Engineering Materials

MEEN-1104(2)

Dr. Sana Ullah

Assistant Professor
Department of Physics
Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology
 Engineering Materials
Engineering materials and applications

From Materials Science and Engineering by William D. Callister, 9th Ed. 2

 Engineering Materials
Engineering materials and applications
Phase diagram:

Structure of materials: Bonding among atoms

Crystalline and non-crystalline
Structure determines properties
A “phase” is a homogeneous aggregation of matter.
For example “H2O” exists in three different phases. Solid, liquid, and
gas phase. The presence of these requires different conditions of
temperature and pressure to exist.

From Materials Science and Engineering by William D. Callister, 9th Ed. 3

 Engineering Materials
Engineering materials and applications
Development of microstructure is related to characteristics of phase
diagram.
An “alloy” is made of “components” like in Cu-Zn brass, Cu and Zn are
components.
Solute and Solvent are other common terms used in reference to
phase diagrams.
A “system” refers to the specific body of material under consideration
or it may refer to alloys of same components but in different
compositions.

From Materials Science and Engineering by William D. Callister, 9th Ed. 4

 Engineering Materials
Engineering materials and applications
A solid solution consists of atoms of at least two different types, wherein
solute atoms occupy either substitutional or interstitial positions in the
solvent lattice whereas crystal structure of solvent is maintained.
The maximum concentration of solute
atoms that may dissolve in solvent,
at a particular temperature, is called
“solubility limit”.
Beyond solubility limit, addition of
solute will result in formation of
another solid solution or compound
with different composition.
From Materials Science and Engineering by William D. Callister, 9th Ed. 5
 Engineering Materials
Engineering materials and applications
Phase is homogeneous portion of a system with uniform physical and
chemical characteristics. So every pure material is a phase.
A single Phase system is called homogeneous and a system composed of
two or more phases is called mixture or heterogeneous system.
Physical properties especially mechanical behavior of material depend on
microstructure.
Number of phases present, their proportions and arrangement
characterize the microstructure in metal alloys.
Development of microstructure depends on alloying elements and their
concentrations, and applied heat treatments.
Phases present in a material may be distinguished by their appearance.
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 Engineering Materials
Engineering materials and applications
Free energy, a function of internal energy of a system, depends on
randomness or disorder of atoms or molecules.
A system is in “equilibrium” when its free energy is at the minimum.
Free energy, a function of internal energy of a system, depends on
randomness or disorder of atoms or molecules. System is stable.
Phase equilibrium refers to the situation in which characteristics of phases
remain constant.
For a system with only solid phases present, equilibrium state also involves
phase amount and relative spatial arrangements or distribution.
System which do not have or need indefinite time to attain equilibrium is
called metastable or in non-equilibrium state.
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 Engineering Materials
Engineering materials and applications
Unary (one component)
Phase diagram:

From Materials Science and Engineering by William D. Callister, 9th Ed. Binary Phase diagram: 8
 Engineering Materials
Engineering materials and applications
Interpretation of phase diagrams:
Phase composition:
1. Tie line.
2. Tie line boundaries.
3. Perpendiculars on horizontal axis.
Phase amounts:

Lever (or inverse lever) rule:

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From Materials Science and Engineering by William D. Callister, 9th Ed.
 Engineering Materials
Engineering materials and applications
Microstructural
development:

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From Materials Science and Engineering by William D. Callister, 9th Ed.