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Kelompok 1 Statistics for Language Research

1. Akbar Newton

2. Marsa Aghni Nurul Hikmi

3. Mellisa Suci Susiawati

4. Kelvin Pramudya

Class : 5D

BASIC OPERATIONS 2

Statistics for Language Research

Elih Sutisna Yanto, M.Pd, MM

Fractions

Special Objectives

Having followed the learning activities, the students are expected to have ability to

1. identify vulgar and decimal fraction

2. pronounce representation of vulgar and decimal fraction

3. implement terminology used in vulgar and decimal fraction

4. read out the operations of vulgar and decimal fraction

Fractions

A fraction is a part of whole unit or quantity. For example, if a square, triangle, or circle
is divided into two equal parts, one of these parts is a fraction of the whole square,
triangle, or circle. See Figure 1

Figure Description of Common Fractional Forms

Vulgar Fractions

Vulgar fraction also common fraction is a fraction expressed by a number above and a
number below a line, rather than as a decimal . ¾ is a vulgar fraction.

2. Vulgar Fraction

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Exercise 2

a. Read out the vulgar fractions below. Item 1 is given to you as an example

1. 3/5 : three fifth or three over five

2. 7/6 : seven sixth or seven over six
3. 5/14 : five fourteenth or five over fourteen
4. 7/22 : seven twenty second or seven over twenty two
5. 6/25 : six twenty fifth or six over twenty five
6. 3 ⅔ : three two third or three two over three
7. 6 1/7 : six one seventh or six one over seven
8. 9 5/6 : nine five sixth or nine five over six
9. 5 19/16 : five ninteen sixteenth or five nineteen over sixteen
10. 3 5/16 : three five sixteenth or three five over sixteen

b. Complete the sentences below!

1. Such number as 2/5 and 1/7 are called (two fifth and one seventh) or
simply (two over five and one over seven)
2. In the fraction 1/7, 1 is the (numerator) and 7 is the (denominator)
3. 22/7 is called an (improper) fraction, in which the (numerator) is
bigger than the (denominator)
4. The improper fraction 22/7 can be transformed into 3 1/7, which is
called of a (simplification of imploper franction or mixed franction)
5. 3 1/7 is a (mixed fraction) number consisting of the integer
(numerator) and the vulgar fraction (denominator)

2.1 Operation Vulgar Fractions

a. Addition and Subtraction

In mathematics, we represent 1/5 + 1/5 = 2/5 . The operation reads one fifth plus
one fifth equals two fifths. Moreover, 1 – 2/5 = 3/5 ( one minus two fifths equals three
fifths). How can this operation be carried out. It is carried out by firstly transforming the
number 1 into the fraction 5/5. Hence, the operation becomes 5/5 – 2/5 = 3/5
In the two operations above, i.e. 1/5 + 1/5 = 2/5 and 5/5 – 2/5 = 3/5, you can see
that the denominators are the same , i.e. , 5. The operation procedure is only for the
numerators to be added , or subtracted. In this case , 1 + 1 = 2 and 5 – 2

b. Multiplications and divisions

To multiply a vulgar fraction we simply multiply the numerators and

denominators. Hence, ½ x 2/7 = 2/14 ( a half multiplied by two sevenths equals two
fourteenths, i.e. , by multiplying 1 by 2 and 2 by 7, and 1/6 : 1/5 = 5/6 ( one sixth divided
by one fifths equals five sixths) i.e., by dividing 1 by 1 and 6 by 5. Remember, in order
to make such a division easy you simply transform it into multiplication by reversing the
numerator and the denominator of the second fraction (i.e., 1/5 into 5/1), then
multiplying the numerators and the denominators. In this way, the division above (i.e.,
1/6 : 1/5 = 5/6) becomes 1/6 X 5/1 = 5/6.

Exercise 2.1

a. Read out the operations below. Item 1 is given to you as an example

1. 2/5 + 3/10 = 7/10 :two fifth plus three tenths equals seven tenths
2. 2/3 – 1/5 = 7/15 :two third minus one fifth equals seven fifteenth
3. ¼ + 2 7/10 – 5 19/20 :quarter plus two seven tenth minus five nineteen
twentieth
4. 2 1/6 – 1 1/3 – 1 1/24:two one sixth minus one one third minus one one
twenty fourth
5. 2 1/3 + 4 1/12 = 6 /12:two one third plus four one twelveth equals six
twelveth
6. 5/6 x ½ - 5/12 :five sixth time a half minus five twelfth

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7. 1 ¾ - ½ - 3 ½ :one three fourths minus a half minus three a half

8. 3 1/6 x 4 ½ - 14 1/14:three one sixth time four a half minus fourteen one
fourteenth
9. 4 1/5 x 3 2/3 + 15 /5 :four one fifth time three two third plus fifteen fifth
10. 7 ½ - 4 2/7 – 1 ¾ :seven a half minus four two seventh minus one
three fourth

b. Complete the sentences below!

1. When we add or subtract vulgar fractions, we must express them in

terms of the (denominators are the same)
2. In the subtraction 2/3 – 2/7 = 8/21, the lowest common denominator
is (twenty one)
3. In order to multiply or divide vulgar fractions we must firstly change
mixed numbers to (Multiply the numerator of the fraction, multiply the
denominator of the fraction, and simplify the fraction)
4. In multiplication or division of vulgar fractions, whenever possible, we
can (simplify the franction) the numerators and the denominators.
5. The results of multiplication as well as division of vulgar fractions
must be expressed as (rational number or whole number)

Exercise 2.2
a. Convert the vulgar fractions below into decimal ones. Read out the
results. Item 1 is given to you as an example.
1. ¼ : 0.25 : naught point two five
2. 3/5 : :
3. 7/3 : :
4. 1/6 : :
5. 5 1/3 : :
6. 7 1/3 : :
7. 5 4/9 : :
8. 12 3/5 : :

c. Operation of decimal fractions

Decimal Numbers

A decimal number is a type of fraction which can be written on one line as a whole
number. The difference in decimal numbers and whole numbers is the position of a
period directly in front of the number.

Explanation and Practice

Different from addition and subtraction of vulgar fractions, those of decimal

fractions are very easy to do. In this case, in order to solve addition as well as
subtraction problems we simply add or subtract the numbers in question. For instance
when 1.27 is added to 4.06 the result is 5.33 (five point three-three). We represent the
operation as 1.27 + 4.06 = 6.33 (one point two seven plus four point naught six equals
six point three-three). What is the result of subtracting 3.45 from 5.25? That is right.
The answer is 5.25 – 3.45 = 1.8 ( five point two five minus three point four five
equals one point eight).

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What about multiplication and division? Consider these operations 2.25 x 10 =

22.5 and 27.5 : 10 = 2.75 . We find out here that to multiply or divide a decimal
fraction by ten, we simply move the decimal point one place to the right, i.e. from
2.25 to 22.5, or one place to the left, i.e., from 27.5 to 2.75, respectively.
Now, let us have a look at the following problems : 2.5 x 2.2 = 5.5 (two point five
multiplied by two point two equals five point five), 3.25 x 0.05 = 0.1625 (three point
two five multiplied by naught point oh five equals naught point one six two five) and
4.5 : 1.25 = 3.6 ( four point five divided by one point two five equals three point six).
Now, what is the result of twenty three divided by three in a decimal fraction?
The answer is 7.6666666666. We see that there are so many 6. We can, of course,
simplify this figure into 7.67. This decimal fraction reads seven point, six seven
correct to two decimal places. So 23 : 3 = 7,67 (seven point six seven correct two
decimal places
Now you can solve these problems: 7.4 : 2.5 and 4.6 : 1.5. The answer are 2.96
and 3.067. Remember they are read two point nine six and three point naught six
seven correct to three decimal place respectively.
In addition to the explanation above, 22/7 is equal to 3.14235714236. This
fraction is simplified into 3.142 and read three point one four two correct to four
significant figures.
Exercise 2.3
a. Solve the problems below and read them out. Item 1 is given to you as
example.

1. 2.65 + 3.15 = 5.8 ( Two point six five plus three point one five equals five
point eight.
2. 3.6 + 7.02 = ………________________________________________
3. 5.75 – 4.25=………________________________________________
4. 6.9 x 2.3 =……….__________________________________________
5. 3.3 : 2.2 =……….___________________________________________
6. 12.6 x 9.5=……..____________________________________________
7. 27.2 – 13.75 =…..____________________________________________
8. 20.5 : 4.2=…….._____________________________________________
9. 7.9 : 0.6 = …….______________________________________________
10. 9.9 x 4.3=…….._______________________________________________
b. Complete the sentences below
1. To multiply a decimal fraction by one hundred, we simply move
the ..............two places to the.....................
2. The decimal fraction 3.66666666666666 may be................. into 3.67 ,
which reads............ , ................., ..............,.................,..........
3. The result of 8.01 : 3 can be represented as.................... correct to three
decimal places.
4. 57.074 correct to...........,.............,.........is 57.1.

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