Title : - PAA Polyacetic Acid

Acrylic Plastics

J.A. Brydson, in Plastics Materials (Seventh Edition), 1999

15.11 OTHER ACRYLIC POLYMERS
A number of acrylic polymers other than those already described have
been produced but these are not generally of interest as plastics
materials
Poly(acrylic acid) is insoluble in its monomer but soluble in water. It
does not become thermoplastic when heated. The sodium and
ammonium salts have been used as emulsion-thickening agents, in
particular for rubber latex. The polymer of methacrylic acid (

PAA Polyacetic Acid

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Figure 15.13.

A large number of organic acrylic ester polymer have been prepared

in the laboratory. Poly(methyl acrylate) is tough, leathery and flexible.
With increase in chain length there is a drop in the brittle point but this
reaches a minimum with poly-(n-octyl acrylate) (see Figure 15.12.).
The increase in brittle point with the higher acrylates, which is similar
to that observed with the poly-α-olefins and the poly(alkyl
methacrylate)s, is due to side-chain crystallisation.
Poly(methyl acrylate) is water-sensitive and, unlike the corresponding
methacrylate, is attacked by alkalis. This polymer and some of the
lower acrylate polymers are used in leather finishing and as a textile
size.
A number of thermosetting acrylic resins for use as surface
coatings have appeared during recent years. These are generally
complex copolymers and terpolymers such as a styrene–ethyl
acrylate–alkoxy methyl acrylamide polymer. Coating resins have also
been produced by blending methyl methacrylate with a non-drying
alkyd.
The ease with which acrylic monomers may polymerise with each
other and with other monomers has led to a host of compositions,
frequently of undisclosed nature, being offered for use as
moulding materials, casting resins, coating resins, finishing agents
and in other applications.

NMR Spectroscopy in Polymer Science

I. Ando, ... S. Amiya, in Experimental Methods in Polymer Science,

2000
4.10.4.1.4 Poly(acrylic acid) Gel
Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) interacts strongly with PEG (255), and a PAA
gel shrinks in PEG solution. The diffusion of PEG in a PAA gel may be
more restrained than that in the PDMAA gel. In Figure 4.108,
the DPEG values obtained for a PAA gel with aqueous 0.05 wt % PEG
(Mw = 4250) solution are plotted against q together with those for
PDMAA gels [256]. The DPEG value in a PAA gel is much
smaller than that in a PDMAA gel because the translational motion of
PEG in PAA gel is more restrained compared with that in the PDMAA
gel. From these results, it can be said that there are strong
interactions between PAA network and PEG. It was also found that
the addition of a small amount of HC1 (0.1 mM) leads to the decrease
of DPEG together with a slight decrease in q because the dissociation
of carboxyl groups in PAA is depressed, and thus the formation of the
complex between PEG and PDMAA is facilitated. The 1H T2 values of
PEG in a PDMAA gel and in a PAA gel at the same concentration
have been determined to be 0.4 and 0.2 s, respectively. This indicates
that the segmental motion of PEG in a PAA gel is also more restrained
that in a PDMAA gel. These results agree with the above-mentioned
diffusional behavior.

Thermal performance degradation and heat-transfer

fouling

M. Kreider, G. White, in Steam Generators for Nuclear Power Plants,

2017
12.6.4 Polymeric dispersant addition
Online addition of nuclear-grade polyacrylic acid (PAA) dispersantiron
oxide removal through the SG blowdown flows. This method was
developed and qualified for use in PWR secondary systems in the
1990s and early 2000s (see ). In contrast to the other methods
discussed above, the use of online polymeric dispersant addition
relies primarily on the ability of these chemical additives to increase
the rate at which iron-based corrosion products are removed through
the blowdown flow. In other words, dispersants focus primarily on
reducing the rate of deposit accumulation rather than removing
deposits that have already accumulated. Nonetheless, in some cases
dispersant use has also been found to promote the suspension and
removal of loosely adherent corrosion deposits present on secondary
plant surfaces.
As indicated in Sections 2.5.2.3–2.5.2.4 of EPRI 1025317 (EPRI,
2012c) and in Chapter 4 of EPRI 3002005416 (EPRI, 2015b), the
initial exposure of SGs to online dispersant has produced reductions
in the calculated FF within a period of weeks to months at a
substantial majority of the treated units. Typically, a fraction of the FF
reduction (roughly one-third) has been sustained for the succeeding
2–5 years of plant operation (with longer exposures not yet studied).
In contrast to the typical plant experience, one unit exhibited an FF
increase upon exposure to PAA at concentrations above an apparent
threshold value (EPRI, 2001a). In all cases, the thermal performance
effects of dispersant exposure are postulated to be the result of
dispersant-induced removal of iron-based particles from within the
tube deposit structure.

Smart polymeric gels

Samarendra Maji, ... Richard Hoogenboom, in Polymeric Gels, 2018
7.3.2.1 Anionic hydrogels
Anionic hydrogels incorporate weak acidic polymers (e.g., poly(acrylic
acid) [PAA]). Below the pKa, the gel is found in the collapsed state,
whereas above the pKa the acidic groups are deprotonated causing
an increase in the hydrophilicity of the polymer. In addition, the
swelling degree is increased also due to the osmotic pressure
generated by the repulsion of the anionic groups present in the
network. The factors influencing the swelling degree are the pKa of
the polyelectrolyte, the amount of acid groups present on the polymer,
the ionic strength of the solution, and obviously the cross-linking
density. Correlations between polyelectrolyte structure, pKa, cross-
linking degree, and ionic strength have been thoroughly investigated
in the literature and are covered in other reviews (Singhal and Gupta,
2016; Gupta et al., 2002; Kocak et al., 2017; Sood et al., 2016). The
main research on anionic hydrogels has focused on two polymers,
namely PAA and poly(methacrylic acid). Various macromolecular
architectures with different topological structures were obtained
by copolymerization with different comonomers. Moreover, hydrogels
responding to a combination of pH and other stimuli, such as light,
temperature, and analyte, have been reported. In the following, we will
highlight the recent state-of-the-art examples regarding anionic
hydrogels with focus on biomedical applications.
The group of Peppas et al. has focused on developing anionic
hydrogels for the delivery of different therapeutic drugs (Carr et al.,
2010; Kamei et al., 2009; Morishita et al., 2006; Carr and Peppas,
2010; Koetting and Peppas, 2014; Schoener et al., 2013). They
managed to successfully obtain a nanogel carrier for oral vaccine
delivery. The nanogel was synthesized via surfactant-
free emulsion copolymerization of MAA and 2-hydroxyethyl
methylmethacrylate (). As cross-linker ethylene glycol dimethacrylate
was used. The surface of these carriers was modified by the covalent
linkage of mannan to mimic carbohydrate moieties found on the
surface of pathogens. The pH-sensitive nanogels were loaded with
ovalbumin and afterward the release behavior was studied.
The hydrogel efficiently entrapped and protected the cargo at low pH
values and triggered protein release only after pH switching to
intestinal pH values. Interestingly, the unmodified poly(HEMA--MAA)
nanogels were efficiently internalized by macrophages and induced
the expression of costimulatory molecules, although at a lower level
then the mannan modified ones. In a recent paper, Guan et al. ()
developed stem cell carriers for cardiac therapy.
A copolymer composed of   days. Also, the surviving cells
differentiated into cardiac lineage.
pH-responsive hydrogels have also found applications as artificial
muscles materials. Using a biomimetic molecular-level approach
triggered by light, Weaver et al. (Dicker et al., 2017) were able to
actuate soft, pH-responsive hydrogel artificial muscles
(see Fig. 7.3(a)). The pH-responsive hydrogels used in this work were
tough semiinterpenetrating polymer networks of PAA and an ether-
based hydrophilic polyurethane. The actuation process is based on a
combination of nonlinear chemical reactions and responsive
hydrogels. By using a mixture of photoacid, sodium bisulphite, and
potassium iodate an amplifying reaction system is obtained that
generates acid (see ). The generated acidic solution then actuates
(contracts) the PAA hydrogel. Even though this reaction is triggered by
light, the actual “fuel” comes from excitation and runaway chemical
reaction of a light-sensitive acid autocatalytic solution in which the
actuator is immersed.

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Figure  7.3. Molecular level–controlled robotic system. (a) Detail of

investigated system: (1) light generates an acid, (2) which triggers an acid

autocatalytic reaction, (3) resulting in the contraction of a pH-responsive soft

 artificial muscle; (b)  chemical reactions taking place in the system triggered by

light.

Reproduced from Dicker, M.P.M., Baker, A.B., Iredale, R.J., Naficy, S., Bond, I.P.,

Faul, C.F.J., Rossiter, J.M., Spinks, G.M., Weaver, P.M., et al., 2017. Light-

triggered soft artificial muscles: molecular-level amplification of actuation control

signals. Scientific Reports 7, 9197, copyright 2017, with permission from Nature

Publishing Group.

Other inspiring examples of anionic pH–sensitive hydrogels include

salecan-g-PAA hydrogel for controlled release of doxorubicin (DOX)
(Hu et al., 2015), injectable hollow particle for soft tissue regeneration
(Halacheva et al., 2014), enzymatically responsive
hydrogel microparticles for the oral delivery of therapeutic proteins
(Koetting et al., 2016), composite hydrogels for sustained delivery of
anticonvulsants drugs (Cevik et al., 2015), and sulfamethazine
hydrogels for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization therapy (Lym
et al., 2016).

Polymer Reactions

Ernest Maréchal, in Comprehensive Polymer Science and

Supplements, 1989
1.4.1.1 Electrostatic Effects
There are some well known examples of this.
When poly(acrylic acid) is ionized by action of a base, the ionization
constant ΔF
 the energy required to increase the number of ionized groups
from i to i + 1.

ΔF
increases drastically with increasing i. This is reasonable as, when the
reaction progresses, more and more non-ionized groups
have carboxylate functions on one or both sides, and the carboxylate
negative charge repels ionizing hydroxy groups.
On the other hand, when acrylic acid is copolymerized with a non-
ionizable monomer the electrostatic effect due to neighboring groups
is decreased, as the probability of finding three consecutive groups is
much lower.
Such phenomena have been reported in many articles.171, 178–
180
 However, such electrostatic effects do not always generate a rate
decrease; thus, the rate of the nucleophilic reaction between poly(4-
vinylpyridine) and α-bromoacetates increases with increasing
conversion as the positive ammoniums in the polymer attract the α-
bromoacetates into the coils.
Ionization, hydrolysis or saponification of acids or esters containing
polymers have been discussed by several authors. showed that the
kinetics of the basic hydrolysis of polyacrylamide cannot be fully
accounted for by the nearest neighbors interaction effects, probably
because longer range coulombic interactions are also involved.

Polymer Reactions

James R. MacCallum, in Comprehensive Polymer Science and

Supplements, 1989
18.3.7 Polymethacrylates and Polyacrylates
Aliphatic esters of poly(methacrylic acid) and poly(acrylic acid) do not
absorb solar radiation but their behaviour on treatment with radiation
of wavelength 254 nm is worth reviewing. The ester side-group
undergoes a type I decomposition resulting in a complex range of
products (Scheme 14) but with the interesting outcome that at ambient
temperatures the methacrylates undergo chain scission, whereas
the acrylates cross-link.

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Scheme 14.

Above about 150 °C irradiation of polymethacrylates produced

almost quantitative yields of monomer but the polyacrylates do not
evolve any monomer.
The mechanisms illustrated above are dependent on the physical
state of the material, in contrast to the behaviour of poly(phenyl
acrylate) when irradiated around 310 nm.22 A systematic study of the
phot-Fries rearrangement in both solid and solution yielded the result
that the quantum yield for the reaction was independent of the state of
the substrate. This observation was accounted for by the proposal that
the rearrangement requires almost zero free-volume and proceeds as
a caged radical mechanism (

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Scheme 1
Nanostructure Formation in Block Copolymers

Gity Mir Mohamad Sadeghi, Mahsa Sayaf, in Nanostructured Polymer

Blends, 2014
7.9.2.2 Functional Nanomaterials
The efficiency of double-hydrophilic block copolymers, such as
poly[(acrylic acid)-co-(maleic anhydride)] or polyaspartic acid, can be
up to 20-fold that of commercial functional nanomaterial. Double-
hydrophilic block copolymers can also be used for
volumetric sweeping of oil reservoirs. Poly(acrylic acid-b-acrylamide)
and poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid)-b-acrylamide
provide high viscosity in brine, making them desirable for mobility
control in enhanced oil recovery applications [212].

Nanomaterials and Its Application for Clean Environment

Bhaskar Bethi, Shirish H. Sonawane, in Nanomaterials for Green

Energy, 2018
12.2.2.2.1 Synthesis of Bare/Nanocomposite Polyacrylic Acid Hydrogels
Ultrasound assisted polymerization technique was employed to
synthesize the neat and nanocomposite polyacrylic acid hydrogels.
Initially, 69 mL of water, 0.54 g of SDS (Sodium dodecyl sulfate)
surfactant, and 36 g of acrylic acid monomer were transferred to a
500-mL glass beaker (ultrasound reactor). Ultrasound sonication was
performed for 10 min to the above solution to attain uniform mixing of
contents in the reactor and to generate uniform droplets of monomer.
Sonication was further continued till the temperature of the solution
attained 60°C. Then, 0.3 g of ammonium persulphate initiator was
mixed with 5 mL of distilled water and added dropwise into the above
solution at 60°C. It was observed that after 40 min, a viscous polymer
gel was formed, indicating that the polymerization reaction was
complete. The resultant gel was dried in an oven at 80°C for 48 h. At
the end, the obtained hardened polymer hydrogels were cut down into
smaller pieces for further application in CV dye removal. Bentonite
nanoclay–loaded PAA hydrogel was also prepared in a similar manner
to that of PAA hydrogel synthesis. To prepare nanocomposite PAA
hydrogel, modified Bentonite nanoclay was added during the progress
of polymerization. Fig. 12.10 shows photographs of synthesized PAA
hydrogel beads through ultrasound polymerization.

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Figure  12.10. Photographs of (A) polyacrylic acid (PAA) hydrogel beads, (B)

PAA-Bentonite nanocomposite hydrogels.

Reprinted with permission from B. Bethi, S.H. Sonawane, I. Potoroko, B.A.

Bhanvase, S.S. Sonawane, Novel hybrid system based on hydrodynamic cavitation

for treatment of dye waste water: a first report on bench scale study, J. Environ.

Chem. Ecotoxicol. 5 (2017) 1874–1884. Copyright (2017) Elsevier.

student preparation :-Murtadha
Muhammed kareem