LANKA 3 GUARDIA 4 duly 1, 1995 Price As.10.00 Registered at GPO, Sri Lanka QD/S3INEWSI94 WINNING THE WAR —Mervyn de Silva STRATEGIC FACTORS — Humayun Kabir THE IPKF EXPERIENCE —K. M. de Silva PROVINCIAL COUNCILS — Neelan Tiruchelvam FEDERALISM. — V. Thirunayukkarasu JAMES JOYCE — Regi Siriwardena EXTRADITION — Pearl Thevanayagam INDIAN OCEAN SECURITY — Gareth Evans SMALL ARMS AND SOUTH ASIA — K. Subrahmanyam ' CRICKET THE M.C.C. WAY — Teresa McleanWITH THE BEST COMPLIMENTS OF ELEPHANT HOUSE SUPERMARKET QUALITY AT AFFORDABLE PRICES NO. 1 JUSTICE AKBAR MAWATHA COLOMBO 2.BRIEFLY... Visit Lanka ‘Tho New York Times has urged ‘Americans to vst Lanka, In a ‘one-ard-half page spread in its Sunday Travel Supplement ihe pre- sfigious 1.5 milion circulation news- paper says that visitors (who don't ead the local papers) could come: ‘and go end know almost rotting of the War. The ilusirated arlicie says that the yariaty in tho island is stunning”. Gallows again? No decision No firm decision has boon made to resume the hanging of death row prisoners, Justice Minister Protes- Sor G.L. Peis has told Amnesty Intemational, iolowinga successtul private member's motion in Parlia- mentto reactivate the gallows which hhas not beon ucod fer many years. SUBSCRIPTION RATES ‘Air Mail Canada/US.A. USS 65/ for 1 year USS 45/ for $ months U.K. Cermany, New Zealand, Australia, Netherlands, France, Japan, Holland, Philippines, ‘Austria, Norway, Sweden, China," Ireland, Suitzeriand, Nigeria, Belgium, Denmark, Paris, Cancion. US$55/ for 1 year USS 35/ for 8 months Hong Kong, Saudi Arabia, Dubai, Baharin, Arabian Gulf, Syria, Singapore. US$ 45/ for 1 year USS 25/ for 8 months India, Pakistan, US$.40/ for 1 year US$ 22/ for'6 months Local Rs. 250/- for 1 year Rs. 150/- for 6 months DUNF wants Presidency out ‘The Domocretie United National Front(Lalitn Faction), aconsitutent parinor of tho ruling Peoplo's Alia- ce, wants the government leacer- ship to discuss with ite time frame for abclishing the executive pres- dential system. The PA had earlier pledged tosscrap the system by July 15, butindications now are thet this. deadline will not be Kept. Plantations stir again Hill country estate workers aro being prepared for a token stike: schaduled for July 11, A Joint Plan- tallon Trade Union Gentre spokes- ‘man saidthat this would be followed by “olheragtational tactics’. To win wage Ineroasos and other de- mands, ‘The JPTUG claims to represent 419 unions but the largest plantation union, PA Minister Thondaman's CING is not parlicipating in tho campaign. Monks join army ‘Two young Buddhist monks in yellow robes joined an army recrul- ting contre quoue and were sele- cied. They signed up with the Second Gemunu Regiment at tho Galle Fort in thelr orginal names, shodihoirrobesandwentinto mia. ry lrainng. “We are doing it to pro- tect Buddhism; there is a threat! to the country and tothe religion,” they ald. Tigers raise war fever ‘Tho LITE ie whipping up war feverinthe Nortn while urging Temil political parties who support the ‘Government to stop doing so. ‘The pro LTTE Jatina daily Uda- yan said in an editorial that all Temil Paries in pariiament should with- raw their support to the gove- rrment, whie the LTTE’s official organ Eelanadhamn accused west- fem nations that support the gove- Arment of “helping to wipe out the Tamil nation from the North and the East.” SLMC wants territorial army, Sti Lanka Muslim Congress lea- derM.H.M. Ashrafihoisalso Mink ster of Shipping, Ports, Reconstru- ction and Richabiltation in the PA government wants a territorial army in the North and East. Ho told the slate controled Sunday Observer thathe wouldrecommendithis to tho government as a means of relea- sing the regular army from guard duties ih these areas for full tine action duty on the batle front The territorial army could be de- ployed to protect civilians in the North and East, he sal. Tigers warn of July attack The LTTE hes aleited the people of Jaffna to prepare for a major attack by government forces in mid-July. 1@ LTTE has recruited 5000 add tional cadres to meet this allack, according 0 renoris ftom Jafina, quoted in the Sunday Islerd, GUARDIAN Vol. 18 No.4 July 1, 1995 Price As. 10.00 Published fortnightiy by Lanka Guardian PublishingCo. Ltd, No. 246, Union Place Colombo -2 Editor Mervyn de Siva Telechore: 447534 Printed by Ananda Press 80/5, Sir Ratnajothi Saravanarrutu Mawatha, Colombo 13, Telechora: 435975 CONTENTS Nowe Background 2 Exiedion and ElamViers 4 Fedaraiom 5 Devcluton of Power ana Provieial Councis, a ‘ii Larkan Giss (4) 2 The Menace of Smal Ams 13 Indian Ocean (9) 15 ‘Sri Larken Cori 6) 7 Soyes 18 Greket 2THE CHANDRIKA PHENOMENON THIS TIME WE CAN WIN.. Mervyn de Silva 1@ burden has proved far tco heavy, thestrain too severe, Andthe cebinettooinexperienced, its goodinte- ntions eimplynot good enough. Besides, the diversity of opinion, offen an asset, could prove a liability when a 8:parly coalition has been forced towage a war against formidable enemy— ths Libe- ration Tamil Tigers'led byaremarkebiy agitted commander, Velupiliai Prabhaka- fan, ‘And soPresidentChandrika Kumara- tunga, well past sixmonths in office hes fo eccept a term-end report that is far {from encouraging, A pity. Tako the issue of PRESS FRE DOM. In opposition, the P.A, and iis NGO partners, the creatures many of them of whatis styled’The Washington Consensus, have now (o live with a rather rude reminder from the President of the Intemational Foderation of Newspaper Publshers (FIEJ), of the P.A’s “election pledges’. “On behalf of the Federation | must protest egainst the proposed censor- stip, and respectfully urge you fo take every step necessary fo ensure that no foim of censorship isimposedion the Sri Lenkenpress” says FIEJ PresidentPre- seotLow. "inaseparate case Imustalso strongly protest against action taken by your covernmentagainst UpaliNevspa- pers Ltd, Colombo. Complate and unre- siifcted press treadom as promised in your election pledge is pllar and pre- condition of democracy”. The FIEW ste- toment says thal the government's “tan fn tha continuation of tha construstion of a bullfng which was to house a naw rolarypress forthe group couldbe seen as anastat “revenge”, Taking note of the appeal to the Su- preme Court by the Upall newspapers the FIEJ President wams that "imite- tions’ on the fundamental right will only damage yourcountryintheintemational Community’. The threat on “Press con- sorship” on material that is “ethnically oriented “‘ceme from Media Minister Dharmasii Scnanayako. In tho meantime, a single question concentrates the mind —themass mind 28 viell as the mind of the opinion-ma- elite, Can we win the war? Is this the last chance? Colombo has isolated the LTTE, the P.As top advisors, civi- lian and miitary as well as its internatio- nal and DPL advisers, have noted with salisfaction. This isolation has been pos sible because of the Tamil poliical pa- ties from respoctably parlamentarist TULF to former militant EPDP, EPRLF, PLOTE etc. The Tamil middle class in the South, probably a much larger com- murity than its counterpart inthe North-and-sast, has become pro-P.A. ‘openly. (The Rajan Hoolephenomonon, as against the Dr. Sathananthan posi- tion). The Amy has been given a simple order — wipe out the ‘Tigers’ — and Depuly Defence Minister Anurudda, Ratuatte, the President's uncle is now in charge The Ministry of Finance, the Geniral Bank and the Treasury, have had to accept a new ‘structural adu- stment'. Forget the peace, and the pea- ce dividend, and adjust to the new reall ties. We have a war cn. And so, Professor G.L. Pioris, the deputy minister of finance and PA's, all-weather puncit, was ordered to con: vey the sad tidings to the “peace consti- tuency" and the masses. Back io the boatlafield, friends, Sinhalas, country men .... and five new measures, | am afraid, to raise 4.5 billion (about 90 milion US dollars) to buy arms, recruit more men, end fight the good fight to defend the unity and territorial inlogrity of Sri Lanka. (4,000 out of an estimated 25,000 deserters have returned) ‘The soiation of the LTTE in the larger Tamil constituency, here and overseas, the almost unqualified sugport of the ULS. the E.U,, Japan and other donors, and the active involvement of « Rao regime, pressed by Sonia Ganchi, Chi dambaran and Co., the Indian navy's siricter surveillance in ihe Palk stralls, Israeli oxportico ote are tho morestriking features of the new strategy ofthe P.A. ‘Socan we detea! the secessionist Tami Tigers? Or will they fight on? And one. bright moming announce the new State of Tharil Eolam? Even a casual reading of the fourmein English4anguage nowspapors publ shed Sunday confirms that thisquestion is now the ruling elites principal preca- upation. The top crust businessmen ‘and professionals have sent their chil- dren and grandchildron abroad — to Britain or the US, Canada or Australia, where many are already wal settled. {I many 2 tea or coconut plantation owner, banker, surgeon or lawyer opts to stay at home, itis an entirely new mind-set that explains their critical choi-ce: the percention that “this time we can win the war’ (Chandrika Kumaratunge endhertur- wey (69 per cent) victory in the Nove- mber presidential polis has shaped this dominant psychology, at least among the businessand professonal elite, The €3 per cent can only be explained in terms of minority voter behaviour. The Tamils living in the south, the Christians ‘and Muslims in Budchist (70 por cont) Sri Lanka recognised in Chandrika a Cangidate totallyfree from Sinnalachau- Virist pride and prejudice. In terms of tactics and st-ctegy in this lovriniensity confict based on stinio identity, the victorious candidate could take the moral high ground (she was no cist’) and isolate the violent extre- mists (The Tamil Tigers) since she had the parlamentary-cemocratic majority of the same Tamil community cn her ‘ide. To strengthen her position further, President Kumaretunga had two other influential communities on her side — the local business community which prayed forpoltical stabifty, andtheinter- rational community, including the US, the EU, major conors like Japan, power- ful neightours like India, and agencies like the IMF and the World bank. And yet today, barely sovon monthe afterharsplendid victory, the Kumaratu- ga presidency is under siege, The “peace candidate” has io goto wer. Far from disbursing a lerge “peace divi: dend, she has to place new burdens ‘onthe consumer. Professor G.L. Pieris has announced five new maasures to ‘aise Rs 4.5 bilion to support the “war effort til the end of the year. These include a onoporcent rsein the defence levy. ‘The vast majority of Sinhalese voters Tay recognise the urgentneedforenha- ficed defence spending end accept the burden, buton one condition: the gove- ‘mment must win the wer. These new ‘sacrifices can then be justfiod. This is the shared psychological response to the government's recent announce- ments, Can the govemment win this war? ‘Two eminent Indian anelysts, one an IPKF general and the other an Indian ‘scholar who has specialised in Sri Lan- kan affairs, think it can, But many Sri Lankans do not agree. Aor tho Jayawardene Rajiv Ganchi “peace accord’ of July 1987, Genaral ‘Ashok Mehia, who recently ratred from the Incien army, was in charge ot Indian Peace-Keeping Foice in the islanc's Eastem province. Though the Jaffna Poninsula and the Norther province Comprise the Tamil heartland ( ard the LITE's main operational besa), the Eastem “theate” fs, in a way, more strategic because ofits explosive ethric imix And thisis, afterall, notjust anothor war but an ethnic war The Tamils con- siltule 42 per cent of the population in that province, the Muslims (Tami- speaking) a thie, and Buddhist Sirha- lego tho rost, Besides, the east is ex- cellentagricuturalland, whersastishing is the main vocation in the arid nosh “{Veluptial) Prabhakaran Is not the supremo heis made out to be,” General Metha said in on interview with the Su- nday Leader. “There aro poople in the organisation who do not agree with him and undersuch crcumsiances ina gue- file force there are bound tobe pulls and pushes, and at some point of time inthe very noar futurs, they can quite easily pay fori.” Asked whether the LITE will break up, General Mehta said Prathakaran was a lichier par excellence, butdid not have the “qualities of a pailician’. He Was guided and tutored by thoorelician Anton BalasinghamandthoLTTE's pol tical wing. “He will remain a queria leader as iong as he Is in the picture, the general added. The most significant contribution made by Generel Mehta is (nn the ofitcal issue of jaw-jew vs war- War, He believes that aSriLaniean gove- mmentlecby apersonaiity ke Chandii- ka Kumaratunga should not be provo- kd; the task before itis to prove to the Tamils of both North and East that its young new president ‘is carrying the miltary with her’ in the endeavour to establish peace at any cost. The formerhead of the Sii Lankan eit force, Air Vice-Marshel Harry Goonetl- eke, hasa somewhat different view. His son, an SLAF officer, wes one of the 2 servicemen who dled when the LTTE used surface-to-air missiles for the first time fo destroy two British-built Avras. Ina letter released to the Press, the former SLAF commander erinded De- uty Defence Minister Anuruddha Rat- watte (ihe president hersei holds the defence portfolio) that he had another son in the air force, Demanding a rigo- fous reappraisal of military stralegy and stiict “accountability” ior battlefield re- verses, he proposed a think-tank or planning committee that could mobilise all professional experience, In an extraordinary oxercice in soul- searching, Neville Jayaweera, retired civilservant andambassader,has rated on his experences as a govenment agent in the North and East — now stife-torn once moreas the Tigers have slipped back into the East while talking peace to President Kumaratunga and her well-intentioned, if gullble, peace negotiators. Jayaweeia identifies two basic mistakes. First, the assumption that the LTTE is the only voice of the Tamil people. The second, and more serious, orror identified by him is the belief thet the ethnic issue is roducilo to the quastion of winning the fight with the LITE. “Even f we annihilate the LTTE, the issue willremain," heargues. (Continued on page 8)Extradition and Eelam War 3 Pearl Thevanayagam batber solcted the hands of the princess in mariage and exolal- rredhis positionin the following statement. “thas been50 percent successful. want tomarryherbutihe king would have none of it" Sri Lanka's consideration of the LTTE supremo Prabhakaran’s extracition to Inda is somewhat the same. As a wellknown aitorey al law in the justice epartment put il, before the question of ‘extradition, thore.are procedures tofollow. (Once the attomey general files the apol= ‘ation in court on the authoity of the defence minister, the respondent has to be produced in court and the preliminary heating accepted. Then a warrant willbe Issued for the respondentsarrest. Butas it stands today, the evasive Prebnakaran ‘cannot be produced is simple derivative. Hence, if te corpus Is rot produced, arrest and extradition become merely legal jargons and could be said to have reached a stalemate. “The whole exercise 'S en eyewasir Which Inca knows, Sri Lanka knows and even the man on the street-comer knows being educated on the laws of the aid the attomey. The newly appcirted attomey general ‘Siblily Aziz said the last extradition case. in Si Lanka was just 12 years ago when a Sii Lanken bom American ctizen cna- fged with child molestation in the US circumventad US stale departments allempt to apprehend him and sought refugee on Lankan sol, Tho Sri Lanka high court successfully extradited him to the US fo stend tral although no exiraci= tion treaty existed between the iwo cou- ties. Agein 12 months ago an Austiaian citizen Benwell who was charged with tho embezzlement of funds mn Australia was extradited by the high court in Colombo under provision forthe extradition of fugii- ve persons to and trom Commonwealth countries. ‘A Sunday Leader staff writer, Pear Thevanaya. gam contbuted ths arice tthe T.O1. 4 Tha uniqueness of Prabhakaran's extradition las in the fact that the arrest of Prabhakeran alive Is considered next to Impossible, Sri Lankan forces are unli- ely 10 be in a position to ether caplure ‘orkillthe LTTE supremo, Given the circu rmsiances, the ruling People’s Aliance government which exhausted all. its moves to bring a poacoful settiomont to the ravaging ethnicconflsthas tumedthe tables to accede fo India's request for Prabhakaran’s oxtradition. Whothor it will ‘succeed or not, it certainly has aimed at least a psycirologal blow to LTTE's confi- donee toachieve alogit mate Eelamhithe- rio existing as de facto Ee’am Be that as. itmay, unl the recent goverment move following the truce breaicup on Apri 20 through a suicidal sea mn atack ontwo ‘navel gunboals in the east, ithas reltera- ted and announced the doors for peace are stil open. 's the latest development ‘a closing of that door and, if so, how do mejor peliical parties view this new situa tion? Vasudeva Nanayakkara, the pro-Tami ‘Marxist poliician and key member o! te Lanka Sama Samaja Party hes said point blank, “the progressive forces who want ‘a settlement to the ethnic question should tering any factors o forces together to ‘2chiave this goal. One smply cannot say that Prabhakaran is not incuded. Prese- rly he's opted out of i. This need not be the sama inthenaw set of circumstances, Those who request the rest andextrad- tion are racist forces. Hence the question (of Prabhakaran's exiracition is not in the realms of realty The opposition United National Party poitouro mamber Tyrone Femanco said that basicaly it Is a matter for the gove- mment and that it was the firs ime that India had made such a request. The legality of the extradition is in order. india has served summons on Prabhakaran, Potty Amman anc Akla, the chief of the women's poliicaiwing. The UNP isprepa- rad to co-operate with the government in this matler. BulMrFerendo oriitised ihe goverment for loweting its guerd when dealing with the LTTE. "You dont tak peace by placing corrplete trust andrela- xing all miliary measures. The gove- iment at this desperate stage should fe-examine ts past actions. The LITE openly defiad allefforis at negotiations by both the UNP government andihepresent one, What more lessons are needed? he queried. Itis interesting tonote that members of he Special Investigating Team. probing the Gandhiassassinationcasehadvisted Sit Lanka in 1981 10 collect evidence. Amostimmediatelyelter the Aaj Gandhi assassination, the Sri Lanka igh court hhad secrely despatched a witness fom Batiicaloa, the eestor stronghold of the LTTE, and home district of Pottu Amman, the chief ois inteligence wing, The ma- rriage registrar of Pottu Amman who had succoured his wife during this period was sent ioIndiaat Indan government's expe- nse to give evidence in the murdor trial ‘So was another schol teacner who was aware of Fottu Amman's meves. “low canthe goverrmentsayithasnot abandoned the peace moves? But tho sleps the PA government is taking are ipdeed welcome," Nir Douslas Devana: nda of the Eelam People's Democralic Front leader said ‘With both Indian and other foreign ine ventions militaly, itis not irposble to apprehend Prabhakaran. Even if ha is kiledin the process, the mancannotstand tial but lke the death of the Jenatha Vimukthi Peramuna chief (JVP) Rotana Wijeweera, which brought the JVP upri- ing toan almost complete hatt, the LTTE ould also be immobilised orin the least weakened. This has been the case during any revolutions. It happaned to the third reich, Pol Pot,and many otherinternecine War situations the world over. There may be liberation movements. But at least for a considerable pericd when such move- ‘menis gather up strength to retaliate, the ‘government “would have an edge over them,” he pointed outGleaty, as far es the ground situation goes, the LTTE hasbeen ableto destabil- sathemilzry. There is no cuastion Trarssc a gna etre autho KEE ‘of sorts in which the IPKF served, more or operations in Sri Lanka: these include, S. ‘loss, 28 election agente of the EPALF, ‘Bhadhun and Afsit Kanm, The Si Lankan 26, So, CA. Chandaprana, Sf Larke: The tbs: Lancer Peper! (Dal, 1000; Fe Soar Me ean, Inds So Lanka FiascoDEN, 1990, Bee ee eae aswel s exenso rderncas ta hem in Fai ito, Tho Nilareaton of Mehar 77, Okt payedakeyrcelninedntirgorina nd, ened Inde Lanka core and laren a5 0 2 CoercratorelpolicalagecisolhelPre _‘TWO.getel ices who sad wih he eae eee IPF St Lana have eco blood acceunis of ei say nthe sands neh 28 ttwasotenatngotty Ian ses fPred-—_ardaash Lt Gen SC Sareshpand, ase Cort Peeniaare sky cf asoecherent _gninentdafea (Oe, 1e9H) ond Us Gn ttattroSi Lana goremmert ad opied _Bupnder Sian PA n $1 Lane (Dale amreviheLtTEathesinge anctattore 1661). ‘ora tbe used agaist IPH In Septe- mber 1991, Pmmadasa himself had 1 93. | owe some of the poirts here 1 professor Cena Unee tation apese) —_Letidlerol tha Doceanentof Pun ce GRE LTRE Gri Decsntar eet pe tee, Plgers Unkerety andhs Ure dstahed Hitter Hinoreetetarase wentotre _pabe, Cl Volonce and Corte Reso icc thal coe ofits young ofcee ofthe Hen:A Framowortor Analyse" fom which SiLenta amy nho had been oréeed io they steered. Waiting —6 Kumbukkana Albne fire fly in a kumbuk brings Hunger for a remembered evening When paper lantems lit your loveliness Andin your eyes, flames beat theirpainted Wings U. KarunatilakeThe menace of small arms K. Subrahmanyam alivaring the Roskil Memorial lecture at Cambridge eatly this year MrMark Tully, celebrated former corre- spondent of the BBC in Inda, had Warned that if the West cid not stop the spread of portable weapons, “we could face threats to the unity of the twa most powertul nations of what was once Bri- lish India, with consequences which ‘wouldhaveto be facod by the politicans cf the West. What is more, that would be a tragic ending fo the enterprise of ringing stability to soulh Asia which many ofour forofathors saw as theirrole inlife when they forged that linkin India’s unbroken chain.” Mr Tully drew attention to the Human Rights Watet’s call tothe Americanand Pakistani governments to investigate the allegation that the Inter Services Inteligence ([SI) of Pakistan had sipho. ‘ed of ams intended for Afghanistan Ithad also asked for the findings to be ppublishedand legel action takenagainst the guily, The organisation, Mr Tuly said, wanted the U.S. tofind out which arms temained in the ISI's hands and to lake effective measures 0 recover or destroy hom. The Americanshave evan falled to recover the Stinger missilos supplied to the Aighan Mujahideen, Which could pose a threat to domestic civil aviation, No control According to Mr Robert Ozkiey, the ‘American Ambassador to Pakistan cur ting the Afghan war, “Ajter Zia, there Was no effective controton the Pakistani side, The IS! inparticuler was answera- biensttherto the leadershipel the Anny, nor fo the president nor to the prime minister... The result is that there has been no supervision of the ISI. Corns Pilon, nercotics, andbigmoney have al Come in, complicating the scenatio.” Therefore the spread of portable woa- pons in South Asa, which threatens the stablity of this region should be asse- ssed fromall possible dimensions inthe forthcoming policy lavel discussions between the Indian defence secretary and the US. officials. A joint task fore o! Ameticans, Pakistani and Indians would constitute a major coniidence building measure since tho spread of these man portable arms pose.an equal threat to the stability of Pakistan and Inda. Alter all Americans introduced themonamassivescale into the region; Pakistan was the recpiont, storage depot anc dissaminator, and India has been at the receiving end, Incie has already taken the lead in drawing the attention of the world com- munity to the threat posed by intama- tional terrorism being one of the major victims of that phenomenon, This threat tunfolds in he extensive use of Kelasfni- kov rifles and hich explosives, being used as cemoltion charges in various forms aswell as landmines The rstitu- le for Detence Studies and Anayses (IDSA) has carried cut a detailed study €n the impact of the American infusion oman portable weapons into Pakistan, to prosecute the mujanicieen campaign against the Soviet occupation of Atgha- nistan and its effects on the sub ccni- ont: The institute isto holda workshop ‘on the spraad of man portable weapons ‘and Is impeci on Intemational security along with the Pugwash movementlater this year, The American and British Purgwashites are particulary interested inthis issue Mr Tully quotes the statement of Air Commodore Jasjt Singh, Drector, IDSA, to highight the Indian pereepticn of what constitutes the gravest threat io international security. Air Commedore Singh said, "The proliferation of small arms and minor weapons has not only become the mastserious threatto ralio- fal and intemational security but it cannot be addressed adequately with- ‘outa global approach and intemational ‘cooperation. This is a more acut pro- blem than nuclear proliferation” American supply Accorcing to Mr Ghris Smith of King’s College. Loncon, the American supply {0 Afghanistan rose to 65,000 tons por year in 1987. Air Commodore Dikshit of IDSA estimates that the total supply of porfable arms to the Mujahideen amou- nod to $ 6billons. The ISlis estimated tohave retained up to 40 per cent of the Kalashnikovs which were purchased from China and poured inlo Pakistan. The supplios included Chinese heavy, and light machine guns, 122mm laun- chersand groundtoground rockets. The Americans bought them from China, since they were original Soviet design Weapons ard it could be claimed that they weie captured from te Kabul forces. SAM-7s were purchased from Egypl, 122mm mortars from Spain, Ceriikon-Buhrie anti-aircraft guns from Swizetland, Blow-pipe surface-to-air missiles from Britain and rocketcarying cluster bombs, cherricai grenades and stinger missies from the U.S. ‘The Pakistani prime minister, Ms. Be- Nazir Bhuto, recently highlighted that ‘terrorism in Pakistan and the extensvs uso of weapons were offshoots of the Afghan war, hence the West must boar aft of the responsibilty. She is sight She should cooperate in having a joint U.S-Pakistan-India. study on the va Ficus dimensions of the problem and in evolving a comprehensive sirategy to reduced and eliminate the threat of these sophisticated partebiearms to the entire ragion, India should also initiate such a joint stugy. aAce Radio Cab * Computerised meters ~ Can be summoned to your doorsten’ * No call up charae within city limits * Vehicle access from selected stands * Receipts issued on request * Company credit availeble all §01502 501503 or 501504 Another Aitken Spence Service GeeINDIAN OCEAN (3) IFIOR and security issue Gareth Evans jerticular securiy issues which seem ‘appropriate for discusson at IFIOR dude. martime resource protection; the salely ofsealanesandseebome commerce, ani-piracy measures: the UN Agenda fer Peace issues as thoy rosate to the Indian ‘Oovan context and tie exnerience elsewhe- ran developing pattems of security dialogue at the regional level, inclucing the ASEAN Fegional Forum and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation In Europe (OSCE). Building on the experience of other egions, itrmay Be that the Forum will want ‘9 encourage the development of consultat= earidresearch|inkages arvony thinkclanks, Unversties and institutes of intermatonal ffsire and strategie ctuciosin tha region. Our experience inthe Asia-Pacific region Is that "second track’ dialogue, embracing acade- tmissandofficials in heirpersonalcepactios, has contibuted toa qreater sense of mutual Understanding and, ulimately, egreaterwill- nigness ta discuss.and getprogresson some of the more cificult securty issues of the ragion, Progress may bo vory slow — and ‘uly expt io be Inte Indan Ocean — but there is benefit fo be gained Pete ee reer oe osiive experience nthe Asia Paciiccannot be repacted inthis parto the word Let ma also say a litle moro about the whole question of “second track" dialogue slruclures, an approach nol quite as familiar in ths region as elsowhoro, Tho ossortial natureo!"secondirack"acivityissimply that all participants in it attend in their personal —thatis, non-ofcial capacities. Thisalows for open and frank discussion, wkhout the requirement that participants reflect rational positions, and withcut participants being co- mmiltedto culcomes. Generally, the “outco- mes" tend to be in the form of 3 statement fom te Chil to which no participant Is committec that is certainly the plan for our Forum. This approach allows foridoastte be fuly explored; italiowsoffcialsto beexposed 10 a wide range of business and academic {and cther offcials' personal) ideas without feeling compelledto staxe out frm positions, of resi scma looming, bindng outcore whichisnolagreeable, Such activites provi- de useful and creative ideas wich can be accopiad or rejoctod by overnmonts when they find thelr way — as they often do — into “fret track" processes, ‘Second tack’ dialogue is now a widely accopted feature of dialogue in the Asia Pacflc region. For instance, meetings hosted by the tipartio Pactic Economic Cooperation Commitee (PEC), oF stialegic studies think-tanks, have boon abie to explora what aro somo: ‘mes thought to be edventurous epione for ‘economic and securty polcy development; tis has boen important oth in tho lead-up to the esiablshment of new structures (APEG and ARF), and in generating new ideas for thoee eructures to consider. In approaching the Perth Forum and all these Issus, we have been very conscious Of the need to ensure thal IFIOR is fully ‘consistant withthe Maurtive inated Indian pparnership, For our part, we have always understood the immense signifeance of India, and have ted on a number of occa: ‘SONS — s0 far nt very successtuly — to litour bilateral relationstipicto thefront rank ‘where t belongs Bul there are now good signs that our relationship is at last on the move. Recent highlights have included Vico PresidentNa: raanian's very successiul visit to Australia fast year, during which he opened the India Today 1994 promotion slaged by the Austiata-inda Counc; the launch by my ‘own Departmen! of a major study of econo: tile reform in India, Indie's Economy at te ‘Midright Hour, aimed at drawing the atie- ‘lion of Australien businasa to Inda's mm ‘nse econome potertial and the feading by ‘Trade Minister, Senator Bob McMullan, las: February ofthe largest centingent of senior ‘Australian busness repieseniaiives ever to ‘Yet India, Incia has gained prominence ae ‘one of the focus markets at our annual ‘National Trade and Investment Outlook Gon- ference, now the most significant trade and Investment confererce in Australia, andone of the most important in the region. Andilate rrext year Inia will be the target for amajo~ ‘muti-milion dolar Australian promotion, a co-operative venture between our Federal ‘and Stale gowoinments and the private se- lor: the prionty we are giving fo Inda is Underlined by the fact that this prometion ie Coniy the ft of is kind we have held, the ppreviousonesbeingin Korea and Jepan (our two larges! trading partne’s, Indonesia (our ‘rear neighbour, wih whom we have viel ‘economic and security links), and Germany (ur largest trade end invesiment partner, ‘apart from the UK. in Europe). Ail this demonstrates the importance we fare placing on bulldng a comprehensive economic relationship with Inde, That task is bang helped by tre processes of econc- mnie reform both counties have put in piace. However, the level of twoway trade end investment ie etl nowhere nearite potental, with India current ranking only as Austra lias 17th laroest market end 20th overall ‘mong eur trading partners. | think we wil 1200 a rapid rise ia tho rankings by the erd ofthis decade, once we start taking serous nce ofeach chor and the enormous pote: Mal hel exists for rade and Invest between us. That potential les not ony n tho tradtional areas of commodity sxpors irom Austale, andiextle,dothingand fot. wear mpors from India, but in sectors ike {olscormunicatons andinformaten techno. logy, multimedia and sofware generaly, 1- nancial senfoas, mining, inastructure deve. ‘opment, aereonace and aviation, food and Deveraces and healin services, It perhaps needstobeemphasisad tat foralithehige diference in our populations, Austaie's economy — measured niamilarGDP tems tis, 1914-1921; al the end of Finnegars Wake: Pails, 1922-1938, These insci- ptions tall their ovin story, Joyeo left his native krelend in 1904 end never went back, excent for snort vists on business. A that time oxle of the kind Joye chose vas an unusual condiion among English- speaking writers. Of course, there had been itary exios writng in the Engich language atrong Joyce's immeciete pre- decassors and contemperaries — Henry James, Conrad, Elct, Pound. But James, Conred and Eliot ali assimicted them selves to the English mlieu in which they had transplanted themselves, and Pound Htlianised himselfso muchas to embrace Italian Fascism and broadcact/or Musso fini during the Second World Wat. Even Lawrence, who was an exile fom England, could virte from Kandy, Ceylon: "You won't find me golng beck on my Englishness: Joyce's situation, howaver, Was exceptional. The Argo‘iish writers — Wide, Shaw, and Yeats for a time — had maved from Ireland to England. Jo- yce, emigrating to the coninentolEurcpe, femained fortherest of his ite a wanderer and an alien in tha ciies between which he moved. AS he is seen by lish e/es unsympatheticaly as Shem the Penman in Finnagans Wake: He even ran away with hunself and became a ‘arsoonente, saying he would far sconer muddle through the hash oflentils in Europe than meddle with inland’ spit ite naa, That is why Joyce's condition as exie resembles not 69 much thet of Conrad or Eliot as that of the writers who have become more numerous as the century wore on, those who have found themsel- Ves withoul 2 homelans. tis this fact nat makes it mpossibie for us to fit Joys into any comioriable national niche. Whet is he? —an lish vrter by virus ot his bmn, an Engich writer because ofthe language he wioie in (for the most pari, we have to add), or an Eurepaan witer in terms of the snvircnment in which he lived for the greater part of his life? None of hese Categories wil do. From the nineteonth century onwards, Janguage has been centralto the constru- This paper is based on a presertalion made at the Enafsh Association of SriLanka 18 ction of political and eustural nationalisms, and litsrature has been annexed io thet process The nsiulonatsaionovEnalsh leraiure as a universty discipine and a echool examination cubject weapan othe Creatlonote riishnatonalnentage, ase an adjunct ofthe imperial destiny. In fact, 8 Gauri Visvanatnan' has stown, that insttuionalsaton took place fstin India 38 part of the inparal chlising mission. Tothisday academic curriculaat iterature are jor the most part companmeniaised Bynatonal Fontiars, And evan the erary past has beer reconstructed in this fot itis offen assumned thet the great writer is one who ie most firrly etuated in nis wnnational radon, houghinfectcutu- ralhybridtyien' merely a moder phenc- ‘enon, But Joyce can! be domiciled in the Itereryredtons anc canons constu- ted by any cultural nationalism. It isnt surprising that he i not one of these writers whose anniversaries are picusly observed by the Brtish, Councit or that much of the best scholarly and critcal ‘work on him has been done not in Bits but in American universes, which ar more hospitable to itary cosmepolite- nism. inthe 1970s, Richard Ellman, the auihor of the grect biography, on beng appointed to a professorship. at Oxiorg, said thal he regarded it 2s part of his mission to bring Joyce to the English. i's interesting on the otner hand thal the Ireland that Joyce rejected has in recant years regarded him wih something of he Warmth extended toa prodigal son. In pat thiais due to the discovery that he Dublin places that Joyce represented in. his books can attract iteraryminded tourists But there has been evidence of more Seriousinterest oo. Dubinrasiohasbroa- east the whole of Ulysses in a series of teasings, and the new Penguin ediions of Liysses and Finnegans Wakeare bon introduced by lich ertes who ara deoply interestedin he teaionshipsofthebooks with trish history and polities * Its also revealing thet most of the custanding witers tha Engish angus Je who have been srongyilienved by doyee have been Americans and olber hom Brishers — rom Faulkner and Des Passes inthe ‘werles and ‘hiies © ViagimicNabokav. Sarto Becket Thoms Pyrehon end Saian Fushi more recertl. But Jovees influence has wtended farbayend he English anges Geanssteton.cabie Orie Narues, jorge Luis Borges, and Umbero Eco mutt all bo courted ae boing Ia his dott Even contemporary Shela lon Nas incomorated the Joycean interior monato- gue in the wing of Ajit Tilakasena and Laksimi Bombuwela. The mention of these ‘wo writers helps me to make = general peint. am sure that Mr. Tlekase- fa has read Joya: think it ikely that Nis. Bombuwela hasn't. But as her case and that of several other witers elsewhere cconfirm, the Joycean presence is So pet- vasiva in contomporary fiction that i's possble to absorb itiithout actually rea ding him, Joyce as a literary oxilo wasnt in the saine posilion as tose German witers who. sought refuga from Hitler, or the Russian wrters who fled from or were Pushed out by Lenin, Stalin of Brezhnev, orthehostoicthersin many different carts Of the globe whe have been forced into exile since the Second World War. Joyce wasn't compelled, in the Iteral sereo, to leave his homeland by any persecuting F epressive political regime: and it was ‘only in the very last years of hs lif that the Nazi occupation of Frence mage him {99 back to neutral Zurich, But exile was none the lose a: necoseary condition ‘or his artsiic survival. In A Fortait of me Arist his olhar self, Stephen Dedalus affimed its imperatives: {will not serve that in which Ino longer believe whether it call isalf my home, my fatherland or my church: and | wil try to express myselt in some mode of Ife crart as raely as! can andaswhelly as can, using for my defence the only arms | allow myself fo use — silence, ‘exile and cunning. Thatis he fisionalstatement lis vaicty fs borne oul by Joyea’s actual publishing History. His collection of short stories, Dubiners was delayed forfive years, fist, because the publisherwantedioexpuron te it, and then because the printer burnt the sheets and destroyed the type. When the eally episodes of Ulysses wera serial. sedin an Americanjournal, te pubisiiers Were prosecuted and thair fingerprints taken. Thereafter no British or American publisher would touch it It had to be brought out in Pats, but all copies sent to Britain ortho United States were conti- scaled and desiroyed by the Customs eulhorties in these ‘wo countries. Iwas ‘ool till more than a. decade later thet eadersintheEnalish-speakinaworihad free access to the book that many cities had decaredito be the geal masterpiece ot modem prose fiction. Joyce’ integity and nilexiolity in defence ofhis wor wore just as heroic in thelr own way as theppoltical commitment of some other wit lels. He steadiastiy refused, In the taco ‘of appeals, fo permit an exourgated edi- tion of Ulysses, and he perssied with Finnegans Waketo the endin spite of ihe scepticism and discouragement of como Of the admirers of his former work, Few lish nationalists, even, could have been as imeverent of Ireland's imperial masters as Joyce was: an unidentified voige n Ulysses lists the Erlish Beattu- des as beer, beef, business, bblas, bul- dogs, battleships, buggery and bishops ‘Yet Joyce was no nationalist In Portrait of the Arist, the violent argument that breaics out over the Christmas dinner bewean Stephen's fatneranctheolady known as Dante is a manifestation of the confict between nationalism and the ‘chureh for dominance over Ireland's sou Yet Staphen grows up to reject bath, as Joyce dd. in the latter part of the same Novel Stephen tells hisfellow-student, the ralionalst Davin No Honourable and sneore man..has ‘given up to you his Ife and his youth andhis affections fromthe daysof Tene to those of Pamal! but you cold him to the enemy or failed him in need or reviled himandetthim foranotner, And you invite mo to bo one of you. dace you damned fist, And tie goes on to say, ‘When the soul of a man is bom in this country there are nets flung tt to hold it back from fight. You talk to me of nationally, language, refoion, Ishalliry tofly by these nets For ish nationalism, as formany other nationalisms thenand later, lanquagewas Crucial because some of the Irish people felt thet their identity had been underm- ‘ned by the imposttion on them of an align language. For Joyce foo languege was entralto the creation of personalidentity: thevery irstwords of APontralt ofthe Arist [present the moment when the child Sio- Phen recognises whoheisandhisrelation, to his family end hs immediate world through ihe story his father tells him: ‘Once upon atime andavery good time it was there was a moacow coming down along the road and this moocow that was coming down along the 102d met a nicens litle boy named bay tuckoo.. But the growt of Stephen involves the problematisalion of this ideniiy as ne \dscovers, again through vierds. the eca- tradictione of his world, During the discu- sion with the dean of stucies Stephen thinks: “The language in whichwe are speaking is his before it is mine. How different arethe words bome, Christ, ale, master, ‘on his lips and on minel | cannct speak ‘oF wile these words wkhout unrest of spin. His language, so familiar and so foreign, will aways be for mo an acqui sed speech. | have not made or acce- ted its words. My voice holds them at bay. My soul frets in the chadow of hie language, One way out or the lishwriter who saw the English language as alien was to cengags in the rediscovery of Gaelic. Lin- guisic revivals was as fervent a move- ent in Irish as in many other nationa- Tisms, and the Gaoic language move. ment, (founded, ironical enough by an English-speaking member of the Anglo: Irish Protestant elite) sirove to revive the (d naicnal torque. Another member of the same suparior caste spent less than two years on one of the remote western {slends and produced a synthetic iciom adaplingpaasantspeech fortheatrainthe English language — thatwasv.Md, Syne, Gasic revivaism was, however. a lost cause from its beginning because the peasant regions where the language hac beencurrenthad been massively depopu- fated by the famnoc and macs emigre tions of the {3th century, Joyce, recogni- ‘sng the foreignness cf the Engtsh lan: ‘Quays, neverholess didn't opt for the oslalgic tevivaism of he Gaeliclangua gemavenent. We need onlyresdthe firs! ‘chaplor of Ulysses to know what Joyce thought about thet, The Engistrran Hal- ‘es, whois staying with SlephenandBuck Mulligan in the Martello tower, addresses the cld peasant women who brings the milk in what he takes to be her language sit French you are talking, sir? the old woman said lo Haines. Haines spoke to her again a longer speech, confi- centy, “irish, Buck Muligan said. Isthere Gao- lie on you? +! thought it was Irish, she eaid, by the sound of i. Ave you fromm west, sir? =am an Engistman, Haines ansive- fe He's Engish, Buck Muligan sald, and he thinks we ought to speak Irish in Ireland, ~Sure we oughtto, the old woman said, and I'm ashamed | dont speak the language myself. Im told it's « grand language by them that knows. -Grandis no name for ii, sald Buck Muligan. Woncerul entirely, Uysces was published i the year after the esiaishment tte ish Free Stats inwhich fa naionalstgovernmentwoud tylofostr the teschingand useo| Gack ~ with itt sucsess.n Uysses toyees viow o ish rationalemremaine as ertea! as nthe Porta Te patrote Cen the pubis even merelanaicaly ant-semi- lcthan Mr Doaey, the angophie yale. Joyce's lack! sympathy vi ary form of millancy — either of oppressors. or of iberalors —is evant from many pages Of his books. Like his Stephen, Joyce Would have sald, ‘I fear those ig words which make us so unhappy.’ When he wrote Ulysses as a modem counterpart of the Odyssey, he was really wrting an anti-epic, Where Ulysses had relured (0 {thaca t inumph asa herobyslauchtering the suitors, Bloom sconques! averBlazos Boylan, who has that very day slept with Moly in his own mantal bed, is in the ‘equanimity’ with which he takes it. The only violence is this anit-epic is when the facistCiizen throws abiscuiltinat Boom, and when one of the drunken Briich soldiers knocks Stephen dewn outsidetie brothel because his patrojism has been utraged. Joyco in fact not only made his hero a pacific character bul eso dvested him of the accepted manly virtues. The gossips in the pub epeculate about hs Sexual inadequacies, arid indeed Elcom hasn't had noimal intercourse with Maly for ton years, {ts not with the dominant poltical and religious currents o Irish naticnal axiste- nee thet Joyce's main interests in his art are aligned, butwin those whoare marc- nalised or excluded. The principal chara ters of voyce's fictions are, like himself, exiles in one sense or another, Stephen Dadalus, even before he laavas Ireland, ‘San intemal exle, rebelling successivey against family, fatheriand and. churen Leopold Bloom is the son of a Hungarian Jew, and himself @ Protestant convert, and therstore doubly alien in Cathole Dublin. He is the natural target ofnationa: list and anti-semiist faired, as by the Gitizen in the pup othe fantasised accu- sers in the Ciree episode. Molly Bloom is halfSparish and, in her imaginaton, an exile from ‘Gibraltar as a gi wnere | was ‘a Flower of the mountain’. Joyce's only play tiled Exes, has as its central chara- cterFichard Rovan, who, outoi thedesite obo a free man, hadlleft jreland with his, wile Bertha, 2s Joyce himsel dd with Nora Bamacle. In Finnegans Wake tho name ofthe crean-figure,Earwicker sug esis that Ne Is of Scandinavian stock ind his wife, AnnaLiva. is aleotho myihi cal persone of the Fiver Liffey which ows through Dupin, carryingits fit andcsbrs Wwihit,butlooking towards itemorging with the sea. The final sentence ofherrmonolo- ‘gue and of the book is the voice of a homesickness for anotho,, largerand de sired identify. But the sentence remains Unfinished because thai homeland of de- sire.can never reach defrition or comple- tion Away a lone a lasta loved @ long the (Tobe Continued) Nowe 4 Gaui Vevnathan Mass of Conquest (1239 Co ribs Unversy res) 2 Thasitc oreDecankecd bases and Seamus Deane (Fineguns Wake, 19CRICKET Learning to play by the book Teresa Mclean was amazed to find my 10-year-old son preparing for his match as captain Cf the focal club's junior team by reading MCC Masterclass: The New MCC Cos- ching Book. At first his motive had been to leam how to capiain successfully, by reading the book's piece on the subject, written by Mike Brearley Soenjoyabla did this piece prove, he moved on to other pleoes on ather subjects. The book was pronounced “briliant, \wilhexcellent pictures". The rocuits on tho fidd of play were modest, and, aut of curiosity, | started reading the book. The secret ofits readability fies in its variety of both cricket topics and authors. For instance, if you do not like Dennis: Lillee's short. sharp style of teaching, as In *Do not run furtier than is necessary’, youcan turn io llingworth's more elabora- {@ advice. “Imagine you are a cartwheel Your front armis hich and the head looks: oulsideitatthe batsman. ithewheeltums forward, and you aro sideways to the batsman, itis impossible not to bowl a straight ball’. Until | read that passeqe, thought was an offsspinner. Tam lending the book to the man coa. ching my son's cricket cud, who was reassured that he would find most useful Ihe practical advice offered by Hubert Doggart, a Cambridge University, Sussex ‘and Engiand Test cricketer tamed for his batting, bowling and close fielding in the 1950s. Iwill be interesting to sce ifithelps the ud, which hes some talented young players unable to produce good results. So how much use is coaching? Some years ago, England left te field ceteated 20 at Headingley, determined to rectify their {technique and do better next ime. Bycontrast, Colin Crof, the Wast indian fast bowler of tha late 1970s and early 1980s, wes not beng boastful — merely matter of fact — when he seid: “I never neoded coaching, | had a natural way of bowing and tried fo lear trom my misia- kes. Coaching would rot have helped Thatis the traditional West Indian attu- de and it has not served them badly Watching England's batsmen swipe ‘and heave in the first Test, couldnothelp ‘wondering whethor coaching is any more thana ritual, is pupils left with theirnatural abiliies clumsy and undeveloped. Soon- taneous cricket learns most from experie- nee of play, as Croft and many other fexneris on the subject have pointed out ‘So | Was surprised that one of he most ‘successful experts, Viv Richards, has wr- ttena shert piove in he MCC Masterclass called "The Natural Approach to Batting”. Init, he says ne deciced to write for a ‘coaching book "because there is a bala- nce batwoon suggested mathocs, crtho- doxand weltriad, andthe priceless expe- rience of the Masters’. For him the balance was obvicusly in fayour of oxporienco and ho doscribes with relish hawmuch heleamt, particulary In concentration and sioke-olay, from his duels with Lille, His artice is short, high-spinted and, as he pute i, “not a technical matter" He thinks the only tme he may have Jeami something from “orthodox” me- thods was in a brief vieitto tho AF Govor Glicket School when he first came (0 England. Even thon, he belfovoe tho schoo'’s teaching cn the correct posttio- hing of Ns left elbow and shovicer was more confusing than helpiul. In fact all | learned —all lroquired to loam — was that I needed to play allt straighter’ For most batsmen, thats a valuable piinciple of play and most batsmenneed more help than Richarésin gotting itright. He rakes sound point whensayingthat coaching 's often too detaled ard too Intolerant of personal styles, yet he sil joined Geoffrey Boycott and David Gower in wring a piece on “The Strokes” He is much less technical than Boycott in his teaching, but he doas have lessons to give. “Go right back oF tight foward. Use as much of the crease es possbie, LLetthe ball come to you” I lke that sort of simple teaching, but | doubs if here can everbe a single ideal! balance betweenthesimpleand thedotai- led, she natural and the technical English bowlers today, however, what: ‘everthoirviows on coaching, should rev ve at least one enjoyable verse from the ‘great Hambledon Cricket Club's “old cr- keting song,” wien in 1776, ane follow its guiding principle. 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