nd floor line (2) .......................................................................................................... 37
Fig. (2- 14) pass for 2nd floor line (3) .......................................................................................................... 38
Fig. (2- 15) pass for3rd & 4th floor line 1 ...................................................................................................... 38
Fig. (2- 16) pass for3rd & 4th floor line 2 ...................................................................................................... 39
Fig. (2- 17) pass for 3rd & 4th floor line 3.................................................................................................... 40
Fig. (2- 18) pass for 5th &6th &7th floor line 1............................................................................................... 40
Fig. (2- 19) pass for 5&6&7 floor line 2 ....................................................................................................... 41
Fig. (2- 20) pass for5&6&7 floor line 3 ........................................................................................................ 42
Fig. (3- 1) air compressor............................................................................................................................ 47

Fig. (3- 2) Air compressor dryer ................................................................................................................. 50
Fig. (3- 3) Desiccant compressed air dryers .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Fig. (3- 4) Air receivers .............................................................................................................................. 51
Fig. (3- 5) Compressed air after cooler ....................................................................................................... 52
Fig. (3- 6) Air compressor regulator ........................................................................................................... 53
Fig. (3- 7) Compressed air filter.................................................................................................................. 55
Fig. (3- 8) Solid contaminants ....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Fig. (3- 9) Activated carbon filter ............................................................................................................... 56
Fig. (3- 10) First floor pipe network for medical air 4bar........................................................................... 58
Fig. (3- 11) pipe network for second floor .................................................................................................. 59
Fig. (3- 12)pipe network for second floor 7 bar .......................................................................................... 61
Fig. (3- 13) diaphram valve.......................................................................................................................... 73
Fig. (4- 1) shows pin index valve................................................................................................................ 69

Fig. (4- 2) shows E type cylinder ................................................................................................................ 69
Fig. (4- 3) shows regulate pressure in cylinder ........................................................................................... 69
Fig. (4- 4) shows the quantity of nitrous oxide at (1-1/2-1/4-0) of full load............................................... 70
Fig. (4- 5) shows remote bottle valve ......................................................................................................... 70
Fig. (4- 6) shows nitrous pressure gauge .................................................................................................... 70
Fig. (4- 7) shows quick release hinged aluminuim bracket ......................................................................... 71

Fig. (4- 8) ) shows a safe pressure relief valve ............................................................................................ 71
Fig. (4- 9) shows a bottle ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Fig. (4- 10) shows filton syphon elbow heater cylinder.............................................................................. 72
Fig. (4- 11) backup solenoid ........................................................................................................................ 72
Fig. (4- 12) shows hand wheel valve ........................................................................................................... 72
Fig. (4- 13) shows boost pressure switch .................................................................................................... 73
Fig. (4- 14) shows distribution of mainlines in second floor ....................................................................... 74
Fig. (4- 15) shows disribution of mainlines in first floor ............................................................................. 77
Fig. (4- 16) shows disribution of mainlines in ground floor ...................................................................... 78
Fig. (5- 1) vacuum plant.............................................................................................................................. 80

Fig. (5- 2) vacuum pump ............................................................................................................................ 81
Fig. (5- 3) filters ........................................................................................................................................... 82
Fig. (5- 4) digital electric control panel ...................................................................................................... 83
Fig. (5- 5) reservoir ..................................................................................................................................... 83
Fig. (5- 6) flexible joint ............................................................................................................................... 84
Fig. (5- 7) collector ...................................................................................................................................... 84

List of Tables
Table (1- 1) standard gases ports ................................................................................................................ 16
Table (2- 1) Liquid Oxygen Physical and Chemical Properties.................................................................. 23

Table (2- 2) Cryogenic liquid storage tank characteristic ........................................................................... 24
Table (2- 3) vaporizer characteristic [5] ..................................................................................................... 26
Table (2- 4) Pipeline pressure loss: 400 kPa (4 bar) pipelines from [1] ..................................................... 32
Table (2- 5) calculation of pressure drop in ground floor ........................................................................... 33
Table (2- 6) calculation of pressure drop in frist floor (line 1) .................................................................... 33
Table (2- 7) calculation of pressure drop in frist floor (line 2) .................................................................... 34
Table (2- 8) calculation of pressure drop 2nd floor line 1 .......................................................................... 35
Table (2- 9) calculation of pressure drop in 2nd floor line (2) .................................................................... 36
Table (2- 10) calculation of pressure drop in 2nd floor line (3) .................................................................. 37
Table (2- 11) calculations of pressure drop of 3rd & 4th floor line 1 ............................................................ 38
Table (2- 12) calculations of pressure drop of 3rd & 4th floor line 2 .......................................................... 39
Table (2- 13) calculations of pressure drop of 3rd & 4th floor line 3 .......................................................... 39
Table (2- 14) calculation of pressure drop in 5th &6th &7th floor line 1 ....................................................... 40
Table (2- 15) calculation of pressure drop in 5&6&7 floor line 2 ............................................................... 41
Table (2- 16) calculation of pressure drop in 5&6&7 floor line 3 ............................................................... 41
Table (2- 17) calculation of pressure drop in riser from supply.................................................................. 42
Table (3- 1) Compressor noise .................................................................................................................... 42

Table (3- 2) selection of pressure drop for medical air 4 Bar ..................................................................... 51
Table (3- 3) Pipeline pressure drop calculations for medical air system (4 Bar) in first floor.................... 52
Table (3- 4) Pipeline pressure drop calculations for medical air system (4 Bar) in second floor (line 1) .. 53
Table (3- 7) Pipe line pressure drop calculations for medical air system (7 Bar) in second floor .............. 55
Table (3- 8) final designed diameter for pipes network .............................................................................. 55
Table (3- 9) final designed diameter for riser ............................................................................................. 56
Table (3- 10) select of air compressor ........................................................................................................ 56
Table (4- 1) shows the properties of nitrous .............................................................................................. 67

Table (4- 2) shows pressure drop calculations and diameter selection in mainline second floor from (c-
11) ............................................................................................................................................................... 75
Table (4- 3) shows pressure drop calculations and diameter selection in mainline second floor from (0-D)
.................................................................................................................................................................... 75
Table (4- 4) shows pressure drop calculations and diameter selection in mainline second floor from (C-B)
.................................................................................................................................................................... 76
Table (4- 5) shows pressure drop calculation and diameter selection in mainline second floor from (O-18)
.................................................................................................................................................................... 76
Table (4- 6) shows pressure drop calculation and diameter selection in mainline first floor from (a-b) .. 77

Table (4- 7) shows pressure drop calculation and diameter selection in mainline first floor from (b-c)(a-
b) ................................................................................................................................................................. 78
Table (5- 1) pipeline pressure loss (vacuum) .............................................................................................. 87

Table (5- 2) pipeline pressure drop calculations for Vacuum system (59 kPa) in first floor ...................... 90
Table (5- 3) pipeline pressure drop calculations for Vacuum system (59 kPa) in second floor (line 1): .... 90
Table (5- 4) pipeline pressure drop calculations for Vacuum system (59 kPa) in second floor (line 2) ..... 91
Table (5- 5) pipeline pressure drop calculations for Vacuum system (59 kPa) in second floor (line 3) ..... 91
Table (5- 6) selected diameters of first, second floor and riser................................................................... 92
Table (5- 7) characteristics of selected reservoir ........................................................................................ 92
Table (5- 8) characteristics of selected pump ............................................................................................. 93
Table (5- 9) characteristics of selected suction pump ................................................................................. 94

CHAPTER (1)
INTRODUCTION

1 INTRODUCTION:
1.1 Hospital description:
The hospital is building on area about 3000 m2 consist of (underground + ground floor + number
of 8 upstairs)
1.1.1 Under ground:

Divided into: (kitchen attached to 2 store + 5services room+ launderette + morgue + sterilization
hall attached by 7 room + 12 store + 2 electricity room + telephone exchange + information room
+ maintenance department attached by 2 workshop + 2 detritus room)
1.1.2 Ground floor:

Divided into: (external clinic with 7 clinic room + secretary room + ray's room attached to
control room + gypsum room + collection detritus room + ticket room + medical registration +
police room + pharmacy + ray's department attached by 12 room + injuries reception attached by
10 room + 2 store + blood bank laboratory attached by 4 room + store + 2 w.c + 3 room for
patient and nosotrophy ).
1.1.3 First floor:

Divided into: (intensive care room + medium care room + laboratory + 8 room to employees +
library + conference room).
1.1.4 Second floor:
Divided into: (bones operation attached by 6 room of hyper operation + resuscitation room + 7
services room + injuries operation attached by 10 room of hyper operation + 2 resuscitation room
+ 16 room).
1.1.5 Third floor:

Divided into: (19 ward + 21 room to services and rest)
1.1.6 Fourth floor:

Divided into: (16 ward + 16 room to services and rest + 3 teaching hall + 7 room for teaching
conformation)
1.1.7 Fifth floor:

Divided into: (29 room to patient adopting + ward patient adopting + 16 room to rest and
services + 11 management offices).
1.1.8 Sixth floor:

Divided into: (27 room to patient adopting attached by W.C for every one of it + 14 room rest of
doctors and nurses and services + 4 management offices + 7 room for teaching conformation).
1.1.9 Seventh floor:
Divided into: (27 room to patient adopting attached by W.C for every one of it + 16 room rests
and services + 4 management offices + 7 room to teaching conformation).

1.1.10 Eighth floor:
Divided into: (29 room doctor's rest + coffee shop + 4 halls + 9 room to services + 3 room for
teaching conformation + 3 room for management).
1.1.11 Ninth floor (the floor):

Divided into: (10 stores + water tanks + room of elevators operation).
1.2 The importance of medical gas pipeline system (MGPS):

Medical gas pipeline system (MGPS) is installed to provide a safe, convenient and cost-effective
system for the provision of medical gases to the clinical and nursing staff at the point –of-use .it
reduce the problems associated with the use of gas cylinders such as safety ,porterage, storage
and noise.
The health technical memorandum is divided into:
 Design and calculations: covers piped medical gases, medical and surgical air, and
medical vacuum installations: it applies to all medical gas pipeline systems installed in
healthcare premises and an aesthetic gas scavenging disposal systems.
 Operational management. [1]
1.2.1 Sources of supply for pipeline installations:

1.2.1.1 Oxygen:
Oxygen may be used for patients requiring supplemental oxygen via mask. Usually
accomplished by a large storage system of liquid oxygen at the hospital which is evaporated into
a concentrated oxygen supply. [2]
A liquid source such as

 a large vacuum-insulated evaporator (VIE)
 liquid cylinders or compressed gas cylinders, or
 A combination of these to provide the necessary stand-by/back-up capacity.
Oxygen can also be supplied from an oxygen concentrator (pressure-swing adsorber). Such
systems are usually installed where liquid or cylinders are expensive.
Unavailable or impracticable.[2]
1.2.1.2 Medical air:
Medical air is usually supplied from a compressed air plant that includes high-quality drying and
filtration equipment. Blending oxygen and nitrogen on-site to provide a high-quality product
with minimum maintenance can also provide medical air. Where such systems are installed to
provide both oxygen and medical air, nitrogen can be used for the power source for surgical
tools.[1]

1.2.1.3 Nitrous oxide:
Is supplied to various surgical suites for its anesthetic functions during pre-operative procedures.
It is delivered to the hospital in high pressure cylinders and supplied through the Medical Gas
system. Some bulk systems exist, but are no longer installed due to environmental concerns and
overall reduced consumption of Nitrous oxide.[1]
1.2.1.4 Medical vacuum:
Medical vacuum in a hospital supports suction equipment and evacuation procedures, supplied
by vacuum pump systems exhausting to the atmosphere. Vacuum will fluctuate across the
pipeline, but is generally maintained around -75 kPa (-22 in Hg). [1]
1.3 Basic principles of design:
Patient safety is paramount in the design, installation, commissioning and operation of medical
gas pipeline systems. The basic principles of safety are achieved by ensuring quantity of supply,
identity of supply, continuity of supply and quality of supply.[1]
1.3.1 Quantity of supply:
This is achieved by ensuring that the design of the pipeline installation and capacity of the supply
plant is sufficient to provide the required flows of gases and vacuum for the intended number of
patients to be treated at any one time. Adequacy of supply is established during
Commissioning of the systems.[1]
1.3.2 Identity of supply:
This is achieved by ensuring that all points to which the user can connect medical equipment
(terminal units) and user-replaceable components are provided with gas specific connectors.
Such connectors are also identified by symbol and often color. The gas specificity is maintained
by comprehensive tests and checks during installation and commissioning, and during any work
or maintenance on the systems.[1]
1.3.3 Continuity of supply:
This is achieved by installing, as a minimum, duplex components and providing additional
means of supply provision in the event of failure of the primary and secondary plant or supply
system. Systems are also connected to the essential electrical supply.[1]
1.3.4 Quality of supply:
Quality of supply is ensured by the use of gaseous or liquid sources that are provided to an
appropriate product specification, usually a recognised European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.)
monogram. In the case of compressor-based systems, filtration equipment to a known and agreed
standard is installed. To ensure that the product is not adulterated in the distribution system,
pipeline installations and components are required to meet agreed specifications. There are strict
Ph. Eur. requirements for medical gases.[1]

1.4 The general uses of gas and pipe installation:
 Oxygen is one of the most extensively used gases for respiratory therapy and life-support
and is additionally used in an aesthetic procedures.
 Medical air is mainly used in respiratory therapy as a power source for patient ventilators,
and for blending with oxygen. It is also used as the driving gas for nebulized drugs and
chemotherapy agents.
 Surgical air (of medical air quality) is also used, at a higher pressure, to power a variety
of surgical tools and other devices such as tourniquets. (As an alternative, nitrogen can be
used for this purpose.).
 Nitrous oxide is used for an aesthetic and analgesic purposes, being mixed with air,
oxygen, and nebulized agents.
 Piped vacuum is provided in most clinical areas by means of centrally sited vacuum
pumps.[1]
1.5 Systems of medical gas pipeline system:
There are three type of medical gas pipeline system (MGPS):
 British system (BS)

 Germany system (DIN).
 French system (AFNOR).
We use in gas pipeline installation system A British system (BS).
1.6 oxygen
1.6.1 Provision of terminal units, and the location of AVSUs, local alarm indicator panels
and LVAs
1.6.1.1 Terminal units
 Terminal units should be mounted in positions that result in the shortest practicable
routes for flexible connecting assemblies, between the terminal unit and apparatus.
Terminal units may be surface- or flush-mounted. They may also be incorporated with
electrical services, nurse call systems, televisions, radio and audio services, in proprietary
fittings such as medical supply units, wall panel systems and pendant fittings etc.
 When planning the installation of operating-room pendant fittings, the location of the
operating luminaire and other ceiling-mounted devices should be taken into
consideration. When the operating room is provided with an ultra-clean ventilation
(UCV) system, it may be more practicable (and cost-effective) to have the services (both
medical gas and electrical) incorporated as part of the UCV system partial walls.
 Terminal units intended for wall mounting where directly connected equipment such as
flow meters are to be used must include a non-swivel device. Terminal units intended for
installation with the socket axis vertical, or where horizontally mounted but intended for
use with indirectly connected equipment by means of a flexible connecting assembly,
should also have a non-swivel device because flow meters may be attached.[1]

1.6.1.2 AVSUs:
 AVSUs should be mounted at a convenient height between 1 m and 1.8 m such that they
can be operated comfortably by staff without their needing to stoop or overreach. The
order of
 The location of individual valves in an array should follow that for terminal units, for
example: O2, N2O and/or N2O/O2. Care must be taken to ensure that AVSUs cannot be
obscured by opening doors etc.[1]
1.6.1.3 Local alarm indicator panels:
 The placing of local alarm indicators should be such that they are readily visible by staff;
notices, partitioning, screens etc. should not obscure them. The mounting height should
be such that in the event of an audible alarm sounding, staff can activate the “mute”
switch without overreaching, and be a maximum 1.8 m above finished floor level.[1]
1.6.1.4 LVAs:
 LVAs should be installed at branches from risers, branches from main runs, and where
pipelines pass into or out of a building.[1]
1.6.2 Gas flow:

 There are several aspects of gas flow to consider when designing the pipeline distribution
system:
 The test flow that is required at each terminal unit for test purposes (this flow is
essentially to establish that the terminal unit functions correctly and that there are no
obstructions.
 The typical flow required at each terminal (this is the maximum flow likely to be required
at any time in clinical use).
 The likely numbers of terminal units in use at any time.
 The total flow to the ward/department, that is, the sum of the diversified flows in each
sub branch.
 The flow in the main branches/risers, that is, the summation of all diversified flows.
 The flow required at the plant. In most cases this will be the flow in (f) above except in
the case of vacuum that is not used continuously.[1]
1.6.3 Cylinder manifold installations:

Cylinder manifold installation comprises a primary and secondary supply system.[1]
1.6.3.1 Primary supply system:

The primary supply is provided by two banks of equal numbers of gas cylinders which are
connected to the pipeline via a control panel. The changeover from the “duty” to the “stand-by”
bank of cylinders should be automatic. All manifolds should be capable of passing the full
pipeline flow. The temperature of the gas may fall as low as –30°C as the gas passes through the
regulator at maximum capacity, and the equipment should be designed accordingly.[1]

1.6.3.2 Secondary supply system:
An emergency reserve manifold system should be provided to form a secondary source of
supply, for emergency use, or to permit servicing or repair.[1]
1.7 Medical compressed air systems:
Medical compressed air can be derived from compressor systems or by mixing gaseous oxygen
and nitrogen from cryogenic liquid supply sources; air produced by this latter method is referred
to as synthetic air.
Medical and surgical air can be provided from a single combined system or from separate plants.
The choice ultimately depends on the relative consumption.[1]
1.7.1 Air treatment and filtration:

Contaminants can enter the compressed air system from three sources: the atmosphere, the
compressor and the pipeline distribution system. Each potential source must be taken into
account when specifying the type and location of air treatment equipment. Filtration equipment
may include pre-filters, coalescing filters, adsorption equipment, carbon filters, particulate filters
and any other additional filtration equipment necessary to ensure the quality of the product.[1]
.
1.8 Medical vacuum systems:
The medical vacuum pipeline system provides immediate and reliable suction for medical needs,
particularly in surgical accommodation.
The medical vacuum pipeline system consists of the vacuum supply system, the distribution
pipework and terminal units. The performance of the pipeline system is dependent on the correct
specification and installation of its component parts. This chapter describes the requirements of
the vacuum supply system. The capacity of the vacuum supply system should be appropriate to
the estimated demand. [1]
1.9 Standard gases ports:

Table (1- 1) standard gases ports
Oxygen White
Air White and black
Nitrous blue
vacuum yellow
Fig. (1- 1) Standard gases ports

CHAPTER (2)
OXYGEN

2 OXYGEN
2.1 Introduction
Oxygen is essential to the life functions of animals and plants. In humans, oxygen is carried to
tissue by hemoglobin in red blood cells, where it assists in the metabolism of the chemical bonds
from nutrients. Oxygen therapy is used in several applications: to supplement the breathing of
patients whose respiratory system has become comprised from ailments such as chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchitis, or emphysema; to treat patients who need
resuscitation or who are suffering from hemorrhage, shock, convulsions or other trauma; to
administer atomized, liquid medication into the lungs; or as a treatment itself, due to pure
oxygen's vasoconstrictive properties.
Medical oxygen used in hospitals or other large healthcare facilities is frequently provided by a
vacuum-insulated evaporator. In this instance, liquid oxygen is supplied to the facility and kept
at a temperature which assures a liquid state. This reserve is drawn from and the oxygen
is fractionally distilled to turn it back into a gas. For patients who need access to O2 at home, gas
cylinders or oxygen concentrators are available and provide medical oxygen at lower volumes.
Medical oxygen is frequently represented by green or white labels, and exceptional care must be
taken around pure oxygen due to its high combustibility. Furthermore, it cannot come into contact
with hydrocarbon materials.
Oxygen is the most important gas on the earth; it formed about 21% of the natural air. In the
ordinary conditions, oxygen is colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. Primarily used in respiratory -
therapy and anesthesia, Has the ability to support life and support combustion. Although oxygen
is non-flammable gas, Materials that burn in air will much more vigorously and create higher
temperature in oxygen-enriched atmospheres so the oxygen pipes or Cylinders considered as a
high-risky source[6]
2.2 Oxygen Plant
Medical Oxygen Plant is installed to provide a reliable source of supply for the Oxygen,
requirements of hospitals. These pressured gases are used in Operation Theatres, Intensive Care
Units, Baby Care Units, Emergency Rooms and Patient Rooms.[3]
2.3 The main component of oxygen plant
- Oxygen supply system

- Ambient air vaporizers
- pressure regulator
Oxygen used for patients requiring supplemental oxygen via mask. Usually accomplished
by a large storage system of liquid oxygen at the hospital which is evaporated into a
concentrated oxygen supply as shown in Fig. (2-1), pressures are usually around 345-380

kPa (50-55 psi). This arrangement is described as a vacuum insulated evaporator (VIE)
or bulk tank. In small medical centers with a low patient capacity, oxygen is usually
supplied by a manifold of multiple high pressure cylinders. In areas where a bulk system
or high pressure cylinder manifold is not suitable, oxygen may be supplied by an oxygen
concentrator. However, on site production of oxygen is still a relatively new technology.[
5]
Fig. (2- 1) schematic of oxygen planet component
2.3.1 Oxygen supply system
Each supply system can be a combination of the following:

a) Gas in cylinders or cylinder bundles;

b) Cylinders connected to a manifold;
c) Portable liquid cylinder;
d) Cryogenic liquid in stationary vessels;
We chose one of the previse supplies according to:
-For smaller hospitals, where the demand is typically below 3000 m3 per annum, the most cost-
effective method of supplying medical oxygen is from a compressed gas cylinder manifold.
-As the demand increases, it becomes less practicable to use compressed gas cylinders and more
cost-effective to use medical liquid oxygen. A cylinder manifold larger than 2 x 10 J cylinders is
likely to prove impracticable because of the manual handling difficulties with the number of
cylinders involved. Liquid cylinders, which are ideally suited to an annual consumption of
between 3000 m3 and 40,000 m3, can be connected together by a manifold to provide adequate
storage capacity and flow rate.
-For hospitals with larger demands, a bulk medical oxygen VIE will generally be used. There is
a nominal overlap of annual consumption between 27,500 m3 and 40,000 m3, where either a
bulk VIE or a liquid cylinder installation could be considered, either to satisfy a particular
requirement, or to accommodate possible site restrictions. [1]
2.3.2 Storage System configurations
It is necessary for all medical oxygen installations to have three independent supply sources
capable of feeding medical oxygen to the pipeline. These three sources are referred to as:
2.3.2.1 The primary supply:
The main source of medical oxygen on site, providing gas to the pipeline Fig. (1-1)
The prime responsibility to ensure that adequate stocks of medical oxygen are available for
patient use should remain firmly with the hospital’s management team. However, the hospital
may with its gas supplier or facilities management supplier that they should manage the supplies
of medical oxygen and maintain adequate stocks in the vessel. These arrangements should be
clearly documented within the MGPS operational policy and procedures document. The
effectiveness of these arrangements will need to be assessed as part of the risk assessment review
and be validated to ensure that they can be met [1]
2.3.2.2 The secondary supply:
The secondary source of medical oxygen on site, providing gas to the pipeline and capable of
providing the total oxygen flow requirement in the event of a primary supply failure Fig. (2-2)
The capacity of the primary and secondary supply system will consist of:
• Operational stock.
• reserve stock.
The operational stock is the volume of product that the gas supplier uses to manage deliveries to
the hospital, and its exhaustion signals the point at which the vessel should be refilled under
normal conditions.

The reserve stock is the volume of product that is used to provide additional stock, to take account
of fluctuations in demand, or when the supplier fails to make a scheduled delivery.
The system should be designed so that the primary and secondary supply system stocks are kept
separate from each other. Under no circumstances can the primary supply system operational
stock be stored in the secondary supply system vessel. As shown in Fig. (2-2) [1]
Fig. (2- 2) schematic to primary and secondary supply
2.3.2.3 The reserve supply
The final source of supply to specific sections of the pipeline, capable of meeting the
required demand in the event of failure of the primary and secondary supplies, or failure of

the upstream distribution pipework. Designation of vessel contents as “operational” or
“reserve” stock.
The operational stock is the volume of product that the gas supplier uses to manage
deliveries to the hospital; when this stock is exhausted, the vessel should be refilled under
normal conditions. [1]
2.3.2.4 Calculation of operational stock for primary and secondary supplies:
The capacity of the operational stock of primary and secondary supply systems should be
agreed with the gas supplier and based on the following parameters:
• The current average medical oxygen daily demand, plus any natural growth over the
contract period.
• Any additional planned growth (above any natural growth) in the usage pattern within the
contract period. The current average daily demand can be calculated by dividing the current
annual consumption by 365 days. The operational stock should be based on an average
daily demand predicted for the end of the contract period calculated by:
Average daily demand = Current daily demand + Planned growth + Natural growth [htm]
The consumption of oxygen =6470 l/min gas
6470
Daily demand=(1000) ∗ 60 ∗ 24 = 9316.8m3/day
Average daily demand = 9316.8*1.1+no natural growth =10248.48m3/day oxygen gas
Daily demand= (10248.48/860)=11.917m3/day liquid oxygen
Where 860 is the expansion ratio from table (2-1).
Table (2- 1) Liquid Oxygen Physical and Chemical Properties
The operational stock is calculated as:

Operational stock = Average daily demand x Agreed delivery period.
Operational stock=11.917*2=23.834m3

If there is significant growth in average daily demand within the contract period, either the
vessel should be resized or the agreed delivery frequency should be reviewed to reduce the
delivery period and maintain the operational stock level. The delivery period for the
primary supply will be based on the gas supplier’s normal delivery frequency.
The delivery period for the secondary supply will be based on emergency conditions when
the primary supply is not available. Under these circumstances, special delivery response
times must be agreed with the gas supplier. The supply agreement should commit the
supplier to manage the operational stock, based on an agreed delivery frequency and the
minimum stock level to be maintained in the vessel
2.3.2.5 Calculation of primary reserve stock:
Expecting one day the maximum number of days needed to fix the problem that can occur
in the supply company.
Reserve stock=11.917*1=11.917 m3
2.3.2.6 Calculation of secondary reserve stock:
The minimum level for reserve stock for the secondary supply should allow for
circumstances in which the primary supply system is not available for use.
This secondary supply system reserve stock level will be dependent on:
• The proximity of the supplier’s distribution depot;
• The response time that the gas supplier needs to make a delivery under these conditions;
• The delivery frequency that can be sustained under the conditions when the primary
supply is unavailable for use. Expecting one day the maximum number of days needed to
fix the primary supply if it damage. We take one days. The reserve stock
for the secondary supply=11.917*1=11.917 m3
Total volume= 2*the operational stock + primary reserve stock + the reserve stock for the
secondary supply:
=2*23.834+2*11.917=71.502m3
From the table (2-2) below we can determine the number of tanks Number of tanks
=71502/11685=6 tanks stand for 6 day.[6]
Table (2- 2) Cryogenic liquid storage tank characteristic
Technical Data LGT- LGT- LGT- LGT- LGT- LGT- LGT- LGT- LGT-
3000 6000 9000 12000 17000 20000 27000 21000 28000
Capacity (ltr) 3300 6000 8800 12300 17600 20200 26700 21000 28200
Capacity (ltr) - 3135 5700 8360 11685 16720 19190 25365 19950 26790
95% *

Diameter (mm) 1597 2552
Height (mm) 4220 6210 9210 5450 7450 8450 11450 6590 8590
Depth (mm) 1850 2800
Nominal Weight 2275 3345 4715 4995 6600 7415 9630 7215 9205
Empty (kg)
Max Working 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17
Pressure (bar.g)
Nominal Flow 300 300 300 600 600 600 600 600 600
LIN (NM3/Hr) **
Nominal Static 0.45 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.20 0.20
Evaporation
Rate
LOX % per day
2.3.3 Ambient air vaporizer
A vaporizer which derives energy for vaporizing and heating liquid gas from storage
conditions to send out conditions from naturally occurring sources such as the atmosphere,
sea water, or geothermal waters.
The use of various forms of ambient air vaporizers is well known in the cryogenic industry.
The ambient air vaporizers are known to take the form of aluminum castings in the form
of blocks which may be interconnected for the passage of the cryogenic fluid being heated.
In another well-known construction the vaporizer takes the form of elongated sections of
extended surface material which are formed from aluminum extrusions. Extrusions are
generally star-shaped with a plurality of radially extending fins and with a central opening
through which the cryogenic fluid passes. The extrusion is usually made from aluminum
alloy 6063-Tl and the extrusion is made in an elongated length which is then cut up into
desired lengths. In its most common form the extrusions are placed in a block with four
sections on a side and each section is interconnected with the next in a series or parallel or
combination thereof (as desired) arrangement by means of bent tubing which is welded to
interconnect the central openings of the aluminum extrusions so that fluid may be
transmitted into one end of the extrusion and through the opening which passes through the
interior of the extrusion and then out the other end through the exit tubing. The exit tubing
is serially connected by welding to an adjacent extrusion and the cryogenic liquid is thereby
passed from one section to the next until it has passed through all 16 sections. Such ambient
air vaporizers are often used with customer stations which include a liquid storage tank in
which the liquefied gas is stored, from the vaporizer the gaseous product is directed to a
use point.[4]
Selecting vaporizer

The selection of the ambient air vaporizer depending on the flow rate of gas. The total flow
rate per hour is Q=6470*(60*1000)=388.2m3/hr.
The selection of type and size of vaporizer is taken from table (2-3) at 400m3/h.
Table (2- 3) vaporizer characteristic
SIZE
Pressure(BAR) Vaporizer QTY (Nm3/h) NOTE
TYPE (°C) L×W×H(mm)
CYY-50/4-350 50 693×439×3165
CYY-100/4-350 100 947×693×3165
CYY-150/4-350 150 947×947×3165
CYY-200/4-350 200 1455×947×3165
CYY-250/4-350 250 1709×947×3165
CYY-300/4-350 300 1963×947×3165
CYY-350/4-350 350 1963×1201×3165
CYY-400/4-350 4-350 400 -10~40 1963×1455×3165 Φ160
CYY-450/4-350 450 2471×1201×3165
CYY-500/4-350 500 1963×1709×3165
CYY-600/4-350 600 1963×1963×3165
CYY-700/4-350 700 2217×1963×3165
CYY-800/4-350 800 2471×1963×3165
CYY-900/4-350 900 2471×2122×3165
CYY-1000/4-350 1000 2471×2471×3165
2.3.4 Pressure reducing station
• The healthcare facility supply pipeline reducing station which reduces supply pressure to
the Healthcare facility pipeline pressure must consist of a dual parallel regulator system.
• Both regulators must be online and ALL isolation valves and regulators must be in the
open Position.
• The design based on a single pressure regulator with a by-pass is not accepted.
• The nominal distribution pressure should be within the range of 400 kPa to 500 kPa.

2.3.5 Terminal units
The terminal unit of oxygen in the htm as shown if Fig. (2-2)
Fig. (2- 3) terminal unit of oxygen
2.4 Component of the security system
2.4.1 Alarm system
Medical gas alarm warning systems provide a means to continuously monitor the medical
gas source equipment and the operating pressures in the pipeline distribution system, as
well as, the critical care areas of the facility to ensure that the medical gas and vacuum
systems remain safe for patient use.
There are (3) types of alarm warning systems utilized for medical gas and vacuum
systems.
These alarm-warning systems include:
 Master Alarm Warning Systems
 Local Alarm Warning Systems
 Area Alarm Warning Systems
Each of these systems has a unique function within the entire medical gas and vacuum
monitoring system.[3]
2.4.1.1 Master alarm warning systems
These warning systems monitor each medical gas and vacuum source system and the
mainline operating pressures at the source of supply. There are (2) master alarm warning
panels required to be installed as shown in Fig (2-3) . One master alarm panel must be
located in an area where it is continuously supervised during all operating hours of the
healthcare facility and the other one should be located in the department having
responsibility for maintaining the medical gas and vacuum systems (i.e. facility
management, engineering, maintenance shop, etc.). Each master alarm panel shall be
independently wired to each monitoring device to ensure 100% redundancy in the master
alarm warning system. [3]

Fig. (2- 4) Master alarm system
2.4.1.2 Local alarm warning systems
These warning systems monitor the medical gas and vacuum source equipment at the
source location (i.e. mechanical or equipment room). The local alarm systems can be
considered an extension of the master alarm systems as showm if Fig. (2-4) . Many of the
points monitored on the local alarm panels are also monitored on the master alarm
panels. However, some points monitored on the local alarm panels are allowed to be
grouped together and indicate a general fault alarm at the master alarm panels. The local
alarm panels can either be integrated into the source equipment electrical control panels or
be in a separate alarm panel located in the equipment room. [3]

Fig. (2- 5) local alarm system
2.4.1.3 Area alarm warning systems
These warning systems monitor the operating pressures in the pipeline distribution system
for specific areas of the healthcare facility. They are required for all life support, critical
care, and anesthetizing locations (i.e. operating rooms, ICU/CCU, NICU, emergency
rooms, etc.). These alarm-warning systems provide the clinical staff with important
information regarding the operation of the medical gas and vacuum pipeline systems used
with life supporting equipment and monitor these systems to ensure they remain safe for
patient use. These alarm panels are required to be located to provide for surveillance during
operation of the area. The area alarm panels are NOT required to be monitored at the
master alarm panels as shown in Fig. (2-5). However, some systems allow this if so desired
by the healthcare facility.[3]

Fig. (2- 6) ) Area alarm
2.4.2 High pressure regulator
The high-pressure regulator as shown in Fig. (2-6) , provides regulation by decreasing the
pressure of high-pressure gas coming from the cylinder banks or from the tanks (in
systems that include banks) if appropriate, to a level that can be controlled by the line
pressure regulator. The flow rate is 120 m³/h. The Maximum running pressure is 250
bars. Adjustable outgoing pressure value is 0- 12 bar. In the factory adjusted outgoing
value is set at 7-8 bar. [3]
Fig. (2- 7) high pressure regulator
2.4.3 Solenoid valve
Solenoid valve, trying to empty the tube groups in the case of automatic control panel is
filled by changing the direction of the tube to provide transitional benefits to the group.

This process of programmed processor is performed with solenoid valves. After high
pressure regulator solenoid valve is mounted. Check valve after solenoid valves fitted. With
this check valve in the system through a tube to the other side of the case studies in order
to prevent the flow of gas into the system is mounted. To flow completely through the
automatic control card based on the programmed processor is provided. Solenoid valves,
the system is mounted with connectors to both groups.[3]
2.4.4 Safety valve
The function of the safety valve is to discharge, to regulate pressure, when there is a
leakage in one of the high pressure regulators and the line pressure rises up to 13 bar.[3]
Fig. (2- 8) safety valve
After the second pressure reducing valve solenoid is mounted as a by-pass circuit. Inlet
pressure is 7-8 bar. The second stage regulator adjusts the outgoing pipeline pressure to a
value of 4 bar and for surgical air the setting would be about 7 bar. [3]
2.5 Calculation of pressure drop and Sizing
The pressure drop ΔP across the pipe can be calculated from the formula : [3]
Pipeline pressure loss: 400 kPa (4 bar) pipelines from (HTM) from table (2-4) [3]

𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 2
ΔP =(𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 (2−4)) ∗ (𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒( 2−4)) ∗ 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒(2 − 4)
[3]
For example from table (1-13), pass (1-2)
ΔP = (30.38/30) ˣ ((90/141)^2) ˣ 7 =2.8880941
Table (2- 4) Pipeline pressure loss: 400 kPa (4 bar) pipelines from [1]

Table (2- 5) calculation of pressure drop in ground floor
Measured selected measured selected pressure

pass press drop
length length flow flow from (2-4)
12--16 19.43 30 1200 4685 7 0.297435559
16--17 30.74 30 100 4685 7 0.003267845
16--18 12.07 15 1100 6683 7 0.152600691
18--19 4.79 8 900 10103 7 0.033260432
19--20 7.05 8 700 10103 7 0.029613691
Total Pressure 0.516178217
Fig. (2- 9(pass for ground floor
Table (2- 6) calculation of pressure drop in frist floor (line 1)
pressure
measured selected measured selected
Pass from (2- press drop
length length flow flow
4)
1_2 11.94 15 200 209 7 5.102447288
2_3 6.62 8 180 209 7 4.296536251
3_4 7.22 8 130 311 7 1.103852834
4_5 7.18 8 80 311 7 0.415711169
5_6 7.12 8 30 311 7 0.057970865
total Pressure 10.97651841

Fig. (2- 10) pass for frist floor (line 1)
Table (2- 7) calculation of pressure drop in frist floor (line 2)
pressure
Measured selected measured selected
Pass from (2- press drop
length length flow flow
4)
1—2 12.26 15 280 307 14 8.85070823
2—3 7.29 8 210 311 7 0.105520001
3—4 4.9 8 200 311 7 2.344979374
4—5 7.21 8 150 311 7 2.354668324
5—6 3.76 8 130 311 7 0.66670113
6—7 3.25 8 120 311 7 0.423382719
7—8 6.3 8 90 311 7 0.36792682
8--9 7.15 8 50 311 7 0.316949008
9--20 7.12 8 20 311 7 0.161708678
total pressure 15.1138866

Fig. (2- 11) pass for frist floor (line 2)
Table (2- 8) calculation of pressure drop 2nd floor line 1

pass press drop
1--2 15.713 15 740 1135 7 3.117005782
2--3 3.793 8 640 1677 7 0.483375594
3--4 2.6 8 540 1667 7 0.2387249
4--5 0.79 8 440 1677 7 0.047585471
5--6 10.74 15 340 1135 7 0.449756215
6--7 1.2 8 240 1677 7 0.021505308
7--8 2.689 8 140 1677 7 0.016397921

Fig. (2- 12) pass for 2nd floor line 1
Table (2- 9) calculation of pressure drop in 2nd floor line (2)

pass press drop
length length flow flow from( 2-1)
1--2 1.843 8 870 1677 7 0.434016028
2--3 3.625 8 840 1677 7 0.795808385
3--4 5.0981 8 820 1677 7 1.066542049
4--5 2.8326 8 800 1677 7 0.564036427
5--6 3.372 8 200 1677 7 0.041965218
6_7 1.7896 8 100 1677 7 0.005567983
5--8 9.87 15 500 1135 7 0.89386559
8--9 1.169 8 400 1677 7 0.05819376
9--10 7.5665 8 300 1677 7 0.211874882
10--11 8.4 8 200 1677 7 0.104539689
11--12 2.006 8 100 1677 7 0.006241268

Fig. (2- 13) pass for 2nd floor line (2)
Table (2- 10) calculation of pressure drop in 2nd floor line (3)

pass press drop
length length flow flow from(2-4)
1--2 32.26 30 2190 4685 7 1.64478898
2--3 4.148 8 2170 10103 7 0.167442447
3--4 2.704 8 2140 10103 7 0.106155275
4--5 5.2293 8 2040 10103 7 0.186556867
5--6 6.68 8 1940 10103 7 0.215519847
6_7 2.8414 8 1840 10103 7 0.082466083
5--8 4.1742 15 1740 10103 7 0.057780038
8--9 3.756 8 1640 10103 7 0.086600545
9--10 9.525 8 1540 10103 7 0.193648338
10--11 5.187 8 1520 10103 7 0.102733189
11--12 4.898 8 1500 10103 7 0.094473204
12--13 3.88 8 300 10103 7 0.002993516
13--14 1.7105 8 200 10103 7 0.00058653
14--15 2.7989 8 100 10103 7 0.000239936

Fig. (2- 14) pass for 2nd floor line (3)
Table (2- 11) calculations of pressure drop of 3rd & 4th floor line 1
Measured selected measured selected Pressure
pass press drop
length length flow flow from( 2-4)
1--2 12.41 15 260 307 14 8.307655961
2--3 5.17 8 200 311 7 1.870845008
3--4 7.19 8 160 311 7 1.665160617
4--5 7.18 8 120 311 7 0.935350131
5--6 7.65 8 80 311 7 0.44292346
6--7 6.37 8 40 311 7 0.092203348
Fig. (2- 15) pass for3rd & 4th floor line 1


pass press drop
1--2 11.74 15 160 209 14 6.421733324
2--3 6.79 8 140 311 7 1.203962945
3--4 7.2 8 100 311 7 0.65135803
4--5 7.21 8 60 311 7 0.23481457
5--6 7.08 8 20 311 7 0.025620083
Fig. (2- 16) pass for3rd & 4th floor line 2

pass press drop
1--2 27.82 30 320 386 14 8.922555415
2--3 5.95 8 300 579 7 1.397688529
3--4 7.52 8 260 579 7 1.326830549
4--5 7.22 8 220 579 7 0.91208116
5--6 7.06 8 180 579 7 0.597036162
6_7 7.71 8 140 579 7 0.394422222
7--8 4.12 8 120 579 7 0.154849795
8--9 11.37 15 80 391 7 0.222123089
9--10 6.93 8 40 579 7 0.028940374

Fig. (2- 17) pass for 3rd & 4th floor line 3
Table (2- 14) calculation of pressure drop in 5th &6th &7th floor line 1

pass press drop
1--2 12.37 15 80 209 7 0.845792602
2--3 7.3 8 60 311 7 0.237745681
3--4 7.04 8 40 311 7 0.101901345
4--5 7.16 8 20 311 7 0.025909575
Fig. (2- 18) pass for 5th &6th &7th floor line 1

Table (2- 15) calculation of pressure drop in 5&6&7 floor line 2

pass press drop
1--2 17.5 30 110 141 7 2.485203628
2--3 6.87 8 90 311 7 0.503418337
3--4 1.7 8 70 311 7 0.075358505
4--5 5.82 8 60 311 7 0.189545187
5--6 8.39 8 40 311 7 0.121442086
6--7 2.14 8 20 311 7 0.007743923
Fig. (2- 19) pass for 5&6&7 floor line 2
Table (2- 16) calculation of pressure drop in 5&6&7 floor line 3

pass` press drop
1--2 30.38 30 90 141 7 2.88809416
2--3 7.29 8 70 311 7 0.323155003
3--4 7.18 8 50 311 7 0.162387175
4--5 7.32 8 30 311 7 0.05959926
5--6 7.46 8 10 311 7 0.006748793

Fig. (2- 20) pass for5&6&7 floor line 3
Table (2- 17) calculation of pressure drop in riser from supply

PASS press drop
TANK_1 48 61 6470 9849 34 11.54554945
1--2 4 8 6000 13128 7 0.731094319
2--3 4 8 2300 13128 7 0.107430248
3--4 4 8 1560 13128 7 0.049421976
4--5 4 8 820 13128 7 0.013655217
5--6 4 8 540 13128 7 0.005921864
6--7 4 8 270 13128 7 0.001480466
TOTAL PRESSURE 12.45455354

CHAPTER 3
Medical Compressed Air Systems

3.1 INTRODUCTION
Medical air is usually supplied from a compressed air plant that includes high-quality drying and
filtration equipment.
Air is used to provide power for several types of equipment including surgical tools, ventilators
and nebulisers. Oxygen should be avoided as a power source because of fire risk and cost, and
should not be used where medical air is available, unless specifically recommended by the device
manufacturer.
Air should be provided at two different pressures: -
a. a pressure of 400 kPa is required for medical air to drive ventilators and for other respiratory
applications.
b. a pressure of 700 kPa or higher is required for surgical air to drive surgical tools.
Medical air from a conventional pipeline sometimes contains much humidity or water and
sometimes carries particles or toxic gases. In this case, not only damage of the medical equipment
but also critical influence to patients shall be concerned. The Medical Air Unit which manufacture
for this purpose provides with clean air without humidity, fine particles, oil mist, etc, all necessary
dryers and filters are factory-assembled in a unit to be utilized in an existing air facility as well as
in a new air facility plan.
Medical air is also directly inhaled by patients during ventilation, It may also be used to dilute
oxygen before administration because of the potentially toxic effects of pure oxygen. [1]
3.2 Types of medical air pressure
3.2.1 Medical air 400 kPa (4 Bar)

The use of medical air, particularly for respiratory use and during an aesthesia, has increased
markedly in recent years. This service is the most critical of the medical gas services, since air-
powered ventilators cease to operate in the event of failure of the supply.
The supply system for medical air 400 kPa may be a manifold system, compressor system or a
proportioning system (synthetic air), and includes
an emergency reserve manifold. A compressor plant, or synthetic air supply, should always be
specified where air-powered ventilators are to be
used.
One of the major uses of medical air is for patients’ ventilators, which fall into two main categories
– those used during anaesthesia and those used during critical care. Pneumatically-powered
ventilators can use up to 80 L/min free air continuously. The exact flow requirements will depend
on the design of the ventilator. The flow and pressure requirements for some typical ventilators.
Current models of anaesthetic ventilator are very similar to critical care models, and may require
peak flows of up to 80 L/min and average flows of 20 L/min. Almost all such units are
pneumatically driven and electronically controlled
Current models of anaesthetic ventilator are very similar to critical care models, and may require
peak flows of up to 80 L/min and average flows of 20 L/min. Almost all such units are
pneumatically driven and electronically controlled.
Medical air 400 kPa is also used for other equipment such as anaesthetic gas mixers, humidifiers
and nebulizers. The flow rates normally required would not exceed 10 L/min, and this flow is
always in excess of the actual volume respired. [1]
3.2.2 Surgical air 700 kPa (7 Bar)
The pressure requirements of surgical tools are between 600 and 700 kPa and flows may vary
between 200 and 350 L/min Most surgical tools are designed to operate within this pressure range.
Higher pressures are likely to cause damage to tools. Inadequate tool performance, however, is
likely to result from the lack of flow at the specified pressure

The introduction of synthetic air (from on-site blending of oxygen and nitrogen) leads to the
possibility of using nitrogen as the power source for surgical tools.
The pipeline systems should be designed to provide a flow of 350 L/min at 700 kPa at the outlet
from the terminal unit. Existing systems may not meet this requirement (but should be capable of
delivering 250 L/min at the terminal unit).[1]
3.3 Medical air system components
3.3.1 Air compressor
Medical compressed air can be derived from compressor systems or by mixing gaseous oxygen
and nitrogen from cryogenic liquid supply sources; air produced by this latter method is referred
to as synthetic air

Medical and surgical air can be provided from a single combined system or from separate plants.
The choice ultimately depends on the relative consumption.
There should be individual starter units for each compressor which operate a single designated
compressor. The starters should be provided with safety interlocks, as specified by the compressor
manufacturers, which should inhibit plant operation until manually reset by means of a button. The
starters should allow automatic restart after an interruption to the power supply. [1]
3.3.1.1 Compressor types
There are many different types of compressor currently available, the most common types
being:
a. reciprocating piston compressors;
b. rotary vane compressors;
c. rotary screw compressors.
The compressors may be of any type, provided they are suitable for continuous running on load
and for high frequency start/stop operation. When selecting compressors, the opportunity should
be taken to maximize energy efficiency. If reciprocating compressors are used, they may be either
of the single- or of the two-stage type, although for a 400 kPa system a single-stage compressor is
usually satisfactory. Fig.(3-1) shown that type of compressor .[1]
Fig. (3- 1) air compressor

3.3.1.2 Compressor
lubrication
Compressors may be
oil-lubricated, provided that suitable arrangements are made to ensure that the air quality
specification.
Rotary compressors are sealed and cooled by oil or water. Oil control is therefore essential and is
usually provided as an integral part of the compressor. Reciprocating compressors may be oil
lubricated, carbon ring, Oil-free compressors may be beneficial in reducing filtration requirements.

Water should not be used as a sealant because of risk of microbial contamination and potential
problems with water treatment. Water should not be used as a sealant because of
risk of microbial contamination and potential problems with water treatment.
Where oil-lubricated compressors are used, suitable means of separating oil from condensate is
essential. [1]
3.3.1.3 Compressor noise
The noise level produced by the compressors will increase with the capacity of the supply system.
The maximum free-field noise level for unsilenced compressed air plant, at 1 m from the plant,
table (3-2) show how noise varies with the type and power of the plant but should not normally
exceed the following values:[1]
Table (3- 1) Compressor noise

Table (3-
Table( 2) Noise
1)
3- 2) of a compresor
Compressor noise
Table (3- 1) Compressor noise

Table
Fig. (3-(3- 3) Compressor
1)
3) Air (3-2)1)Noise
noiseTable( 3-
noiseTable
compressor dryer Compressor noise
of a compresor
3.4 Compressed air dryer
An important part of many compressed air systems is the compressed air dryer. Although not
necessary for DIY at home type compressors, when you use many air tools or air-operated
machinery, an air dryer is a must have.
As the name implies, air dryers are used to dry the compressed air: they remove moisture from the
air, resulting in dryer air. This way, your valuable tools and machinery are protected from water
and rust. But also your piping used to transport the compressed air is protected. [7]

3.4.1 How to dry compressed air
There are a few ways to dry compressed air.

 You can lower the temperature and then re-heat it. Condensate will form at the low temperature,
where the water can be discharged. After re-hearting, the air is dry. This process is used in
refrigerated compressed air dryers.
 Over compression. The over compressed air is cooled. Any condensate formed is removed and
then the air is expanded to normal working pressure. Expensive and seldom used.
 Absorption. Water in the compressed air is chemically bound to an absorption material. The
water dissolves in the material. Both the material and water is then discharged.
 Adsorption. The water ‘sticks’ to the surface of the adsorption material (desiccant). The desiccant
is ‘regenerated’ to remove the water again. This process is used in desiccant compressed air
dryers. [7]
3.4.2 Refrigerated dryer
Basically, they use a small refrigerator to cool down the compressed air to about 3 degrees Celsius.
At this low temperature, condensate will form which is removed by a condensate trap. When all
the water is removed, the air is re-heated to room-temperature. Your air is now dry and will not
form any water as long as it stays above 3 degrees Celsius.
Basically, they use a small refrigerator to cool down the compressed air to about 3 degrees Celsius.
At this low temperature, condensate will form which is removed by a condensate trap. When all
the water is removed, the air is re-heated to room-temperature. Your air is now dry and will not
form any water as
long as it stays
above 3 degrees
Celsius Fig (3-
2) show an air
compressor
dryer. [7]

Fig. (3- 4) Air compressor dryer
3.4.3 Desiccant compressed air dryers.
Desiccant air dryers use desiccant to remove the water from the compressed air. Basically, the
water will ‘stick’ to the surface of the desiccant, resulting in dryer air. Desiccant is re-generated.
This is done automatically by the dryer. It blows dry, hot air through the desiccant to remove the
water. The desiccant is now ready to do its job again. Desiccant compressed air dryers can reach
much lower dew-points, up to -70 degrees Celsius.[7]
3.4.4 Considerations when buying a compressed air dryer
When shopping for a compressed air dryer keep in mind that the capacity (liters per second of air)
and maximum pressure must be right for your compressor. Also, make a choice what kind of dryer
is right for you. Refrigerated air dryers are the most economical option energy-wise.
Also keep in mind that the purchase price and the yearly energy-costs are NOT all of your
expenses. There are a few extra ‘hidden’ costs!

Hidden cost one: extra pressure drop. An air dryer might cause about 0.3 bar pressure drop in your
compressed air system. Basically this means that you have to run your compressor at a higher
pressure. This of course will result in more energy consumption by your compressor.
Secondly, if you opt to buy a desiccant compressed air dryer, check the way that the desiccant is
re-generated. If it is done with compressed air, this will consume about 15 to 20% of the dryer’s
maximum capacity. That’s a lot of expensive compressed air. [7]
3.4.5 Air Receivers
The term “Wet Air Receiver” refers to the storage vessel or tank placed immediately after the air
compressor. It provides additional storage capacity and reduces moisture by allowing bulk liquids
to drop to the bottom of the receiver. Due to the moisture being reduced at this point in the system,
the load on filters and dryers will be reduced. Wet receivers also aid in contaminant removal,
pressure stabilization and pulsation reduction before going into your dryer. fig.(3-4) shown an air
receiver connected with compressor out let and shown out let of air receiver .[7]
Fig. (3- 6) Air receivers

3.5 After cooler
After coolers are heat exchangers for cooling the discharge from a air compressor. They use
either air or water and are an effective means of removing moisture from compressed air.
After coolers reduce the amount of water vapor in a compressed air system by condensing the
water vapor into liquid form. After coolers combined with a separator is an excellent way to reduce
moisture in a compressed air system. In a distribution or process manufacturing system, liquid
water causes significant damage to equipment.
After-coolers (and inter-coolers) usually form part of the compressor sub-assembly. After-coolers
should be fitted to oil-lubricated medical air compressor systems. These will normally be air-
cooled, and may need ducting with forced ventilation to ensure an adequate supply of cooling air.
The after cooler reduces the temperature of the pressurized air before it enters the air tank of your
Atlas Air Force air compressor. When the temperature of the compressed air is lowered, there is
less moisture the tank and in the air being used from the tank. Moisture is the enemy of all air
powered tools. The Air Cooled After Cooler and the Automatic Tank Drain help to solve this
problem. Fig. (3-5) shown after cooler in a circuit [1][8][9]
Fig. (3- 7) Compressed air after cooler
Fig. (3- 8) Air compressor regulatorFig. (3- 9) Compressed air after

cooler
3.6 Pressure regulator

The compressed air regulator is an important device. Why? Because it allows you to dial the
pressure down to the the absolute minimum required by the air tool you are trying to operate.
Running your air tool at the minimum operating pressure extends the life of the air tool, reduces
the amount of air used – which cuts down on energy cost to compress the air – and reduces the
cycle frequency of the air compressor, which has positive ramifications for the compressor life and
maintenance cycle.
Always adjust the air regulator pressure setting to the minimum pressure level required to operate
any of your air tools. Fig . (3-6) shown an air compressor regulator.[7]
Fig. (3- 10) Air compressor regulator
3.6.1 Can You Fig. (3- 11) Air compressor regulator Have Multiple Air
Regulators?
Absolutely you can. Many industrial plants plumb their compressed air up to a ceiling mounted air
main that circulates the plant. The air pressure in the air main is typically the highest pressure that
the plant compressor can generate.
Drop lines are installed from the air main down to the shop floor to supply compressed air to
various pieces of equipment. Each machine or piece of equipment may have a different minimum
operating pressure, so there will be a regulator (and typically a filter too) installed just before each
piece of equipment so that the pressure can be set to the optimal performance level.
So too, in your home shop you can adjust the pressure for your airline on the regulator in the
discharge line from the tank, and if desired, you can install air regulators anywhere else in the line
to be able to further adjust the air pressure if you have multiple uses of compressed air.[7]
3.6.2 About Compressor Regulators Misconception
The most significant misconception about compressor regulators is that they can raise the air
pressure!

If your tank pressure is 100 PSI for example, you can increase the discharge pressure by turning
the knob in a clockwise direction. If you try to dial the pressure up past the tank pressure of 100
PSI the regulator gauge needle will stop at and display the tank pressure of 100 PSI, and that’s the
pressure that will be exiting the discharge coupler to the air hose.
The air regulator can only adjust pressure down. No air regulator can adjust the pressure up past
whatever the pressure is in the tank or air mains. [7]
3.6.3 Compressor Regulator Maintenance

the regulator that came with the compressor will be a cheap one, mass produced in some foreign
land for pennies each, and sold to the compressor assemblers for not much more than that, we
expect.
The diaphragm inside the regulator upon which the compressed air presses to control the
downstream pressure will crack in time, through high cycle exposure, from contamination of the
diaphragm by compressor oils, debris in the air stream, or drying out of the regulator diaphragm
over long periods of inactivity. If the regulator diaphragm cracks, your regulator will leak all the
time.
The regulator gauge is cheap as well, and over time the innards corrode, or an impact might shatter
the gauge-face cover.
Industrial air compressor regulators typically have a good supply chain of spare parts. They are
expensive enough to warrant dismantling and repairing rather than tossing them out.
The typical DIY compressor air regulator does not enjoy a good supply of parts. With the price of
a new regulator being in the $20 – $30 range, it’s hard to justify buying a kit (if you can find one)
for almost that amount of money and spending a couple of hours tearing the regulator down and
trying to get it working again.
In other words, the low end regulators are basically disposable when they fail.
You can replace the gauge on a regulator for around $7 – $10, however. If it’s the gauge that goes,
do get a replacement.
If the regulator starts to leak, sure, try to find a diaphragm for it and fix it if you can. For us, it’ll
be time for a new compressor regulator at that point.
Since most replacement regulators come equipped with a display gauge, if the old gauge is still
working, keep it for a spare. [7]
3.7 Air treatment and filtration
Contaminants can enter the compressed air system from three sources: the atmosphere, the
compressor and the pipeline distribution system. Each potential source must be taken into account
when specifying the type and location of air treatment equipment. Filtration equipment may
include pre-filters, coalescing filters, adsorption equipment, carbon filters, particulate filters and

any other additional filtration equipment necessary to ensure the quality of the product. fig (3-7)
shown types of filters and its construction. [1][10][11][12]
Fig. (3- 12) Compressed air filter
3.7.1 Solid contaminants
Particles in the environment cover a wide range of sizes, but approximately 80% are less than 0.2
μm and are therefore not
Fig. (3- 13)removed by the intake(3-filter
Solid contaminantsFig. to the compressor
14) Compressed air filter Although particles smaller
than 40 μm are unlikely to cause mechanical damage, a 5 μm intake filter is preferred to avoid
blockage of internal air/oil separators. Filters are specified in terms of performance tests – a sodium
flame test, a DOP (dispersed oil particulate) test.Fig. (3-8) shown [1][13]

Fig. (3- 15) Solid contaminants
3.7.2 Dust filters
There should be a dust filter downstream of the dryers to remove particles down to 1 μm, with a
DOP penetration of less than 0.03%, when tested in accordance with BS EN ISO 3549:2002. Each
dryer and filter assembly should be rated for continuous use at the system demand flow, with air
at 100% relative humidity at 35°C.[1]
3.7.3 Activated carbon filter

Duplex activated carbon filters should be installed upstream of the final bacteria filter for odour
removal. As [1][14]
Fig. (3- 16) Activated carbon filter
3.7.4 Bacteria filters
Duplex bacteria filters should be fitted upstream of the final pressure regulator with appropriate
isolating valves. The filters should provide particle removal to 0.01 mg/m3 and a DOP penetration
of less than 0.0001%.[1]

3.8 Pressure drop calculations for compressed air systems (4 Bar &7 Bar)
3.8.1 Compressed air system 4 Bar

this table (3-2) shown how to calculate the pressure drop
Table
Table (3-
(3-4)2)
Table(3- 3)selection
selection
of of
selection ofpressure
pressure drop
drop
pressure for
formedical
for medical
drop air 4 air
medical air44Bar
Bar Bar
Table
Table (3-
(3-
Fig. (3- 5)2)selection
17) selection
First of pipe
floor pressure
of drop
pressure
network formedical
drop
for medical air 4bar
for medical
air 4 air
Bar 4 Bar(3- 3) selection of pressure drop for
Table
medical air 4 Bar
Example: Calculate the pressure drop in a 15 mm diameter pipe, 12 m in length, carrying medical
air at a design flow rate of 800 L/min.
Solution
From Table 2-4 , the nearest length to 12 m is 15 m and the nearest flow rate to the design flow of
800 L/min is711 L/min in the 15 m column, at which there is a pressure drop of 21 kPa across a
15 mm diameter, 15 m[1]
From equation (2-1)
12 800 2
p =15 ∗ (711) ∗ 21 = 21.3Kpa
3.8.1.1 Design network for 1st floor medical air system 4 Bar

We make a design for the diameter of the compressed medical air lines of compressed medical air
4 Bar in the first and second floor and this calculations as shown in tables (3-3),(3-4),(3-5),(3-6)
and fig.(3-10) shown the pipe line network in the first floor.
Fig. (3- 18) First floor pipe network for medical air 4bar
Table (3- 6) Pipeline pressure drop calculations for medical air system (4 Bar) in first floor
Fig. (3- 19) pipe network for second floorFig. (3- 20) First floor pipe network for medical air
Pass MLOP NLOP T 1-4 Des. Flow NDF. T 1-4 P DROP .T 1-4 press.drop
4bar
1----2 14.2 15 1120 1135 7 6.452669888
2----3 4.35 8 840 1677 7 0.954970062
3----4 2 8 800 1677 7 0.398246436
4----5 7.2 8 600 1677 7 0.806449032
5----6 3.1 8 520 1677 7 0.260801635
6----7 4.3 8 480 1677 7 0.308242741
7----8 3.75 8 360 1677 7 0.151209194
8----9 6.6 8 280 1677 7 0.160991122
9----10 7.35 8 80 1677 7 0.014635557
Total pressure
drop 9.508215665
Hints:
1- “MLOP“means measured length of pipe .
2- “NLOP T 1-1” means nearest length of pipe from table [1-4]
3- “Des.flow” means design flow.
4- “NDF T A1-4 “means nearest design flow from table [1-4]
5- “P Drop T A1-4” means pressure drop from table [1-4]

3.8.1.2 Design pipe network for 2nd floor medical air system
Pipe network for 2nd floor medical air system 4bar as shown in fig. (3-11). [1]
Fig. (3- 21) pipe network for second floor
Table (3- 7) select of air compressorFig. (3- 22) pipe network for second floor Table
(3- 8)
Pipeline pressure drop calculations for medical air system (4 Bar) in second floor (line 1)
pass MLOP NLOP T 1-4 Des. Flow NDF. T 1-4 P DROP.T 1-4 press.drop
1----3 32 30 720 768 7 6.5625
3----4 7.1 8 640 1677 7 0.904815902
4----5 3.2 8 560 1677 7 0.312225206
5----6 4.1 8 520 1677 7 0.344931194
6----7 4.75 8 440 1677 7 0.286115174
7----8 5.7 8 400 1677 7 0.283750585
8----9 4.15 8 360 1677 7 0.167338174
9----10 3.5 8 280 1677 7 0.08537408
10----11 18.1 15 240 1135 7 0.377673155
11----12 4.2 8 160 1677 7 0.033452701
12----13 3.6 8 120 1677 7 0.016128981
13----14 3.75 8 40 1677 7 0.00186678
Total pressure
drop 9.37617193

Table (3- 9) Pipeline pressure drop calculations for medical air system (4 Bar) in second floor (line 2)
1----15 14.25 15 480 1135 7 1.189357449
15----16 4.1 8 440 1677 7 0.246962571
16----17 3.25 8 360 1677 7 0.131047968
17----18 7.2 8 320 1677 7 0.229389947
18----19 4.1 8 280 1677 7 0.100009636
19----20 3.2 8 200 1677 7 0.039824644
20----21 4.5 8 160 1677 7 0.035842179
Total pressure
drop 1.972434394
Table (3- 10) Pipeline pressure drop calculations for medical air system (4 Bar) in second floor (line 3)
1----23 2.8 8 760 1677 7 0.503184371
23----24 1.25 8 720 1677 7 0.201612258
24----25 4.5 8 560 1677 7 0.439066695
25----26 2.75 8 520 1677 7 0.231356289
26----27 3.3 8 440 1677 7 0.198774752
27----28 2.15 8 360 1677 7 0.086693271
28----29 7.2 8 320 1677 7 0.229389947
29----30 4.15 8 280 1677 7 0.101229266
30----31 4.55 8 200 1677 7 0.056625665
31----32 3.4 8 160 1677 7 0.027080758
32----33 2.55 8 120 1677 7 0.011424695
33----34 3.2 8 40 1677 7 0.001592986
Total pressure
drop 2.088030952

3.8.2 Compressed air system 7 Bar
Fig. (3- 23)pipe network for second floor 7 bar
Table (3- 11) Pipe line pressure drop calculations for medical air system (7 Bar) in second floor
pass MLOP NLOP. T 1-4 Des. Flow NDF. T 1-4 P DROP. T 1-4 press.drop
1----2 14.2 15 4200 4351 14 12.34939083
2----3 2.15 8 3150 4387 7 0.969912043
3----4 7.2 8 2800 4387 7 2.566382253
4----5 4.15 8 2450 4387 7 1.132538696
5----6 4.55 8 1750 4387 7 0.633519925
6----7 3.35 8 1400 4387 7 0.298520158
7----8 2.55 8 1050 4387 7 0.127817866
8----9 3.15 8 350 4387 7 0.017543629
Total pressure
drop 18.0956254
3.9 Final designed diameters for pipes network

From the above calculations we designed the diameters of pipe network which is needed to
transform compressed medical air from the risers lines to its used places. As shown in table (3-8).
Table (3- 12) final designed diameter for pipes network
No. of floor/No. of line 4 Bar 7 Bar

First floor 22 mm -
Second floor line 1 22 mm -
Second floor - 28 mm

3.10 Final designed diameter for risers
We make a design for the riser diameter line which is used to transform the compressed medical air from
the supply to the first and second floor of hospital and this diameter must be suitable to feed the hospital
with the require quantity of medical compressed air. As shown in table (3-9).
Table (3- 13) final designed diameter for riser
Air system Riser diameter

4 Bar 42 mm
7 Bar 42 mm
3.11 Selection of compressor

From the above calculation we selected the suitable compressor from catalogue as shown in table
(3-10).[13]
Table
Table(3-
(3-14)
10)select of air
select compressor
of air compressor
Table
Table(3-
(3-15)
10)select of air
select compressor
of air compressor

CHAPTER 4
NIROUS OXIDE

4 Nitrous oxide:
4.1 What is Nitrous oxide (medical) and what it is used for?
Nitrous oxide (medical) is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It is supplied under

pressure as a liquid in a cylinder with a valve to control the outflow of gas. A variety
of sizes of cylinders are available containing different volumes of nitrous oxide. It is categorized
as an inhalation gas. There are no other ingredients. Nitrous oxide (medical) mixed with 30%
oxygen is used in general anaesthesia. It may be used with a wide variety of other anaesthetic drugs
allowing lower doses of the other anaesthetic drugs. Nitrous oxide (medical) mixed with 50%
oxygen is used to reduce pain in a number of situations such as childbirth, dental work and other
painful procedures such as the wound and burn dressing, the insertion of cannulae or needles into
veins. It is occasionally used as an insufflating agent in laparoscopy and as a refrigerant in
cryosurgery. [16]
4.2 Before you use Nitrous oxide (medical)
Unless specially advised by your doctor to do so

Do not use nitrous oxide (medical) if:
You have:
 Head injury.
 Pneumothorax.
 Decompression sickness.
 Following air encephalography.
 Severe bullous emphysema.
 During myringoplasty.
 Occluded middle ear.
 Renal cyst.
 Nitrous oxide should not be used as an analgesic or anaesthetic agent for more than 24
hours, unless your doctor monitors you carefully.
 Take special care with nitrous oxide (medical).
 Care is needed in the handling and use of nitrous oxide (medical) gas cylinders.
 Nitrous oxide (medical) can be used if you are pregnant.
 Breast-feeding.
 Ask your doctor or pharmacist for advice before taking any medicines.
 Nitrous oxide (medical) can be used if you are breast-feeding.
 Driving and using machines.
 It is recommended that you do not drive or operate machinery for 12 hours after the use
of nitrous oxide . [16]

4.3 How to use Nitrous oxide (medical)
 Nitrous oxide (medical) will be administered via inhalation and you will be given a
facemask, mouthpiece or nasal prongs to use. The facemask or mouthpiece connected to
nitrous oxide (medical) via a suitable medical device. The device must be operated in the
manner described by the manufacturer. These systems will only be used to give you nitrous
oxide under the direct supervision of attendant and suitably trained medical personnel. The
concentration of nitrous oxide used in your treatment will depend on the condition it is
being used to treat. Your doctor will tell you how long the treatment will nitrous oxide
(medical) will last. Follow the instructions given to you by your doctor. During use the
cylinder should be kept upright, away from heat in a well-ventilated area. Connections for
hoses, valves etc. must be kept clean and dry. If necessary, clean only with plain water. Do
not use solvents. Use clean, lint free cloths for cleaning and drying off. Use no oil or grease
on valve or associated equipment. Do not allow naked flames near the cylinder. If you use
more nitrous oxide (medical) than you should: If you may have used more nitrous oxide
(medical) than you should, talk to a doctor or pharmacist as soon as possible.
 Over dosage is rarely a problem. Inappropriate, unwitting or deliberate inhalation of nitrous
oxide will ultimately result in unconsciousness, passing through stages of increasing light
headiness and intoxication and if there is an absence of oxygen, death from asphyxiation
will occur. The treatment is removal to fresh air, mouth to mouth resuscitation and if
necessary the administration of oxygen. [16]
4.4 Possible side effects.
 Like all medicines nitrous oxide (medical) can have side effects.
Nitrous oxide inactivates vitamin B12 and following prolonged use or exposure to nitrous
oxide may result in megaloblastic bone marrow changes.
Nitrous oxide passes into all gas containing spaces in the body faster than nitrogen passes
out. This may result in bowel distension, middle ear damage and rupture of the eardrums.
 If you notice any side effects not mentioned in this leaflet, please inform your doctor or
pharmacist. [16]
 Respiratory Effects: All anesthetic gases increase respiratory rate and diminish tidal
volume. Unlike other agents, however, the increase in rate produced by nitrous oxide may
actually provide a net increase in minute ventilation Therefore, when used alone for mild
to moderate sedation, nitrous oxide does not depress ventilation. However, when it is
combined with sedatives or opioids that depress ventilation, a more pronounced and
clinically important depression may result. [16]
 Cardiovascular Effects: Nitrous oxide mildly depresses myocardial contractility, but this is
offset by its ability to activate sympathetic activity. In both normal patients and those with
coronary artery disease, sub anesthetic concentrations of nitrous oxide (0.1 to 0.5 MAC)
have little influence on cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate.

Chronic Toxicity: Nitrous oxide has been implicated in the adverse effects on health seen in
those individuals who are chronically exposed to trace amounts of the drug. These adversities
include infertility, spontaneous abortion, blood dyscrasias, and neurologic deficits. These
concerns pertain only to chronic exposure; it is presumed that healthy surgical patients could
receive nitrous oxide without harm.
Transfer to Gas-Filled Spaces: The blood gas partition coefficient of nitrous oxide is 0.46,
which is more than 30 times greater than that of nitrogen (0.014). When a patient's inspired
gas mixture is switched from air containing approximately 78% nitrogen to an anesthetic
mixture containing 70% nitrous oxide, the nitrous oxide will enter gas-filled spaces more than
30 times faster than nitrogen can exit the space.
Diffusion Hypoxia: When inhalation of high concentrations of nitrous oxide is discontinued,

high partial pressure in blood transfers nitrous oxide to the alveoli rapidly. This dilutes the
partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli and may lead to hypoxemia. For this reason, it is
conventional practice to provide the patient with 100% oxygen during the first few minutes
following discontinuation of nitrous oxide.
Analgesic and Anesthetic Action: The mechanism by which anesthetic gases produce general
anesthesia is unknown. The leading theory suggests that they bind to proteins within neuronal
membranes and somehow modify ion fluxes and subsequent synaptic transmission. [2]
4.5 Storing Nitrous oxide(medical)
 Keep Nitrous oxide (medical) out of the reach and sight of children.
Nitrous oxide (medical) should be stored in a well-ventilated place, under cover and kept
clean and dry. Cylinders should be stored where they will not be exposed to extremes of
temperature. They should preferably be stored between 10 C and 30 C. Full cylinders
should be stored separately from empty cylinders and separately from non-medical
cylinders and from other medical cylinders containing different gases. Use by date Check
the date given on the batch label attached to the cylinder. Do not use Nitrous oxide
(medical) after the expiry date given on the label.[16]

4.6 Advantages of nitrous oxide(medical)?
Nitrous oxide works very rapidly – it reaches the brain within 20 seconds, and relaxation and
pain-killing properties develop after 2 or 3 minutes.
The depth of sedation can be altered from moment to moment, allowing the person who
administers the gas to increase or decrease the depth of sedation. Other sedation techniques don’t
allow for this. For example, with IV sedation, it’s easy to deepen the level to accept local
anaesthetic of sedation, but difficult to lessen it. Whereas with laughing gas, the effects are almost
instant.
Other sedation techniques have a fixed duration of action (because the effects of pills or
intravenous drugs last for a specific time span), whereas gas can be given for the exact time span
it’s needed for. It can also be switched off when not needed and then switched on again (though
to avoid a roller-coaster effect, you shouldn’t do this too abruptly).
There’s no “hangover” effect – the gas is eliminated from the body within 3 to 5 minutes after
the gas supply is stopped. You can safely drive home and don’t need an escort. With nitrous
oxide, it’s easy to give incremental doses until the desired action is obtained (this is called
“titration”). So the administrator has virtually absolute control over the action of the drug,
preventing the possibility of accidental overdoses. While giving incremental doses is possible
with IV sedation, it’s not possible with oral sedation (as a result, oral sedation can be a bit of a
hit-and-miss affair). For certain procedures – those involving gums rather than teeth (e. g. deep
cleaning) – it may be possible to use nitrous instead of local anaesthesia. N2O acts as a painkiller
on soft tissues such as gums. However, its pain-relieving effects vary a lot from person to person
and can’t be relied upon.
No injection is required. In cases of very severe needle phobia, getting laughing gas first can help
you feel relaxed enough to allow the needle required for IV sedation to be inserted in your arm
or hand. The very deep state of sedation achievable through IV sedation will then allow you.[17]
4.7 Properties of Nitrous oxide

Table (4- 1) shows the properties of nitrous
Nitrous Oxide Properties
Formula N2O
Molecular Weight (lb/mol) 44.01
Critical Temp. (°F) 97.6
Critical Pressure (psia) 1053.3

Boiling Point (°F) -128.3
Melting Point (°F) -131.6
Psat @ 70°F (psia) 751.3
Liquid Density @ 70°F (lb/ft3) 48.21
4.8 Nitrous oxide in anesthesia machines:
stored as a liquid with vapor on the top at a pressure of 4400 kPa. The filling ratio is the
percent ratio of the weight of gas in cylinder to the weight of water the cylinder would
hold at 16.c) of this cylinder is the weight of the fluid in the cylinder divided by the weight
of the water required to fill it. In the UK, the filling ratio is 0.75. In hotter climates, the
ratio is 0.67.[2]
4.9 places where used nitrous oxide in medical:

Table (4-2) shows where the nitrous oxide used [HTM]
Design flow for

Department each terminal unit
(L/min)
Accident & emergency: resuscitation room, per trolley space 10
Operating 15
Maternity: operating suites 15
Radiological: all anaesthetic and procedures rooms 15
Critical care areas 15
Oral surgery/orthodontic: consulting rooms 15

4.10 Nitrous oxide cylinder:
4.10.1 Color of the cylinder:
 in British system the color of nitrous oxide cylinders is blue. [1]

4.10.2 Cylinder specifications:
 Cylinder order 141-E

 Nominal contents (litres1800)
 Nominal cylinder pressure (bar) 44
 Valve outlet connection Pin -index.as shown at fig. (4-1)
 Valve outlet specification ISO
 Valve operation
 Dimensions* L x D (mm) 865 x 102 Water capacity (liters) 4.68
 Nominal weight full (kg) 9.0
 Cylinder code: E code (attached directly to the anaesthesia machine via a yoke).as shown
fig. (4-2)
 Valve type : standard valve.
 Index positions : 3 and 5.[15]
Fig. (4- 2) shows pin index valve
Fig. (4- 1) shows pin index valve

Fig. (4- 3) shows E type cylinderFig.
(4- 4) shows pin index valve
Fig. (4- 5) shows E type cylinder

4.10.3 Gas-specific connectors:
 are used on large cylinders that make it impossible to attach a regulator as shown in Fig.
Fig. (4- 6) shows regulate pressure in
(4-3) or fitting to the cylinder . .{2}
cylinderFig. (4- 7) shows E type

cylinder
Fig. (4- 8) shows regulate pressure in cylinder
4.10.4 Cylinder contents

 which are liquefied by the high pressure within the cylinder (above). Here, the pressure
remains relatively constant until all of the liquid is evaporated, after which the pressure

drops rapidly as the remaining gas is removed. The contents of these cylinders can only
be estimated by weighing the cylinder as shown in Fig. (4-4). .[2]
Fig. (4- 9) shows the quantity of nitrous oxide at (1-1/2-1/4-0) of full load
4.10.5 Cylinder components:

 The Remote Bottle Valve as shown in Fig.(4-5) (P/N 16058NOS) is the perfect
convenience accessory—it electronically turns the nitrous bottle on and off with the flick
of a switch—no more trips to the trunk. It is also great as a safety shut-off valve. It
operates on 12V DC. The complete kit includes hardware and installation instructions.
[18]
Fig. (4- 10) shows remote bottle valve
 Nitrous Pressure Gauges as shown in Fig. (4-6) (P/N 15910NOS) measure from 0-
1500 psi (although recommended level is 900-950 psi) and are essential in monitoring
the bottle. . [18]
Fig. (4- 11) shows nitrous pressure gauge

 The Quick Release Hinged Aluminum Bracket as shown in Fig.(4-7) (P/N 14140NOS)
is available for 10 lb. and 15 lb. bottles. P/N 14147NOS is available for the carbon fiber
bottle. [18]

Fig. (4- 12) shows quick release hinged aluminuim bracket
 A safe pressure relief valve (SPRV) as shown in Fig.(4-8) will increase the safety when
using a bottle heater. For safety reasons, large fuel jet must also be fitted to match extra
Fig.delivered
nitrous that be (4- 13) ) shows a safe
due to pressure
increase inrelief valveFig. (4- 14)
pressure. [18]
shows quick release hinged aluminuim bracket
Fig. (4- 15) ) shows a safe pressure relief valve
 A Bottle heater as shown in Figs. (4-9) (4-10) for optimum and consistent performance
results .it is essential to maintain consistent fuel to nitrous oxide ratio. The ratio is
dependent on the fuel and nitrous delivery pressures so if they very at all so too will the
Fig. (4- 16) ) shows a safe pressure relief valve
mixture. Providing the vehicle has an adequate fuel delivery system the fuel pressure
should remain constant when the nitrous system is activated. . [18]
Fig. (4- 17) shows a bottle

Fig. (4- 18) shows filton syphon elbow heater cylinder
 BackupFig.
solenoid: backup
(4- 19) backup solenoids
solenoid Fig. (4- 20)are fitted
shows in syphon
filton the supply
elbow line from
heater the nitrous cylinder
cylinder
to the main control solenoid. when the system activated. the backup solenoid will hold open
whilst the main control solenoid is pulsed to deliver relatively progressive power delivery
as shown Fig.(4-11). When the pulsed solenoid fails the backup solenoid ensure the system.
Fig. (4- 21) backup solenoid
 will shut off rather than allowing nitrous oxide leak through the damaged seal. [18]
 The hand wheel valve as shown in Fig. (4-12) operated sturdy stem packed valve can use
metal-to-metal seats like the wrench-operated valve or polymeric seats like the pressure
seal valve. [18]
Fig. (4- 22) shows hand wheel valve
 Diaphragm valve used in nitrous oxide cylinder because a diaphragm separated

the stem from the seat as shown in Fig. (4-13). And its advantages:
 can be used fully using a one half to three quarters turn.
 less likely to leak leakage. [18]

Fig. (3- 24) diaphram valve
 Boost pressure switch: can be used in turbocharged engines wishes to use the nitrous
system just to eliminate turbo lagged. By setting switch to cut off the nitrous system
at modest boost level the nitrous will only activate at wide open throttle, when the
boost below the desired level. [18]
Fig. (4- 23) shows boost pressure switch

Storage of cylinders
 The storage area should be cool, dry, ventilated, clean area constructed of fire resistant
material.
 Have good access for deliveries and a reasonable level floor surface
 Should have segregation of ′′Full′′ and "Empty cylinders"
 Cylinders with an oldest fill date should be used first.
 Cylinders should not be stored in direct sunlight.
 Easily visible sign such as no smoking, no open flames or sparks, no oil or grease etc.,
should be displayed.
 Cylinders should not be exposed to dampness, corrosive chemicals, fumes as they may
damage cylinders and/or cause valve protection caps stick.
 The temperature should not go below 10°C where Entonox cylinders are stored.
 Cylinders should always be kept in place with chain or any other restraining device.
 The suitable trolley/cart should be used to transport and support the cylinders. [2]

4.11 Calculations of pressure drop:
4.11.1 For second floor:
Fig. (4- 24) shows distribution of mainlines in second floor
Example:
Pass from(c-1)
Given as measured:
Measured length of pipe= 17.52 m
Design flowrate=270 (L/min)
From Tables (2-5)
Nearest length of pipe from Table =15 m
Diameter= 15 mm
Pressure drop from Table = 7 kPa
From equation (2-1)

Δp=3.8986 kPa
And it's on for all passes to second floor.

Table (4- 2) shows pressure drop calculations and diameter selection in mainline second floor from (c-11)
Table (4- 3) shows pressure drop calculations and diameter selection in mainline second floor from (0-D)
Measured Nearest Design Nearest Δp from Diameter Pass Δp
length of length of flow flow from Table A1
pipe pipe from Table A1
table A1
17.52 15 270 391 7 15 (c-1) 3.898655817
7.33 8 240 579 7 15 (1-2) 1.101989315
2.84 8 210 579 7 15 (2-3) 0.326894682
4.34 8 195 579 7 15 (3-4) 0.430734718
4.68 8 165 579 7 15 (4-5) 0.332555908
5.7 8 150 579 7 15 (5-6) 0.33474053
4.55 8 135 579 7 15 (6-7) 0.216436179
4.33 8 105 579 7 15 (7-8) 0.124599821
18.03 15 90 391 7 15 (8-9) 0.445793787
2.75 8 60 579 7 15 (9-10) 0.02583962
2.86 8 45 579 7 15 (10-11) 0.015116178
Total 7.253356555
Measured Nearest Design flow Nearest flow Δp from Diameter Pass Δp
length of length of from Table A1 Table A1
pipe pipe
from
table A1
2.67 8 285 579 7 15 (0-20) 0.566046236
2.57 8 240 579 7 15 (20-21) 0.386372789
4.42 8 210 579 7 15 (21-22) 0.508758624
2.46 8 195 579 7 15 (22-23) 0.244149172
3.4 8 165 579 7 15 (23-24) 0.241600446
3.65 8 135 579 7 15 (24-25) 0.173624628
7.2 8 120 579 7 15 (25-26) 0.270611292
2.86 8 105 579 7 15 (26-27) 0.082299189
4.34 8 75 579 7 15 (27-28) 0.063718154
3.457 8 60 579 7 15 (28-29) 0.032482751
2.38 8 45 579 7 15 (29-D) 0.012579197
Total 2.582242476

Table (4- 4) shows pressure drop calculations and diameter selection in mainline second floor from (C-B)

pipe pipe
from
table A1
3 8 180 579 7 15 (c-18) 0.253698086
4.2 8 165 579 7 15 (18-13) 0.298447609
4.55 8 135 579 7 15 (13-14) 0.216436179
5.7 8 120 579 7 15 (14-15) 0.214233939
4.33 8 105 579 7 15 (15-16) 0.124599821
4.36 8 75 579 7 15 (16-17) 0.064011786
3 8 60 579 7 15 (17-B) 0.028188676
Total 1.199616097
Table (4- 5) shows pressure drop calculation and diameter selection in mainline second floor from (O-18)

length of length of fromTable A1 Table A1
pipe pipe
from
table A1
11.2 8 450 1677 7 22 (O-C) 0.705642903

4.11.2 For first floor:
Fig. (4- 25) shows disribution of mainlines in first floor
Table (4- 6) shows pressure drop calculation and diameter selection in mainline first floor from (a-b)

pipe pipe
from
table A1
13.31 15 420 1135 7 22 (a-1) 0.850534029
4.33 8 315 579 7 15 (1-2) 1.121398393
2.25 8 300 579 7 15 (2-3) 0.528537679
6.91 8 225 579 7 15 (3-4) 0.91304884
3.17 8 195 579 7 15 (4-5) 0.31461499
4.29 8 180 579 7 15 (5-6) 0.362788263
3.71 8 135 579 7 15 (6-7) 0.176478731
7.2 8 105 579 7 15 (7-b) 0.20718677
Total 4.474587695

4.11.3 For ground floor:
Fig. (4- 26) shows disribution of mainlines in ground floor
Table (4- 7) shows pressure drop calculation and diameter selection in mainline first floor from (b-c)(a-b)
Fig. (5- 1) vacuum plantFig. (4- 27) shows disribution of mainlines in ground floor

length of length from Table Table A1
pipe of pipe A1
from
table A1
14.44 15 225 391 7 15 (b-6) 2.231441448
7.06 8 195 579 7 15 (6-7) 0.700688274
7.32 8 135 579 7 15 (7-c) 0.348200623
28.9 30 305 768 7 22 (a-1) 1.063535196
8.12 8 290 579 7 15 (1-2) 1.782390877
9.93 8 275 579 7 15 (2-b) 1.960042831
Total 8.086299248

CHAPTER 5
VACUUM SYSTEM

5 VACUUM
5.1 General
In virtually all cases, vacuum is used via a suction control device and fluid is collected in suction
jars. On wards these are typically of approximately 1 L capacity. In operating rooms, two or four
2–3 L capacity vessels are provided for the suction control regulator.
Vacuum is provided for the surgical team and anaesthetist in the operating room. It is also
provided in the anaesthetic and recovery rooms. Since it is possible for both the surgical team and
anaesthetist to use vacuum simultaneously, each operating room will require 80 L/min and each
terminal unit should be capable of passing 40 L/min. [20]
5.1.1 Components of vacuum plant
Vacuum plant consist seven main components as shown in Fig (5-1):
1- Vacuum pumps
2- Digital electrical control panel
3- Bacteria filter group
4- Vacuum reservoir
5- Flexible joint
6- Collector
7- Non-return valve and connection pipe [20]
Fig. (5- 2) vacuum plant

5.1.2 Vacuum pump
Medical vacuum pumps are used to supply the required vacuum for the hospitals. Vacuum Pumps
are manufactured as air cooled, oil lubricated and oil free rotary vane types. The motor capacity is
about 0, 18 kW and 30 kW. The Vacuum Pumps don't have any risk to draw over current and cut
off. One of its properties is to run at the maximum vacuum value. The maximum vacuum level is
about 720 mmHg and it can also run at the vacuum level about 500-620 mmHg. The capacity of
the vacuum pump is determined according to the calculation result of the hospital flow. Vacuum
pumps have a range of
4-630 m³/h depending upon size of the hospital. The following figure shows vacuum pump. [20]
Fig. (5- 3) vacuum pump
5.1.3 Bacteria filter group TER GROUPTE

Duplex arrangement of bacterial filter group as shown in Fig. (5-3) prevents bacteria accumulated
in the Pipeline to reach vacuum tank and thus provide hygiene in hospitals where Medical Vacuum
plants are used. The duplex bacterial filter system shall incorporate high efficiency filter elements.
Each filter shall be designed and sized to carry the full plant design flow capacity with a pressure
drop not exceeding 33mbar (25mmHg). This process is significant in those situations where the
plant is used and in hospitals where hygiene is top important. This part of the plant is located
between the reservoir and the service. The Bacterial Filter Group is composed of filters and valves.
Bacterial Filter elements shall have penetration levels not exceeding 0.005% when tested by the
sodium flame method in accordance with BS 3928:1969. [20]

Fig. (5- 4) filters
5.1.4 Digital electric control panel

The system is protected against damages by over current relays, short circuit and high pressure
Fig. (5- 5) filters
relays, which are located on the electric control panel. Digital Electric Control Panel PCP 3M in
figure (5-5) has been designed to control the plant automatically or manually which max. 3 Pumps
can be operated and protect the electrical system. The panel is designed to show the on or off and
fault conditions of each pump separately at the required value. Leading pump selection can also
be programmed through this panel on day / month / year basis. Tank vacuum level is shown on the
panel digitally, and also pump's on and off vacuum levels can be programmed from this panel.
Panel will allow the Medical Vacuum Plant to operate in Manual mode through built in vacuum
switches in case of any fault on vacuum transducer or electronic control. The system can also be
used manually in case of a malfunction in the system. The gauges which show the work time of
the pumps are also located on the control panel. It has the property to transfer the data on the panel
to another one on a distant location or to be connected to the hospital BMS system by an interface
unit.[20]

Fig. (5- 6) digital electric control panel
5.1.5 Vacuum reservoir

The vacuum reservoir as shown in figure (5-6) is manufactured to meet the requirements of the
hospital and has the function to start or to stop the vacuum pump. The vacuum reservoir from the
vacuum plant is calculated in accordance with HTM 2022 Standard and meets 100% of the vacuum
requirement of the hospital. Vacuum Reservoir manufactured in accordance with BS 5169 Class
3 and tested at 4 Bar according to HTM 2022, Vacuum tank capacities are calculated as liquid
capacity equal to 1 min of free air aspired at 450 mm Hg of Medical Vacuum Plant according to
HTM 2022 Section 9.26 and HTM 02-01. [20]
Fig. (5- 7) reservoir
5.1.6 Flexible joint

Flexible joint as shown in Fig. (5-7) is used to absorption the vibration energy caused by motor
of pump to reduce the vibration. The following figure shows rubber flexible joint. [20]

Fig. (5- 8) flexible joint
5.1.7 Collector
A compound tube as shown in Fig. (5-8) used to collect air from pipes branching into the
reservoir. [20]
Fig. (5- 9) collector
5.1.8 Non- return valve

The function of a non-return valve is to prevent flux of reverse and controls the direction of flow.
The figure (5-9) shows a non- return valve shape. [20]
Fig.(5- 8) Non-return valve
5.2 Pipelines of vacuum system

The suction pipes are distributed within the hospital. Liquid wastes are removed by rarefaction
caused by air drawn through the pipes. The air goes to the vacuum plant through those pipelines.
Pipe diameters depend on the flow rate and the amount of loss in pressure. Standard diameter is

chosen from the British code HTM-02-01. The suction ports were distributed to operating and
nursing rooms. Operating rooms have two ports and nursing rooms have one port per bed. [1]
5.2.1 Network of pipelines in first floor

The following figure shows the suggested distribution of pipelines for the vacuum system in the
first floor.
Fig.(5- 1) network of pipelines in first floor
5.2.2 Network of pipelines in Second Floor

The following figure shows the distribution of suction pipelines on second floor

Fig.(5- 2) network of pipelines in second floor
5.2.3 Calculation of Pressure drop in pipelines

Diameter of pipe is calculated by pressure loss and flow rate using the equation (*) and table (5-
1) in British code HTM-02-01. Pipes are divided into main points to calculate the flow rate
because the flow rate varies depending to point as needing of the room. Figure (5-12) and figure
(5-13) show distribution of main components on first and second floors.

from equation (2-1)
Table (5- 1) pipeline pressure loss (vacuum)

5.2.4 Distribution of main point on pipeline at first and second floor
Fig.(5- 3) Distribution of main point on pipeline at first floor

Fig.(5- 4) Distribution of main point on pipeline at second floor

5.2.5 Calculation of pressure drop
Table (5-2) shows the pressure drop in first floor. Table (5-3), table (5-4) and table (5-5) show
calculation of pressure drop of pipelines at second floor.
Table (5- 2) pipeline pressure drop calculations for Vacuum system (59 kPa) in first floor
Nearest Pressure
Measured Nearest Length from Design flow drop
Pass length table Flow From table From table Pressure drop
1----2 14.2 15 1120 1480 1.3 0.704779158
2----3 4.35 8 840 2191 1.3 0.103900213
3----4 2 8 800 2191 1.3 0.043328991
4----5 7.2 8 600 2191 1.3 0.087741208
5----6 3.1 8 520 2191 1.3 0.028375073
6----7 4.3 8 480 2191 1.3 0.033536639
7----8 3.75 8 360 2191 1.3 0.016451476
8----9 6.6 8 280 2191 1.3 0.017515745
9----10 7.35 8 80 2191 1.3 0.00159234
Total pressure drop 1.037220844
Table (5- 3) pipeline pressure drop calculations for Vacuum system (59 kPa) in second floor (line 1):
Nearest Nearest
Measured Length Design flow Pressure drop
Pass Length from table Flow From table From table Pressure drop
1----3 32 30 720 1001 1.3 0.717412458
3----4 7.1 8 640 2191 1.3 0.098443468
4----5 3.2 8 560 2191 1.3 0.033969929
5----6 4.1 8 520 2191 1.3 0.037528323
6----7 4.75 8 440 2191 1.3 0.031129172
7----8 5.7 8 400 2191 1.3 0.030871906
8----9 4.15 8 360 2191 1.3 0.018206301
9----10 3.5 8 280 2191 1.3 0.009288653
10----11 18.1 15 240 1480 1.3 0.041250548
11----12 4.2 8 160 2191 1.3 0.003639635
12----13 3.6 8 120 2191 1.3 0.001754824
13----14 3.75 8 40 2191 1.3 0.000203105
Total pressure drop 1.023698322

Table (5- 4) pipeline pressure drop calculations for Vacuum system (59 kPa) in second floor (line 2)
Nearest Nearest
Pass Length from table flow From table From table Pressure drop
1----15 14.25 15 480 724 1.3 0.542840573
15----16 4.1 8 440 1074 1.3 0.11182374
16----17 3.25 8 360 1074 1.3 0.059338036
17----18 7.2 8 320 1074 1.3 0.103866921
18----19 4.1 8 280 1074 1.3 0.045283994
19----20 3.2 8 200 1074 1.3 0.018032451
20----21 4.5 8 160 1074 1.3 0.016229206
Total pressure
drop 0.89741492
Table (5- 5) pipeline pressure drop calculations for Vacuum system (59 kPa) in second floor (line 3)
Nearest Nearest
Pass Length from table flow From table From table Pressure drop
1----23 2.8 8 760 1074 1.3 0.227840024
23----24 1.25 8 720 1074 1.3 0.091289286
24----25 4.5 8 560 1074 1.3 0.198807778
25----26 2.75 8 520 1074 1.3 0.104757273
26----27 3.3 8 440 1074 1.3 0.090004473
27----28 2.15 8 360 1074 1.3 0.039254393
28----29 7.2 8 320 1074 1.3 0.103866921
29----30 4.15 8 280 1074 1.3 0.045836238
30----31 4.55 8 200 1074 1.3 0.025639892
31----32 3.4 8 160 1074 1.3 0.012262067
32----33 2.55 8 120 1074 1.3 0.00517306
33----34 3.2 8 40 1074 1.3 0.000721298
Total pressure
drop 0.945452701

5.3 Selection
5.3.1 Pipelines diameters
The final chosen diameters depend on calculations of pressure drops for the suggested design for
the pipe line network according to British standard code HTM-02-01 is shown in table (5-6):
Table (5- 6) selected diameters of first, second floor and riser
First Floor 54 mm
Second Floor- Pipeline1 54 mm
Riser 108 mm
5.3.2 Components of vacuum plants

5.3.2.1 Reservoir
Table (5-7) shows characteristics of reservoir and Fig. (5-14) shows the size of that pump.[21]
Table (5- 7) characteristics of selected reservoir
Company Motivair
Part No. OP-VLM3000
Capacity 3320 Littre
A mm 775
B mm 2675
C mm 3250
D mm 1220
Weight 1030
Pressure 16

Fig.(5- 5) selected reservoir
5.3.2.2 Vacuum Pump

Table (5-8) shows characteristics of vacuum pump and Fig. (5-15) shows the size of that pump.[22]
Table (5- 8) characteristics of selected pump
Company Busch
Model. R5 RA 0165 D
Nominal flow rate 200 m3/hr.
Power 7.5 kW
Nominal speed 1500 r.p.m.
Noise level 72 dB
Weight 160 Kg
Dimensions 977*583*418
(L*W*H)
Fig.(5- 6) size of selected pump

5.3.2.3 Suction pump
Use this pump in the patient wards where there is no suction outlets, but these cylinders for liquid
waste suction graduated from any patient in some cases. The movement of the pump for easy
access to anywhere in the ward. Shape of the pump is shown in fig.(5-15) and the characteristics
of the pump is shown in table (5-9 ).[23]
Fig.(5- 7) selected suction pump
Table (5- 9) characteristics of selected suction pump
Company Surgical systems ltd

Model SAM35
Voltage 230V +/- 10% – 50/60Hz
Flow rate 50 l/min
Collection jars 2 x 4L
Unit dimensions H x W x D cm 84 x 43 x 33
Weight 25 kg
Noise Level 55 dB

References:
[1] Medical gases Health Technical Memorandum02-01: Medical gas pipeline systems Part A:
Design, installation, validation and verification.
[2] http://www.frca.co.uk/article.aspx?articleid=100342 (17-6-2016)
[3 ]http://www.medikar.com/ing/o2plnt.html 20/6/2016
[4]http://www.google.com/patents/US3672446 20/6/2016
[5]http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/specialized_industrial_products/medical_equipment_s
upplies/pharmaceutical_medical_gases 20/6/2016
[6] http://www.wessingtoncryogenics.com/products/cryogenic-vessels/lgt-series-bulk-storage-
tanks-medium-pressure/ 14/6/2016
[7] http://fix-my-compressor.com/about-compressor-regulators/ 20/6/2016
[8] http://www.ecompressedair.com/accessories/aftercoolers.aspx 22/6/2016
[9] http://www.gregsmithequipment.com/AF8P-After-Cooler 22/6/2016
[10]https://www.google.com.eg/search?q=air+filter&biw=1264&bih=615&source=lnms&tbm=i
sch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjA_M3a5rvNAhXL5xoKHVSmBoIQ_AUIBigB#tbm=isch&q=com
pressor+air+regulator&imgrc=DU6WU229Z26QzM%3A22/6/2016
[11]https://www.google.com.eg/search?q=air+filter&biw=1264&bih=615&source=lnms&tbm=i
sch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjA_M3a5rvNAhXL5xoKHVSmBoIQ_AUIBigB#tbm=isch&q=air+f
ilter+types&imgrc=YmXOkcAj3SKw9M%3A 22/6/2016
[12] http://deltafilters.com/compressed_air_filters.htm 20/6/2016
[13] https://www.google.com.eg/search?tbm=isch&tbs=rimg%3ACUOF2kPT-
rTKIjjxge485cZDlYQVPPbzAhNojqAuSdHvTBydLpMo9pSbTxv8VCTam2Id01ZWlegREMh
Bxb3h8Mc_1mSoSCfGB7jzlxkOVEUp4C1xxyDKeKhIJhBU89vMCE2gRqF5WdNJcuPwqEg
mOoC5J0e9MHBHuwBAqntOTBCoSCZ0ukyj2lJtPEe7AECqe05MEKhIJG_1xUJNqbYh0RMx
_1ybdsy0ZwqEgnTVlaV6BEQyBH5cWYMXY2qHSoSCUHFveHwxz-ZEf-
HcoNF6B56&q=compressed%20air%20systems&noj=1&ved=0ahUKEwjw0riH9bvNAhULaxQ
KHQ3-DIUQ9C8ICQ&dpr=1&biw=1264&bih=615#imgrc=45tLHpaI917IUM%3A 22/6/2016
[14]https://www.google.com.eg/search?noj=1&biw=1264&bih=615&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=+%09
Activated+carbon+filter+for+compressed+medical+air&oq=+%09Activated+carbon+filter+for+
compressed+medical+air&gs_l=img.3...346860.364052.0.365610.23.13.0.0.0.0.2154.3091.0j1j2j
1j9-1.5.0....0...1c.1j2.64.img..18.0.0.3jA3fHdA78o#imgrc=971yHlUqfGSt7M%3A 22/6/2016
[15]https://www.boconline.co.uk/internet.lg.lg.gbr/en/images/medical-gas-cylinder-data-
chart410_39405.pdf?v=2.0 (17-6-2016)
[16]https://www.drugs.com/uk/nitrous-oxide-medical-leaflet.html (17-6-2016)
[17]http://www.dentalfearcentral.org/help/sedation-dentistry/laughing-gas/ (17-6-2016)

[18]https://books.google.com.eg/books?id=SGtXeQwR4DUC&pg=PA42&lpg=PA42&dq=syph
on+type+cylinder+nitrous+oxide&source=bl&ots=D4vl90o267&sig=h7AXQ9S9qxO2seyVwTn
UOd9HrQ&hl=ar&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj3sfq9vbLNAhVNFMAKHd5UBCsQ6AEIGjAA#v=o
nepage&q=syphon%20type%20cylinder%20nitrous%20oxide&f=false (17-6-2016)
[19]http://medind.nic.in/iad/t13/i5/iadt13i5p500.html (17-6-2016)
[20] http://www.medikar.com 13/6/2016
[21] http://www.motivaircorp.com 13/6/2016
[22] http://www.buschvacuum.com 14/6/2016
[23] http://www.surgicalsystemsltd 15/6/2016

Prepared by
1-Ahmed Mohamed Hammam Ahmed 6-Mohamed Mohsen Mohamed Hussien
2-Ali Abd-Alaziz Ali Sayed 7- Mahmoud Ayman Mahmoud Awny
3-Mohamed Ahmed Elshazly 8- Mostafa Ahmed Mahmoud Mohamed
4- Mohamed Adly Fakhry Younes 9-Moaz Mohamed Abdellah Ahmed
5- Mohamed Ali Mahmoud Mohamed 10- Mamdoh Mohamed Khalifa Hassan

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ASSIUT UNIVERSITY

DESIGN OF MEDICAL GAS SYSTEM OF ASSIUT INJURES HOSPITAL `1

DESIGN OF MEDICAL GAS SYSTEM OF ASSIUT INJURES HOSPITAL `2

DESIGN OF MEDICAL GAS SYSTEM OF ASSIUT INJURES HOSPITAL `3

DESIGN OF MEDICAL GAS SYSTEM OF ASSIUT INJURES HOSPITAL `4

DESIGN OF MEDICAL GAS SYSTEM OF ASSIUT INJURES HOSPITAL `5

Fig. (2- 1) schematic of oxygen planet component..................................................................................... 20

Fig. (3- 1) air compressor............................................................................................................................ 47

Fig. (4- 1) shows pin index valve................................................................................................................ 69

DESIGN OF MEDICAL GAS SYSTEM OF ASSIUT INJURES HOSPITAL `6

Fig. (5- 1) vacuum plant.............................................................................................................................. 80

DESIGN OF MEDICAL GAS SYSTEM OF ASSIUT INJURES HOSPITAL `7

Table (2- 1) Liquid Oxygen Physical and Chemical Properties.................................................................. 23

Table (3- 1) Compressor noise .................................................................................................................... 42

Table (4- 1) shows the properties of nitrous .............................................................................................. 67

DESIGN OF MEDICAL GAS SYSTEM OF ASSIUT INJURES HOSPITAL `8

Table (5- 1) pipeline pressure loss (vacuum) .............................................................................................. 87

DESIGN OF MEDICAL GAS SYSTEM OF ASSIUT INJURES HOSPITAL `9

DESIGN OF MEDICAL GAS SYSTEM OF ASSIUT INJURES HOSPITAL `10

1.1.1 Under ground:

1.1.2 Ground floor:

1.1.3 First floor:

1.1.5 Third floor:

1.1.6 Fourth floor:

1.1.7 Fifth floor:

1.1.8 Sixth floor:

DESIGN OF MEDICAL GAS SYSTEM OF ASSIUT INJURES HOSPITAL `11

1.1.11 Ninth floor (the floor):

1.2 The importance of medical gas pipeline system (MGPS):

1.2.1 Sources of supply for pipeline installations:

A liquid source such as

DESIGN OF MEDICAL GAS SYSTEM OF ASSIUT INJURES HOSPITAL `12

DESIGN OF MEDICAL GAS SYSTEM OF ASSIUT INJURES HOSPITAL `13

 British system (BS)

DESIGN OF MEDICAL GAS SYSTEM OF ASSIUT INJURES HOSPITAL `14

1.6.2 Gas flow:

1.6.3 Cylinder manifold installations:

1.6.3.1 Primary supply system:

DESIGN OF MEDICAL GAS SYSTEM OF ASSIUT INJURES HOSPITAL `15

1.7.1 Air treatment and filtration:

1.9 Standard gases ports:

DESIGN OF MEDICAL GAS SYSTEM OF ASSIUT INJURES HOSPITAL `16

Fig. (1- 1) Standard gases ports

DESIGN OF MEDICAL GAS SYSTEM OF ASSIUT INJURES HOSPITAL `17

DESIGN OF MEDICAL GAS SYSTEM OF ASSIUT INJURES HOSPITAL `18

2.2 Oxygen Plant

2.3 The main component of oxygen plant

- Oxygen supply system

DESIGN OF MEDICAL GAS SYSTEM OF ASSIUT INJURES HOSPITAL `19

Fig. (2- 1) schematic of oxygen planet component

2.3.1 Oxygen supply system

Each supply system can be a combination of the following:

DESIGN OF MEDICAL GAS SYSTEM OF ASSIUT INJURES HOSPITAL `20

2.3.2.1 The primary supply:

2.3.2.2 The secondary supply:

DESIGN OF MEDICAL GAS SYSTEM OF ASSIUT INJURES HOSPITAL `21

Fig. (2- 2) schematic to primary and secondary supply

2.3.2.3 The reserve supply

DESIGN OF MEDICAL GAS SYSTEM OF ASSIUT INJURES HOSPITAL `22

The operational stock is calculated as:

DESIGN OF MEDICAL GAS SYSTEM OF ASSIUT INJURES HOSPITAL `23

Table (2- 2) Cryogenic liquid storage tank characteristic

DESIGN OF MEDICAL GAS SYSTEM OF ASSIUT INJURES HOSPITAL `24