LANKA GUARDIAN Vol 17 No. 21. March 1, 1995 Price Fis.10.00 Registered at GPO, Sri Lanka QD/S3/NI PRABHAKARAN the \_ Mysti 7 « f 2 » Sinhala of L.T.T.E, Medicine [| Might Got the © Se : ~ — R.A.Ariyaratne ° THE e INDIAN . FACTOR = The —a new thesis — NEW — Humayun Kabir [. M. F. ano Federalism "aE om Social, Summit reget Press Freedom Martin Khor Secrecy m Vs . 4 OpennessWITH THE BEST COMPLIMENTS oF ELEPHANT HOUSE SUPERMARKET QUALITY AT AFFORDABLE PRICES NO.1 JUSTICE AKBAR MAWATHA COLOMBO 2TRENDS Red light for the general Emigration authorties will not permit former Army Commander Gonoral Cecil Waidyaraine toleave the country. He Is needed for an investigation into the affairs of the ‘any covering @ peried which inalu- des his tenure of office. “Vfe wil be recording Goneral Waldyaratna’s statement’, @ police (CID) spokes- ‘man said. The general is prepared to assist the investigaton. “I wanttoclearmy name", he told ihe media. PAMP'ssistersassaulted Anaftned gang assaulted the two sisters of Anurachapura District People's Allanca MP Shantha Premaratne. According to tiepalice ‘the incident was linked to a private quarrel. ‘SUBSCRIPTION RATES Air Mail Canada/U.S.A. USS 65/ for 1 ycar US$.45/ for 6 months UxK, Germany, New Zealand, Australia, Netherlands, France, Japan, Holland, Phillippines, Ausirla, Norway, Sweden, China," Ireland, Switzerland, Nigeria, Belgium, Denmark, Paris, London. USS 59/ for 1 yoar US$ 35/ for 6 months Hong Kong, Saudi Arabia. Dubal, Baharin, Arabian Gulf Syria, Singapore. USS 45/ for L year USS 25/ for 6 months India, Pakistan. US$ 40/ for 1 year USS 22/ for6 monthe Local Rs. 250/-for 1 year Rs, 150/- for 6 months BRIEFLY. VOA: Violence continues Protestors cemonstrating against the building of a Voice of America relay station at Iranawila, a fishing village on the North Westarn coast, have stoned vehicies and “mali- clously” engaged in other violent acts, a USIS release sald, The release described the prote- ssters as “ané-VOA thugs". The incl dents were osing investigated, the police said. ‘And now a land sale tax? “There is not enough money inthe Treasury and President Chandrika Bandaranake asked government MPs for suggestions that would bring mere revenue. A taxon land sales was the consensus. ‘There is already 2 tax on land sales in the formof deed fees when land is transferred from one owner to another. What the MPs sugge- sted was a tax in addltion to this. ‘The MPs threw in another sug- ‘gestion on top of the land fax — Rs 20 more in excise duty on ¢ bottio of arrack and 25 cenis ona cigare~ tte. Liquor and tobacco are the budget makers percennial targets. LTTE ready to compromise? ‘According to the BBG, the LTTE is ready to drop the separate stale demand and accept 2 federal consttuion. This, the BBC said, ‘was the impression gathered by the assorted groups that went on a ‘peace mission fromthe South tothe North end mot representatives of the Tigers there. ‘The peace delegation tolda press. ‘conference that the main purpose oftheir mission was no tonegotiate with the LTTE but to make contact with the ordinary people of tne North. in this they had succeeded, the delegates said. GUARDIAN Vol.17 No.2. March 1, 1995 Price Fs. 10.00 Published fortnightly by LankaGuardian Publishing Go. Lt. No. 246, Union Piace Colombo - 2. Edtor Merwynde Silva ‘Teleprone: 447584 Printed by Ananda Press 915, Sir Rataajothi Saravanamuttu Mawatha, Colombo 13. “Telephone: 435975 CONTENTS Nows Background 2 Contfet Resolution 4 Federalism 6 ross and Privilege 10 Pretenving Si Lanka's ‘Ancient Remedios 8 Social Sunmnt's ‘Outsianding estos 4 [NAM inthe Nineties (2) 6 ‘Thelnia Factor ‘Si Lanka's Foreign Poicy 19NEWS BACKGROUND aS eC KGROUND GETTING THE LTTE MESSAGE RIGHT Mervyn de Silva ‘Stil there are no blood stains on the hands of President Chancrika Bandara ‘naike Kumaralunga. ifbychanceshe gets her hands spattered with blood sho wil have to pay for these deads” Anion Bala- singham, principal sookesman of tho LITE at a press conference in Jafina. USLAND, 2172), “But there is ground for cautious opti- ‘miém andtwo reasons to beleve that Mis. Kumaratunga may succeed where others failed, Fist she has an electoral mandate todeal wih the Tamils... Secondly, he President announced that the truce is ‘only the fist step to negotiations on sub- stantve political issues". (TIMES, Loncon 9/1/95) ‘The LTTE has never admitted that it killed A, B.or C. In this journal and alse- where, Ihave recognised theL TTE respo- ‘se to an official or public allegation a0 quite unique. First, a flat donial of any LTTE involvement. Secondly. several, admirably well arguied reasons why the Victim deseryad to de ie.exacution. tis In this category surely Mr. Balasingharr’s remarks on Raj Gandhi belong? “Tho CITE never assasinate political loaders. As an example we will take the caso of Rajiv Gandhi. Rajv Gandhi sent indian forces to the north and kiled more than 10,000 civiians. Many families were left ‘orphaned, The Indian forces were not Tesponsible for those deeds. But those who specific ordersto cary outthe killings and encouraged them to operate should be heid responsible for those murders. We have nothing to do. They destroyed themselves wih their actions". Whet i imporiant here Is he need to read the mind of Mr. Velupilai Prabha- karen clearly — not to delude oneselt, Indeed, he himsetf would obviously preter to negotiate with a person that under- stands him than one who does not. The Messages must be read clearly by both Parties to the dialogue. Itis interesting to Rete that Mr. Balasingham closed he ‘mattor wit this remark "We should not look at who killed wiom. We must know why they killed them’, No person, in other words, is “murde- fed” by the LTTE. lis “soldiers” kil the “soldiers” of the Sri Lankan (or any othor state's) soldiers in the ongoing ‘Wwar". It 2 “executes” individuals who deserve to be thus punished. Mr. Prabhakaran and his top aides pro- bably study events and trendsin Colombo ‘moro closely than any diplomatic mission, tmust now know that “peace” Is vitally important to tho P.A.’s broad strategy for ‘survival and success; in short, ‘the peace dividend’. Dr. Lal Jayawardene, the Pre. sident's economic adviser has spel it out publicly In the plainest language. The Director of tho HELSINK-based WIDER, which sponsors research studies at the highest academie level (that certainly is its charter) waspersuadedto givethe 11th Convocation Address of the Bandara. naike Centre for Intemational Studes in December 1993, 2 timely intervention ‘considering that parliamentary polls had tobe heldin 1994, “An important element in Sri Lanka being able to afford the necessary inve- ‘tment in human cevelopme it, with social expenditure being consistently in the ange of 9% to 12% of GNP from the mid ~ 1960's to 1979 was her extremely low level of miftary expenditure throughout ‘hat period. This rarely exceeded 1% of GOP, at a time when the rest of the developngworld wasspending nearly 5% of GDP on arms, Sri Lanka's level today" (1993)... High human development and high unemployment is @ uniquely Sri Lankan recipe for endemic violence” When the LTTE leadership plans stra- ‘egy, itis safe to presume thatthe poliical situationin heSoum (andthe massmood, certainly in Colombo, the cenire of ali decision-making in this tny island) would, be regarded as a major item. Six months alter the parliamentary pols, and three ‘months after the Presidential contest, the Spparty Peoples’ Alliance (PA) of Presi. dent Chandiika Kumaratunga sin serious dificulies, i not beseiged. Mr. Prabha. karan knows this. tis the PA, that is now hooked; notthe LTTE. Stepbystep, issue by issue, the LTTE has got whatit dema- ded or at least 50% cf what it asked for ‘The govemment and the Armyheveseen ‘@ cessation of hostlilies in place *... with ‘monitors from Canada, Norway and Netherlands supervising this no warno Peace stand-off, Nollives ast. A gain too, And now the LTTE nas won another concession. On Feb. 27, the Sangu piddy-Pooneryn roadwas opened forchi- lian trafic. Deputy Defence Minister Anus fudda Ratwatte did stress however that the Pooneryn camp wouldnot be moved. “We will move only the bunker line or the: Forward Defence Line (FOL) by 600 Metes to hep the free flow of civilian vehicular and pedestrian traf. ‘A poltical solution to the ethnic crisis is insight... Parfiamentand the people wil be Informed of every step in the discu- ssions wth the LITE”. “if Si Lanka can sike a peace deal with the LTTE by Apil, the country can expect record aid pledges from all ils donors" says Roberto Bendijevodt, the World Bank repraseniative in Colombo. The dono: consortium meets in late Apr in Paris, Dr. N. Shanmugaratnam, Senior Scio- ntist, Norwegian Centre for international Acricultural Development, has como in from the cold. He is now a visting Profe- $50r Postgraduate Institute of Agrcuturo, Peradeniya. Like Canada and Holand, Norway has sent monitors te the nod to observe “the cessation of nostitis”. Nor. Way has recently cracked the whip of Tamil refugees. 200 may be deported. !h an excelent article published in the Sunday Observer edtovialpage, Dr. Sha- Amugaratnam wrote: “Unfortunately, so far al that we know. is the government is sill thinking within ‘or around the framework of the Banda- Chelva Pact of 1957. One tends to think that the President and her political adie ‘sors have just begun todo their homework. (on the real challenge of working out the regional, instituiional end legal dime- ‘sions of dovolution. | am not alone hoping that they would in the shorter Possible time move towards fecing the Stark realtice of 1995" Itmay be tacticaly useful, oven nece- sary, for Mr. Prabhakaran to go through, the motions of “peace negotiations* — to show the LTTE is reasonable, to case the Pressure on his people, to please the Intemational cormunty but he will NOT betrayhiscause.....thedraamthatmakes the sacrifices of “his people” meaningful,President denies ‘Sunday Times’ report, editor may face defamation charges ‘The editor of a Sri Lankan newspaper griled by detectives over a story on President Chandike Banderanake Kumara- tunga may face defamation cherges, police said. ‘They said Kumaretunga had lodged 2 complaint alleging defamation and denying a report in the independent Sunday Times that she had attended a party at a posh hotel. ‘The Sunday Times, ina special column tiled “By Our Gossip Columnist’, said Kumaratunga epont 90 minutes at Member ‘of Parliament Acitha Porora’s bithday party at the HotelLanka Oborei. Editor Sinha Ratnatunga was questioned by Criminal inve- stigations Department (CiD) detectives for three and a half hours. On Tuesday, CID officers questioned reporters at the SinhaleseJanguage weelty Lakbima over the same story. Ratnatunga told Reuters police wanted to know who wrote the story and who the paper's sources were. 1 said | can't tell them that,” Ratnalunga said adding that he took responsibiity for the story. He sald he first heard Kumaralunga had denied the story whens was under questioning, Had the president orher office {old him the story was wrong, he would have inquired into it and ifitwas incerrect, published an apology, Ratnatunga said. He denied any attempt to malign Kumaratunga, saying two slories i the same edition had praised her. Newspapers have crilised what they call Kumaratunga's lifestyle, including midnioht dinners and private cocktals at top hotels, saying she came to power promiéng to eu levi spending by former government. Kumaratunga has dismissed the allegations, accusing ‘newspapers of printing lies. Last month, the cabinet appointed ‘@ committee to discuss action against what it called “bad reporting.” The move drew a chorus of protests from the media and led to a healed exchange between reporters and the usually amiable Media Minister Dharmasin' Senanayake at a news conference last week. Kumaratunga has said comenowspepers wereabucing thoir new-found freedom afterher People’s Alliance loosened modi ‘controls on winning national and presidential pol last year: Eortier this month, Lasantha Wikrematunga, ector of the ‘Sunday Leader, and is journalist wife were becten up by an tnidentfed garg near their home outside Colombo, Wickrematunge has been Kumaratunga's fiercest rie with io political commentary ofon giving intimato dotaile of the prosidont’s cociallifo and that of her aides. — (Reuter) Political solution to ethnic crisis by Zacki Jabbar Deputy Minister of Defence Anuruddha Ratwatte seid in Parliament yesterday that. political solutionto the ethnic crisis isin sight and that Parliament and the peopee willbe informed ‘of every step in the discussions with the LITE. Mr. Ratwatto who is alco Minister of Irrigation Power and. Highways was speaking on the vote on the Ministry of Defence during theCommities slage of the budget debate. Minister Ratwatte said that the peace taks with the LTTE has had an eighty per cent success rate. “There are a few ‘matters that nave to be sorted out and once that is done We should have total peace” ne added. Minister Ratwatte earlier said that he was happy that the IVP representative spoke ebout the securty sitition in the ‘couniry. They fought against the poltical stricture a few years ago. It is commendable that they have entered the pelitcal mainstream”. He said that certain newspapers may attempt to show that the JVP Is trying to take up arms agein bul thatis noi “cored”. anybody takes up arms once againwe will ake actionagainst them legally.” The newspapers have been civen press freedom but that doesnot mean that they can act illegally. ‘A newspaper Editor was questioned because that news- peper had made false allegations. But we dd not burn him on tyres like inthe past. ‘Some members spoke of the bugging of telephones but | cen assure you that no. such thing is happening now. heppended for 17 long years. But today you ae ‘fee to talk ‘whether itbe with your Boy ‘rien or git trend, ‘Mr. Susil Moonasinghe:Can you bring legislation to par- lament to prevent telephone tapping in the future. Mr, Ratwatte: | will cenainly do that, Mr. Ratwalteszid that twas noleasy tocorrectthe rrisdeeds ‘of 17 long years in a couple of months, but | assure you that ‘the promises we have given will be honoured” ‘The peopie will be informed of all steps taken in our peace ‘talks with the LTTE. ‘The agreement signed with the LTTE regarding the cessa- tion of hostfities has already been tabled in the house. He alleged that some newspapers were reporting untruths ‘about the violation of the cessalion of hosiiliies. There may be few minor skirmishes but some of the reports that appear are grossly exagerated. He reminded the House thatthe UNP govemment hadaiven ordersforthe LTTE but that wil not happen again, he assured. “can assure you that nothing will be done behind the backs of the people. A politcal settlement with the LTTE is in sight ‘and.wo will keop this House ard the people informed of all dovelopmonts, ho said.CONFLICT RESOLUTION Prabhakaran: the mystique of force R.A. Ariyaratne Tis, scenario. is therfore raugnt with the ominous potential to tigger off a sill more fightful phase of fghiing, perhaps Eelam War ll which couldnt be Contained by the peace effor alone. Ho- wever, this is not to insinuate that the peace lobby is blissfully unaware of ths possibilty, but rather to emphasize the gravity of the situational imponderables \hich might not allow the peace process to take care of itself. A counter argument which is increasingly gaining currency is. thata bilaterally agreed ceasefire backed by a meaningful, devoluton of power would ura the LTTE contrlled areasinio. the mainstream poltics ofthe island. This notion, however, “dees not take into. accountthe fact thatthe LTTEhas already setup analternatves governmentinthese areas andthoraby “Usurpod” morepower ‘and functions than those.can be devolved in terms of the Ninth Schedule of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constiti- tion. The only constraint onthe unfettored exarcica of the de facto govermanco of these areas by the LTTE is the presence ‘ofthe govemment security in thair mide. “Thay too wil be confined to basos when the coasefir icin forco. In ho circumta- ‘ices, it will become necessary for the Tigers to barter some of thor prize achio- \Vamenis wih a govemment largesse of dubious bereft. Only a cursory glanca at tho present and past separatist struggioe will eonfirm that no gusrila movornont as fimnly ensconced in powar as th LTTE has wilingly submited foolf to such an ingloricus endo its cause. Thisbrings us o the amit of theleade- rship in Tamil poitcs. For, to give peace chance. itis imperativethat the decision making group at he helm o! Tamil politics shouldadoptaconciliatory attitude toward tha Souths overtures. inthiscontax,, what an eminent pollical sciertist has. said abort the Vietcong appears of equal rle- ‘vance tilustratethe mindset of he TTE. Says, Douglas Pke, “To the battle-hard Vietcong “only one ‘approach wes known: Smash theoppo- slion, crush the resistance, apply me- ximumn force at all points zt all times, Tho author is Dean, Faculty of Arts Colombo Unlversiy, 4 When this approach failed and pro- bles worsoned, tho response was more of the same, further application of {greater force. Thie tactic compunded the error, and down the spiral wont. A, lifetime -of combat had conditioned them, and only one policy responsowac ‘open: vigorous, rolontioss, sustained application of force", needs to be borne in mind in this ‘connection that the Tiger supremo, Pra- bhakaran, is no merionette and the preno- Indergnt majarity of his teenage charges have had no association with the Sou- ‘hem tinsel social life. in fact the laters’ entrelife pattem hasbeanconcitioned by 2 single dominant factor: force, used by ‘them and against them. In the circumsia- nes, either transforming them from a batle-hardenedaverila aroun to acivilian ‘ffcialdom or marainalsing them in the - nding, eliminate fraud and reduce dapo- dency. With regard to intes-governme- ‘tal relaions, the adminisiration was co- ‘icemad with the inequalities ofthe natio- ‘al welfare policy, under vhich all etates had matching grants. Al those coals would be bottor achioved through stale contrellod programs. kiswilh this con: ration that Reagan proposed the sw. Pring of welfare responsibiliies between Slate and federal brancnes. State gove- mments would assume complete respo- nsiblly for food stamps and AFDC (Aid for Famties with Dependent Chidien). ‘The lederal government would take co- nirol of Medicaid ‘This proposal for wellare had very limi- {ed responses trom Congress and the NGA. was a dismal faiure, Regulatory reform A final aspect of the new federalism ‘agenda was the fadearal regulatory reform. The wasiefulness and ineficioney of the federal regulation could be parlyresolved by devolving power. The administration believed that t could eave $ 22.0 bilion overthefirst5 yearsofitstomby regulato- ty reform. A Tack Force on Regulatory olfof chaired by Vice President George Bush recommended further reform In 11989, The regulatory reform was underta- ken through executive orders. An impo- tant exampie of this was executve order 12372 in 1983. This permitied elected State and local officials to decide which federal grant programs to review. The order required federal agencies to acco- mmedate the recommendations of state and local oficials. This order along with {wo others in 1981 and 1987, estabished that federal agencies should “refrain, to the maximum extent possible, from esta blshing uniform national standards for rogiamsard, when possibie delerto the slales to establich standards", Due to judicial ard congressional preseura, the oly changos have been through execut veorders. Limitedstatutory changes have ‘boon enacted inthis department. Though the administrationbegen with great enthu- siesm, there were many obstécles. A regulatory policy expen Murray L Weide- rnbaum concluded that “only a fraction of the regulatory reforms envisioned at the start of 1981 have been accomplished. Evidence of this is sean in the case of chemicalsin the workplace andthe OSHA in November, 1983: When OSHA annou- need new rules requiring firms to inform thelr workersof dangerous chemical, the ‘radeurions claimedthat heseruloswere incompatible with “the right to know’ laws of 18 states. Hence, thore was congre- ssional pressure to raseind the new mea- sures, Paradoxically, come ofthe regulao- ry teforms of headministration strengthe- fed the national branch, For instance, ‘new federal regulation fornatonallproduct fabilty insurance were introduced in 1987. What were the obstacles to intér- governmental reform? Hence, one sees that except for the advances in grant consolidation and bu- geting in 1981, therehas notboon signdl- gant changes in lederal-state relations. ‘The rhetoric of tho administration has not beenmatchodby action. Onecan attibule this to three factors; the electoral compu- Isions of Congress, the instiuionalizaton, of the inter-govemmental bureaucracy ‘ang the Supreme Coun. Firaly, it must be acknowledged that 7Congressmen require the categorical granis for electoral purposes. Categorcal rans sll constituted 84% of at federal {rant outays in 1986. The growth of cate- orical grants since 1959, canbe attribu- tedto the needforcongressmenttodeliver benefit and services to thei electorates. The committee structure minimized Confics aoout the grants, The conditions linked 10 the grants enhance the image of Congressmen. Moreover, legislative Credit for allocation is eamed by rrembars thvough grants to institutions lie manic Pali, schools distc's, and other small government institutions. By the 1970s, 0 quarter of all fodoral grant funds went directly to local government (not via state government) Chubb claims that the Flea gen refonns of 1981-2 were achieved under exceptional circumstances of ele- ora tax ous, patly defectionsand presi- dential persuasions. Nevertheless, the grant consoldation and reduction’ was achieved without significenty freeing the slates offederalaid, as was demonstrated above. {A second facior ensuring centralization is the vastness of the inter-covernmental bureaucracy, which is federally funded. Tha inter-govermmentai arises due to the ‘need for information and expertise by Congress in administering some 400 ca- fegorcal grant programs. A similar nead ‘or information and expedisse links the inter-governmental buraaucracy with tho sub-national bureauracy. The inter go- ‘vemmental bureaucracy has an incentive to press for continuation o' the centraliza- tion due to its special role. This view has been advanced by Chubb and Bencer, Thirdly, the notion of dual fedralism has been challenged by the Supreme Coun ‘on several occassions since the New Deal. The Scheler Poultry Corporation v. US Judgement has been followed by ju- ‘dgemenis that take a more flexible view oflegislative delegations. Moreover, since Scheleriherehavebeen judgermnts which have diluted the tenth amendment. The ‘Scheter judgement impliec that Congress Is not allowed to abdicate or delegate its ‘essential legislative functions. In addition, ‘Scheter established thal Congress or the President could not determine municipal ‘commercial activity. However, whats oru- dal tothe failure of Reagan's bid was the ‘overtuming of NLC v. Usery by Garcia v. SAMTA (1965). The most recent ju: ‘dgemnt he'd thet the slates will have to request Congress for new legslalive ower if they wanted to avold having ‘federal standards appiied to them. There isths constitutional dispute which affects Reagan's advocacy of dual federalism and the reservation of state powars. Conclusion One must recognize that eight years Is insulficient to achieve the ambitious plans ‘outlined by Reagan at the startofhistorm, With somo exceptions, the administra. tion's actions did not match its rhoteric, ‘The reduction in grants to locel and slate bodies meant that the states got more ‘authority but less money. In other words, the stales had less flexibly to exercise that authority, The planneddevoluton ofauthority and ‘enhancement of the state's power failed due to the combination of three factors. Congressional, bureauccalic and jucicial obsiades thwartad Reagan's reforms in ‘several fields. As explained above, thesa centralizing factors ara inherent in the ‘America polity. However, Reagan's new Federaism must be viewed in the context of his other ans forcreatinga minimatst and marke- toriented state. Perhaps that, not reva- mping federalism, was tis prime object= ve. The lack of clarity in objectives worse ned the faikire of the reforms. Tho roal purpose of thenaw focoraliemwas'o hold down domestic spendingon programsthe president did not like. In addiion, the ‘teformrs’ were designed to puta lid oninew federal taxes. The Scholars Tale - 22 Graclually on this Global Networke Wath electronics superceding prudent brainwork Anew breed numbed of thought or feelings Took over Statecraft’ sdiffident dealings While statesmen blinked facinated at the Graphics latitudes were processed swifly into magic Formualae for all Social its. From crashing Markets to the closure of Mills Dead Victorian draught horses Were Flogged on the Banking rececourses But eliminating live labour as resources Dicin't boost the free play of Forces ‘Accumulation became microscopic With the sly siphoning of profit So that the First World cents of the Banks ‘Needed handouts to crank up their Cranks Spin off fiom Intettectual Property Software and Hardware mupperty Didn't aid capital accumulation ‘As much as Third World exploitation ‘So our Heros orders were to tune in Globally « Por investment in Slave labour locally ‘Meanwhile the new Executive Monovirate ‘Limping inon a twenty four percent mandate Programmed its innings on our Heros software Taking Patriotism for ts Trumpet fanfare ‘Thus the offspring somewhat as before With paternity the IMF chose to demur On its Fasctsimixture of Free Markets and patriotism. Became the Ninetees mystic contradiction. U, KarunatilakeWith Best Compliments from ICIB Industrial & Commercial Insurance Brokers (Pte) Ltd. INSURANCE & REINSURANCE BROKERS, Our Specialist Services include Complete & Indepedent Insurance Placement with all Insurers Efficient Claims Recoveries Fisk Management Consultance Insurance Consultancies Financial Advice on Life Assurance Insurance Portfolio Management ee ROE Industrial & Commercial Insurance Brokers (Pte Limited 90, Union Placa (First Floor) Colombo 2. Tet 328640, 438022, 438226 Telex 22785 INSINT CE Fax: 438134 An Associate Company of FORBES & WALKER LIMITEDPress and Privilege G.L Pieris {tis considered. supremely important for the functioning of representative de- mocracy that membets of the elected leGislatureshould ee! reeto express their views without being intimidated by the prospect of lagal iabilly. The atitude of the law is that the protecton available to the maker of the dafamatory statement in the pubic interests quite independent of the purpose for which the defamatory statementis made, A similar atitude has been adooted by the modem law in regard to defamatory, statements made by judges of the estabi- shed courts, parties to legal proceecings, counselrepresentinc tham andwimnessas who are called upon to testy. In these contexts the classical Roman-Dutch law recognised only a qualified privilogo". In keeping with this approach legal pro‘e- ‘tion existed only if the making of the defamatory siatement was sufficient co- innected with the scope and objective of the legal proceedings. However, ihe mo- dem law of Sti Lanka which has modified the attitude of Roman-Dutch law in order to accommodate rather different assu- ‘mpfions underlying English law, has dia- matically expanded the ambitot tha prola- ction granted. In. our country today inthe sottng of judicial proceedings, prillege is not resticled by the nature of the mative which lies behind the defamatory stale- ment, and the protection conierred by the taw is consequently not defeasble by the clearest proo' of malice, What is involved here, at bottom, is a fundamental policy judgment. The philosophy ofthetawis that the aim of providing the participants in judicial proceedings with the untetiered ‘opportunity tospeak without fearisofsuch ‘central concer that it prevails against the fight of an individual that his reputation should nol bo violated. In tho light ofall these instances It's clear thatthe right of, individual tothe integrity of his reputation is not looked upon by the law as an ‘absolute or sacrosanct right. On the co- ntrary, the parameters of this right need - {0 de circumscribed in order to cater to ‘other social values which are upheld in competion. It could happen that a newspaner co- ‘mpary receivedinformation relating to the 10 incidence of enforced child labour in a fishing vilaga dominated dy an influential personality from the area. In this type of ase itis often part o! the reality of the situation that only “inside” information is reliable information, and naturaly, “isi de" information will be provided by pe- rons who will speak atallonlyon the frm condition thal theiridenityiskeptactosely {guarded secret The reason for this is that authentic information is avaliable onty wi thin a narrow circle anc any person wit that circle who chooses to speak, is hi self readily idenifiable es a tainted sou- ree. Quite often the’ desire to provide information stems from quarrels and riva- Iries among those involved in criminal or socially harmful activities. A crime that is committed or concealed by an influsniial police officer may be exposed by a subo- rdinate officer who has had a disagree- ‘mentwith his superior. Especially na rural Selting, information relating to crme, co- ruption orother dshonourable behaviour may be forthcoming from persons in the village who are motivated by jealousy or iewill for some petty reason. In these cases no information will be available at all i there is a risk of disclosure of the identity of the source. Among other rea- son, 2 porson who may othorwice be prompted to epeak in order to assuage Wourded feelings orto ventlats a giieva- noe may hesitate ta do so. for fear of retribution, sings there S 2 probatilty that the person against whom the information is supped, particularly if he occupies a prominent siation in Ife, will decide to retaliate. These are very relevant corside- rations of social psychology in a commu ny such as ours. All this undautinas tha need for the law to confor come degree of protection on the provider of information to tho extent of furnishing him with a guarantee that his, anonymity willbe scrupulcusty preserved. This is an aspect of the legal. doctrine known as privilege. The overall function Of the doctrine ‘of priviege in the law of “evidence is to fortify the contidantiaity of relationships which are thought to be of value to the community as a whole. The identiication of relationshipswhich attract this degree of protection under tho law is influenced by social and cultural factors which vary from time to time in keeping wih prevailing values. The relationship between husband and wife and that be- tween logal adviser and client exemplify siiuations in which the law, ky resoring tothe mechanism of privilege, is prepared to uphold total confidentially. The precti- cal effect of appication of the doctrines ‘of marial privilege and legal professional privilege 1s that a wife cannot be compe- lied in legal proceedings to disclose any ‘communicatin made to her in confidence byher husband during the subsistence of their mariage, any more than a legal adviser can be compelled under cath in ‘2 court of law to civulge an admission ‘made to Fimby his client within the frame- ‘work ofthe professional relationship. The ‘question forusis whether a similar prvile- {ge should be conceded by the law, ena: ing a journalist to refuse to disclose in lvl oF criminal proceedings, ihe identi. ofthe source ftom which he has obiained his information. I a journalstc privilege, 0 conceived, were to be withheld and it the journalist were compellabie to name the party from whom the information has been elicted, there is a real danger that sources of valuable information wil dry up with irretievablo damage to the vigour and effectiveness of investigative journe- Tism, Protecting Sources Does tis mean, then, tat confidential ty of the sources of information used by journalists should be protecied by the lav. ‘ag an absolute value in the interest of free flow of information? Unfortunately, there are dangers inherent in this course of action as well. This will enable persons inspired by petty or malicious motives to ‘supply falso or misleading information to joumaliste and, after the defamatory ma- terialis communicatedio the pubic by the journalist he person from whom the info- ‘tation proceeds wil be protected in civil proceedings by the cloak of anonymity in Which he ramains enshrouded as a resul of the privilege which is successtully ca med by the journalist reaponsible for ihe publicalion, This form of blanket immu available o persons providing informaton to journalists cannot, in tho ultimate ana- lysis, serve the interest ofthe comunity,sinoe it could encourage iresponsible attacks on individuals by persons lacking thecourage to come fonvard and toiderti- fy themselves. Ii fellows that the law must be cautions and discriminating in demma- reating the cireumstances in which to pro- {eclive mechanism of priviloge is racogni- sed in respect of information provided by members of the public for journalists to make Use of in their work, The nature and social value of the infomation that is suppfed, the reason why itis disclosed and the purpose sought to be achieved by the person making the communication are al relevant factors which ought to be taken into account by the law in deciding ‘whether invocation of priviege by journa- ists is waranted in @ particular case. The interplay of these elements as part of the fabric of the law is mada clear by the facts of a case which was dacided by the Courts of England a few years ago. The.case conceredihe publcationbythe Society for the Prevertion of Cruelty to Children in England, of someallogedfacte relaing to abuse and iltreatment of a child. The substance of the statement published by the defendant was that the chid's mother had been guilty of itrea- {ment of te chid in circumstances which Could not but arouse public indignation. The Society for Prevention of Cruetty of Children, in making his statement, made Use of material which hadbeancommuni- caied to the Sociely in confidence by ersons who purported to have first-hand knowledge of the facts of the case. The child's mether suffered @ nervous brea kdown in consequence o' the public rea: ation to the publicsiton of the Society's statement. Claiming thet persona who had reason to dislike her and to hold her up to public ridicule andcontempthadconve- yed substanialy false information to the Society, the childs’ mother sought in civil proceedings to compelthe Society for he Pravention ol Cruelty to children to discio- sethe identity ofits sources ofinformation, so thal she could institute appropriate proceedings against them. This litigation, which went up to the House of Lords, indicates in a vivid form the competing considerations which the courts have found it necessary to reflect Upon in resclving this diffcult problem of public policy. The arguments on the, side oftho child's mothar may seam overwhe- Irving. She contended that she was the hiepless vitim of a conspiracy which was designed to alienate her from the social circles in which she moved. She pointed ut thatthose who read and believed the version of the inddent published by the Society would naturally beinclined tothink badly of her and to shun her company. She argued that the excricating pain of mind which she suffered could attract no legal romedy if the law rofused to permit her access to particulars which sho needed regarding the identity of those who made allegations against her. In the absence of thisinformation, she was una- ble toseeka lucicial remedy against nose who had caused her treparable loss in terms of her social standing and reouta- tion. tt is interesting to note that the rival arguments of policy adduced onthe oppo- sing side were no lass compelling, The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children argued that theirs was an insttu- tion discharging crucial social welfare fu- nnefions under the aegis of powers corfe- rred by statuo. tis plan that, ifthe society i to perform its task adequately, it must ‘of necessity, rely oninformetion reaching it through a variety of channels. Notleast among these channels are neighbours, erstvhife friends and associates in places of work who acquire knowledge regarding Cases of child abuse and consider It their duty to make this knowledge avellanie to the proper public authority in order to alleviate the conkiton of the child. There js no doubt that such persons will have second thoughts about communicating with a public authority if they were aware that, in doing so, they incur the risk of having their identity publicly disclosed, with the accompanying perl of ligaton bing launched againct thom. Tho gist of the ergumert on behall ofthe Society was that a guarantes of condifentialityrelaing to the sources of their information was absolutely essentialif the Society ware to accomplish neotjectivestor the fufiment Cf which it was brought into being. ‘This argument was upheld, in substa- ‘nce, by the House of Lords which agreed that, if the Society could be compelled at the insiance of an aggrieved indivicual to disciose the names of its informants, its ‘work would be almost totally stulfied. Their Lordships were mindful thet this ruling allowed some degree of scope for unscrupulous persons to abuse the pri lege conferred by the law to engage with impuniy in vendettas of their own. But, notwithstanding this danger, he House of Lords was convinced, on the facts of the case before them, that the importance of the welfare functions with which the public institution was entrusted and the impossi- ty of gathering sensiive information without volaing the confidence subject to which the information wassupplied, justify recognition of the prvilage clamed. ‘The atitude of modern courts is to attomp! a case by case evaluation of the ‘equilies for and against disclosure, in ‘ordertodetermine onbalence whetherthe ‘social interest is better served by prese- rvalion of confidentiality or by revealing the identiy ofthe sources from which the Information emanaies. The developing law 1s supportive, on the whole, of 2 discretionary app‘oach wnich enablesthe courts, in the lignt of the facts and the setting of a paticular problem, to decide imaginatively how the overall advantage ofthe communty could bestbe promoted. ‘The consistent movement in the evolving law is towards expansion of the area of disclosure and resticton of the ints w- ‘thinwhich prilegecan beapsliediegitima- te. Prevaiing judicial attitudes rece from secrecy and highlight the value of Uninhitited access to information on the Comnpleteness of which the proper outco- ime of tigation depends. The couris are, therefore, reluctent to exclude vital info- mation from the amtit of disclosure on ‘such grounds as public interest immunity which are directed towards protection of pariculary vulnerable state interests. ‘The widespread conviction today in al judical tribunals with regard to the rece piion and assessment of evidence ls that the quality of usticeis Fkely to be enriched yas extended an application aspossble dl the principle of openness. At the same time it is undoniablo that thore continue tobe situations inwhich eccurateinforma- tion, indispensable as the basis of deci sions inimportanisectors ofpublic admin stration, can realsticaly be obtained only upon the assurance of secrecy. For insta- Nee, a pubic authonity, in decidng whe- ther to issue a gun licence or to crant a licence fer a casino of a liquor shop, may find it necessary to be quided by police feports which are themselves based la- ‘gely on firsthand information volunteered by persons who will not ba prepared to come forward with information unless absolute secrecy regarding their identity ie promised. In the area of enforcement f tax or other revenus laws, and also in regard to the detection of smugging at ports and harbours, information which 1"‘evita fortho pumoseofaccuring complia- nce with the law is often available only subject fo the rigid condiion of cortide- niialty. The truth, then, is that the expe nding frontiers othe principle otoperess, whieh certainy captures tne spint of the ‘modem law in regard to the admission of relevant evidence in judicial proceedings, stil needs to be held in check in some limited areas where an element of reserve is necessary for effecive law enforco- ment. Subject to these inevitable. co- nstraints, there is every reason, as a matter of policy, to ushold as part of the contemporary law a form of joumalsic privloge which entails inviolabilty of the sources of information to owhich journa- fate have recourse in their hnvesiigative work. Environmental Influence Sinee a joumaistworks in agiven social setting, be is necassauilyinluenced by the attitudes and values which pervade the social and cultural environment at any given time, While this is entiely healthy, in so far as i makes for e relevance and broad acceplabilty of the stance of a Joumaist in regard to fundamental social ‘questions, the work of ajouralist should by no means represent a mechanical Teflecton of prevailing values and respo- ‘ses. itisthe aim ofa journalist not merely to capture the spit of prevailing pubic pinion but to fashion and mould that opinion in accordance wilh sound prior- ties as he perceives them. There are context in which traditional values and patterns of thought need to be departed ‘rom in order to give the fullest expreesion 10 ideas of oquity and feimess which are ‘typical of the mood of ¢ new age. In al epochs of history, when a social transfo- mation was taking place and when new Values and standards were emerging in fesponse to current requirements, those in the vanguard of stimulating the cevelo- pment of pubic opinion have had to use ‘thelr insight and sensitivity to ‘cischarge adidacticfunction. Ths is tue of al major imovative currentsin thehistory ofhuman ideas and institutions. The campaign for the aboliton of savery in the United Sta- tes, he damand iorsociel justice in labour relations after the Industial Revolution in Europe and the arowing intemational su- port for nuclear disarmament in our own times are examples of this. continuing process. ‘The Social Disabilities Act in our own country was found to be necessary 2 coder to promote socalustice by repudia- ting inpartcertain traditional concepts and ‘assumptions which gover attitudes. to Casts and other social groupings. Pro- blems of this kind are especially acute in devecoping societies, and sensiive social issues have arisen inItigation wih which the courts of india for instance, have had to grapple. In these areas which invoWe social attudes reinforced by convention and usage emong generations, it oftan happens thal thought and reacion within the existing mould are buttressed by po- Wertul emctions. Acharge inlegalnorms, it iis to secure acceptance with any degree of sponianeily by tho community at large, must be preceded by a gradual softening of orthodox valuos in tho wake at froch thinking and approaches. This calle for basie changes inthe ideclegical and socal ciate In bringing about such {an ervironment conducive to changes in ‘helaw, journalistswith perceptionof eme- iging social prioriies have an essental Patt lo play. No group in modern society possesses ine potential trey have to tra- nisform social thinking by exposure tothe influence of novel standards. in these situations therole ofthe journalististolead rather than to comply At this juncture in the development of society, the most important aspect of a jpumalist's work, probably, is connected with the sharpening of pubicawamess of individual and collective rights. There has been considerable progress in Sri Lanka in recent years regarding the incorpora- tion of fundamental rights in the constity- tional instrument and the improvement of the existing machinery for the enforce- ment of these rights. The proposed Human Rights Commission is 2 valuable adgilion to the mechanisms which the legal order offers the community for this purpose. However, the spirit of freedom ‘cannat be nurtured by legal concepts and by the modalities for judicial enforcement. alone. The mostaffacive guarantee ofthe vitality of human rights in society consists, of the existence of a body of weliniormed ‘and articulate public opinion conscious of the value of the entrenched rights and showing determination to resist any atte- pled encroachment. in spreading this ‘warness 80 that it becomes part of the ‘experience of as wide a section of the ‘community as possible, there is intrinsic meiit in incorporating aspects of humsn ‘'ghls in compulsory currculaat seconda- ry schoo! leval and porhaps aleo in unive- rsitiss. Successful altompts have been made in counties like Australia and Papua-New Guinea to popularize human rights by focussing upon their content and theirimolications for society. For exemple, In the Australian stale of Victoria, an annual Law Day has been proclaimed to ‘stimulate public discussion of fundame- nial issues connected wih freedom and the law. Mass media have controuted significantly to the usefulness of these Measures which depend on extensive articipationbyall sections of the commu. nity. Jouralists, ro less than lawyers and ecucationists, must make their contribu. tion to ensure the success of such ventu- res. It is for tham to use their ingenuity and expertise to make animpact on public opinion by presenting themes involving the application of legal principioe end remedies to stronathen individual liberty, interms which are meaningful forthe vast ‘macs of the peopie. Knowledge is the key to freedomin an ‘age of technology. In general itis part of the business of the journalist to keep the community fully informed of all that is happening around it. But there are circu stances in which journalists would be required to act with restraint and circu- mspection in. reporting potentially inta- mmable events or developments, This dimension of joumalism assures special importance in times of turbulence, Selecti- ‘ye reporting of news may nct be inagpro- priate in situations where communal pa- ssions are likely to be aroused to the detriment of society as 2 whole, This is primarily a matter of sell-requlation which 's best achieved by a code of conduct which journaiists, as a responsible profe- ssion, should evolve for themselves. The inclination of the modem law has heen to encourage professional organizations to develop standards and criteria for the members of their respective professions and subject to ameasure of averal contol which is largely procedural in form, the courts are content to allocata to roprese- ‘tative professional bodios a generous measure of autonomy. This siems from the conviction cn the part of judges that needs and reallies pertinent to the work. of a given profession are best assessad and catered for by the profession iself, Under the gereral supervision of law ento- cement triounals whose role Is very ilmi- ‘ed in Soope. This highights tha importa nice ot self-direction on the part of jaurra- lists which can only be assisted but can never be supplanted, by the cours. Note (11) Yost vConmenianies 47,1020 Porundy Yuter optPreserving Sri Lanka’s ancient remedies Tomas Larsson Notall things oldare discardedIn the tush to modernise in Srl Lanka, Alo- ngside the expansion of a Weste- mstyle healthcare system, the country, which has the best overall health record in South Asia — and Indeed ranks high in this respect ‘among all Third World countries — is taking care that Its traditional medicine ls not lost. Cclombo: One day when he was out walking, MMKB Yalegama, a etiredgove- mment empoyee, suddenly and inexpli Ccably fell fat on his face.‘ couldn't getup’ he recounts from his hospital bed. I was tolally paralysed from the neck down. After spending a month in Cclomto's General Hospital and seeing litle change, ‘Mr Yalegama sought treatment zt a local establishment that practises traditional medicine. Hare, following ayurvadc, Mr Yalegama received herbal massages, oil bbaths and acupuncture, and he is says he is improving. ‘Our Oriental system is far batter than that of the West when it ‘ecmes to cartain disaases’, he says. Mr. Yalegama was tezted at Bandara- naike Memorial Ayurvedic Research Inst {uie (BMAR), located in a lush of medici- nial herds and trees, some 15 kilometres from Colombo's city centre. To get there one travels on roads clo- ged with shiny Japanese cars and ou- Tlock carts and passes run-down shops dealing US brand-name sot drinks: that In Si Lanka the new is quickly replacing the ola But not al things old are discarded in the tush to modemise. Alongside the expansion of a Westem-style health-care system, Sri Lanka, which has the best ‘overall heath record in South Asia —and indeed ranks high in this respect among all Third World courtries —is taking care that ts traditional medicine is not lost. Ayurveda, which denves from the Sanskrit word Ayus, ‘fe’ Veda, meaning ‘knowledge’ or ‘science’, is an ancient medical system that orignaied in India in the 10th century BC. It combines a study of the pyhsical, ‘mental and emotonal aspects of health. For treatment, Ayurveda reles heavily on the use of remedies made fom herbs and indiviualised dietary and regime. Incultural‘rebirth'in 1848, folowingthe end of British rule in Ceyion, as Sri Lanka was then, ayurvedic colleges were placed under government sponsorship and numerous ayurvedic hospitals were established. In this way, the centuries-old passing down of medical knowledge from master tostudentiom to son, inmost cases-was instiutionalised and given a modemctoak. n-1980, @ Ministry of Indigenous Medicine was created, It is estimated thet 7,500 ayurvedic practitoners are actve in Sri Lankatoday, and that 3,000 are formally Icensed. In comparison, there are some 23,000 doctors or paramedics in Sri Lanka that have been rainedinthe Westerntraditon, ‘Yet despite the availabilty of modem medicine, Jaliya Medagama, secretary of the Minisry of indigenous Medicine, est- ‘mates that around 80% of the population ‘consu tracitionzl healers. Otten ayurve- dic treatment is sought for chronic or ‘geriatric conditions for which no ‘quick fix’ isavailabl, Including rheumatoid arthitis, skin diseases, asthma and diabetes. “Thad anthrtis for two years,’ explains 45-year old woman, whose feet, knees, hands and elbows are covered in a clay- like, reddish herbal paste. ‘| had gone for treatment everywhere-including Co- ombo's most famous private nursing home. ‘Sx weeks ago, in frusvation, she sought help at the Genial Ayurveda Hospital,a teaching instution in Coiombo. ‘Now the pain has gone away,’ she says, ‘and I can move my neck again’ “The approach is holistic,’ says Upali Pilapitiva, cirector of BMARI, who treals his patients with @ combination of thera~ pies involving herbal potions and steam baths, oll massages, acupuncture, music therapy, yoga, meditation and dietary prescrptions, ‘According to ayurvedic theory, explains: Dr Pilapiiya, diseace is the result of an imbalance in the bodys three forces: vata (which corresponds to the nervous system); pitta (the metabolic systemjand ‘kapha (the body's various fluids). ‘When the three forces ave in the balance,’ he says, a person is healthy.’ Like most ayurvedic physicians, DrPila~ pitiyais following the vocation ot his ance- tors. He explains that ayurvedic trea- ‘mentis of two types. One aims to support the body systems and promote and safe- guard the existng state of health, The ‘second is curative, and seeks toliminate the causes of pain and disease. To purty ‘the body, a series of purgative processes are used — Including blood cupping, ‘sweating and emptying the stomach, Herbs play en impcrtant role in the treatment, as evidenced by the spicy ‘odours that permeate ayurvedic establi- shments, Traditional practticners sill {grow or colect the herbs that they use in their remedies. Large-scale commercial productionis also underway at marethan 80 private ertemprises, as well as at the government-owned Sri Lanka Ayurvedic Drugs Corporation. Here, large quantities of 740 cifferent plants are Used to make 655 formulas. One metric toone of garlic, for example, is used each month, The consumotion of medicinal herbs is so great that some plants are now becoming scarce. ‘The United Nations Development Pro- gramme (UNDP) has helped the gove- ‘ment to tackle this problem by suppo- iting the establishment of three herbal gardens, and by providng taining to farmers and schoclchildren in the cultiva- tion and use of medicinal plants, ‘Some o! the plants being grown are naive to Si Lanka, butare now rare due to over-colection, including Munrovia pu- ‘mila, whichisusedforhighteversassoca- ted wih malaria and other affictions. ‘Other species, which have been intio- duced, are not found in the wild in Sri Lanka, but are being mported in ‘arge quantities from countries such as Inda, Pakistan and Nepal. These include the Plant Psoralea coryfolia, which is a ‘commonly usedmedication orskindisea- ses. While in many respecis Ayurveda is firmly rooted in Sri Lankan society, it 13suffers from a generational bias that does ot bods wel for lis furure. Itisestimatedthat nearly three-quarters of traditonal ayurvedic practitioners are over the age of 50, And many who retire are not replaced. Young people tend to have less fait in the efficacy told medi- cine! than their elders, and BMARI, for ‘one, is facing serious dificultes in finding new recruits, To change such attitudes ‘requires research, says Commissioner of ‘Ayurveda NW Weralupitiva, ‘so we can rove to the younger ganeration, and to ‘he world, that Ayurveda has a scientiic basis. ‘Ayurvedic wisdom is atrisk of disappea- fing. Athough traditional. practitioners fend t0 keep their knowledge secret, a wealth of information hes been compiled ver the centuries on thousands of pa- meat sheaves, describing systems of diagnosis and treatment. techniques, along with specific herbal remedies. This information has been transcribed and published in seven volumes. Eleven ‘More volumes in the series, entilled Pre- scriptions in Ola-Leat, are being produ- ced, asis a five-volume series on modici- nal plants. In the future, it is hoped thet some of this information wil be made available i English, providing a sort of road map for scientisis seeking new applications of ancient remedies. Other Third World countries in the Asia ‘and Pacific region, which have their own systems of traditional madicine, aro eager toleam moreabout Sri Lankan medicinos and techniques. Some exchanges are already underway: Si Larka's ayurvedic Practiionets, as a rule, go to India for Postgraduate studies in fields not yet ‘available in thoir homeland, ‘And Dr Pilapitiya, for one, has travoltod to China and South Korea to loam acupuncture. ‘Acupuncture is descrivedin the ola-leaf manuecripts, buthas fallen out Of use in Sri Lanka,’ he expialns. At a Buddhist temple in Thailand ne also Picked up a-hevbal treatment to help People overcome drug addiction, which fhe now used in his practice, Leading ayurvedic practitioners in Sri Lanka, including Dr Pilapitiva, regularly receive foreign patientsfo:treaiment. And wil the growing interest in altamatve health-care. systems in many Weston nations, somo have suggasteda potential for health tourierr’, combining the lure of @ tropical island resot with ayurvedic therapies. hnonically,itrmaybe this surgeofinterest ‘rom the West that gives Ayurveda anew lease of life among Sri Lanka's younger generation. — Third World Network Feawres Social summit’s outstanding issues Martin Khor The final Social Summit preparatory ‘meeting has ended with agreement on most points, Key outstanding Issues that remain to be resolved In Copenhagen include the treatment of Third World debt, conditions for ald, and proposals to bring the Bre- tton Woods institutions more close ly Inline with the UN, New York: Preparations forthe Untied Nations-organised World Surmmit tor So ial Development, which over 100 heads ‘of government ara expected to attend in ‘March, are wellunder way with the recent conclusion ofitsfinalpreparatory meating Although eareementhas been reached by diplomats in many areas, the gove- ment leaders meeting at the Copena- gen Summit on 6-12 March wil ail have todecida on some crucialissues, especiar lly the troatment of Third World debt and the future relations beiween the UN and the Bretton Woods insttutons (the World Bank and International Monetary Fund). So far, about 100 heads cf state or govemment, mainly from Third. Word 14 countries, have confirmed thair attenda- ‘nce. Most leaders from developed cou- nities have yet to do so, ‘The third and final sossion of the Secial Summits preparatory committee (Pre- oom) epproved new (bul not final) Versions of the Summit's two documents: political declaration and a programme of action, ‘The meeting's most important develo- ment was the finalisation of an agree- ‘ment on how to deal with structural adju- stment, which had emerged as perhaps the ‘key issue of the Sumnt process, Structural adjustment programmes. are policies that soverely indebted Third World countries are obliged to follow as 2 condition for receiving World Bank and INF help in rescheduing tneir debts or obiaining new ane, ‘These policies have led to serious so- lal problems, such as an increase in Povertyand unemployment. The prepara- tory meeting agreed that modifications should be éllowed to these poicies in order to promote social development. Much of the substance of both the Declaration and the Programme of Action comprises proposals or commiments 10 eradicate poverty, reduce unemployment and promote social integration (the ‘Sumirit's main themes) and these mainly involve natoraHlevel measures. Only a few points of disegreement remain on them, However, a few key Intemational-level or North-South issues that were heavily Gebated during the Prepcom are out ‘Siarding, and willbe broughtto the Cope- nhagen Summit for resolution. Chief meng them is the treatment of the deve- loping worlc's external debt, which occu- ied a large pari of tho energies of the diplomats during the Prepeom. ‘Other issues in contention include: the form of the institutional follow-up to the ‘Summit; the nature of future collaboration between the Bretton Woods institutions; ‘the propased'20:20’cencopt of mutualaid condtionality; the trestment of workers’ rights; and treatment of economies in transition,One of the original aims of the Summit process was for part of the discussion to be conducted beyond the usual ‘No- tth-South' fines, to 2lso involve the social robiemes (including poverty, joblesaness. ‘and socialdicintogration) of thedeveloped ‘countries, which by most accounis are in a critical state. However, it became clear early on that Northem countries were most reluctant to ‘make the Summit a forum to hep settle their internal (and presently intense) de- bates on social policy, Thus. although some cf the wording in the documents ould refer to all countries, in effect tho ‘spotlight was put on how to tackle pro- bblems in tha developing world, in ine with the usual practice n previous UN confere- ‘Aces. Prior Issues Intermsofbuk, mostofihe documents’ proposed policies and programmes deal with rational-evelmoacures, andin hese there were fow roal controversies. Much of the dscussicns focused on problems and policies et the inernationalievel, and ‘hus the process eventually turned mainly fhto_a forum for continuing the No- rth-South discussion, ing the Core International ‘The basic core issue was the same: how can internatonal cooneration be improved and global. structures made more fair to the South, so as to relax the considerable axiernal constraints that duce developing countries’ options, po- ssiblitios and resources for social develo- pment Within this general framework, there ‘was however a major change in emohasis in the Social Summit process, compared tothe United Nations Conference on Envi- fonment and Development(UNCED), the Environment Conventions and the Pepu- lation Conference. Inthese atherCenfere- ‘ces, by farthe main theme wasthe need for a dramatic ineroaso in foreign aid and concessional loans, or ‘new and adcitio- ‘nal resources'in the UN jargon. By now, ilis clear that ald is the wrong free to be barking at. At the 1992 Earth Summit, where the big batle at the last stage was overaid, tieNorthem counties agreed (in non-binding language of cou- 132) to raise aid levels significanty and to ‘ty to meet the earlier pledge of providing official davelepmont assistance (ODA) ‘equivalent to 0.7% of their gross domestic. produet (GOP). Far from keeping to that pledge, most Northern countries have since cuttheiraid volume, some of them quite substantially, Further cuts are on the way. And of what remains, a significant portion will clearly be dvertedto the former Soviet Union and East Europe. Flogging the ailing horse of debt would appear a lost cause. ‘The Group of 77, aided by the Summit Ptepcom chairman, Chilean Ambassador Juan Somavia and supporied by dozens of veeal non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in the Development Caucus and the Women's Caucus, put the spottight Instead on the need to resolve the debt Crisis, to revieward reform structuraladju- stment, and to make the Bretton Woods institutions more accountable and more in line with social development aspia- tions. The NGOs argued strengly that theso factors had weighed heaviy on mest Third World counties, resuling in continuous recession and increased poverty and dis ‘tegration. It WoUld thus be farcical or even hypecriical to make proposals ‘or social development uniess these factors Were removed or reduced, in the oficial negotiations, the G77 and China aiso put maior emphasis on these issues, which by the second Propcom meeting in August 1994 and the October intersessional meoting hed become the ‘cause calebro' of the Summit process. Midway through the second week ofthis third Prepcom, a small consultaive group chaired by Malaysian Ambassador, Raza- Ismail, reached accord on most poinis Talating 'o the sensitive cluster of issues on structural adjustment, financial resou- tees {or intematicnal cooperation and insttuioval follow-up. However, some tricky questions on the last two of those issues are cll outstanding, Third World Debt Meanwhile, a working group under ‘Ambassador Butler of Australia was trying {0 get agreement on the debt iesus. In a way, the negofiaions were a replay of the discussions in late 1994 at the General Assembly and the Second Conrnites, where the G77 and the Non-Aligned Mo- ‘vernent had put forward a comprehensive Joint resolution on debt. The General Assembly passed a much watered-down version in mid-December. ‘The Mexican financial crisis, which cast along shadowoverPrepcom3, undersce- ted the NGO ‘and Souther counties’ message that the debt crisis Ie far from ‘over, and that many countries were either sill in deop waters or could be about to reenter them. For them, a solution to debt was a prerequisite to iong-ierm social development. At the Prepcom, the G77 and China Were pushing for biateral debt cancella- tion (and not merely a vague ‘reduction’) for the most indebled and poorest cou- nities. They also pressed for a cornmi- tment: from Northern govemments to begin the process of extending the princi- ple ofrolicf tormultiateral debt (debisowed to the intemational financial Institutions which, unlike commercial and bitateral debts, had not yet been subjected to fee). They also wanted debt relief not only forleastdeveloped countriesbut also for heavily indebted iower-middle develo- ping countries, Allthese points were not acceptable to the leading Northem delegations. The disagreements aro reflected in several parts of the documents that will now go ‘on to Copenhagen for resolution. The Aid Issue And 20:20 On the issue of aid, the Declaration ‘contains the familar proposal, ‘Sirive for the fulfilment of he agread target of 0.7% of GNP for overall OCDA.as soon as possi- ble’ as part of Commitment 8. This is ‘accompanied by: ‘increase the stiare of funding for social development progra- ‘mmes, commensurate with the scope and ‘scale of acivities...of this Declaration and Programme of Action Onthe closing days ofthe Prepcom, the G77 proposed the establishment of a special ‘international Fund for Social Do- velopment’ to make available the additio- nal resources oimplemont the Copenha- gen Programme of Action. The funds governance would bedecided through the General Assembiy/Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). 15‘Thiswas the most concreteand newest of the:propocale for aid. It wae not acce- pied at the Prepcom, and will bere-discu- ‘ssed at Copenhagen. The general feeling is that the proposal (reminiscent of the ‘Green Fund’ proposed by neG77 during the UNCED negotiations) has almost no chance of baing accepted by the North. What will be agreed to by all is some: version of the famous 20:20 concept, in which there ie a ‘mutual agraement be- tween develoned and daveloping cou- Iiries to give higher priority tobasic social senices by alocating, on average, 20% of ODA and 20% of national budget, re- ‘spectively, lo priority basic scciel prograr mimes’ ‘Thisonginalworcing isstiluncerdispu- te. Some courtries accept the principle of greater allocation to social programmes, Dut drop the mention of the 20%, Others ‘agree on the 20% but wantit referred only to countries that so request it. ral, some developing countries ing the 20.20 commitment out of fearitwouldbeanew condifonaliy. Somo Northem countries are also concemed that it would restrict their aid allocation. It remains to be seen if 2020 can we thstand these reservations in Copenha- ‘genorwhether only a vague shadow with ‘mere ganeral commitment will remain. Labour Standards “The currentdooumenis also nave squa- 1 brackets in relation to workers’ rights in various sections. Whist some Norte countries would like to see stronger la- ‘guage onintematonallabour standards, many develooing countries are conce- med thet the text will not be used to promote the move in other fora to link labour standards with trade measures through the World Trade Organisation. In Copenhagen, the remaining diferences willbe sorted out, UN-Bretton Woods Relations On the issue of invelving the Bretton Woods institutions and of policy cohere- ‘nce between them and the United Na- tions, the Programme of Action deals wth this in para 81 (on which there is conse- sus) in relation to social development ‘goalsin generaland structural adjustment in particular. ‘Another concrete anc important propo- salis that ECOSOC andthe Development ‘Committee of the World Bank and IMF should hold a joint meeting annually to consider the implementation of the Decia- ration and Programme of Acion, This proposal has not been agreed on, andis, likely to face oppostion from Northem ‘countries that may see it as an intrusion into the powers of the World Bank and IMF. Another conerete proposal, also in di- spt, is that ECOSOC convenean expert ‘committee on intematicnel cooperation to strengthen national tax systems as well asto study the impact of the intemational monetary and fiscal systems on social development Countries in Transition ly, there are also square brackets scattered all over the texts referring to proposals for aid or special treatment (similar in corre casos to that givon to developing counties) for countries with economies in transition, The Sociel Sur mimit process has seen increasing re- ques's by the former Soviet Union cou- nies and Easter Europe for special consideration. Many developing countries are conce- ‘mod that their epecial status would be considerably eroded, should comm: iments and programmes be explicitly made for the countries in econome trans tion. They fear that the preferences, co- cessions and aid for developing cou- nies may then be eroded, or diverted to Easter Europo and Russia. - Third World Network Features. ‘Martin Khoris director ofthe Third World ‘Network. PART 2 NAM in the Nineties Nana, Sutresna Je do feel that in the Security Council, the majority is disenfra- nchised and excluded from much of the decision-making that is taking place. Herce all the Members of our Movement have demanded an expansion of the me- bership of the Council. They have also called for viglance to ensure that the ‘Security Councildoasnotencroach on the jurisdiction and prerogatives of the Gene- fal Assembiy. While lieve is a wide spe- trum of views on these important issues, the effectiveness of the NAMas an advo- 16 cate for reformin the Unted Nations would depend upon its unity, cohesion and co- ‘mmonaliy of interests. That is the rationa- le fortheestablishment of he Movements High Level Working Group for the estiu- ‘turing of the United Nations which isnow actively at workin the General Assembly. ‘What has becoma appartent in this spate of activities andinvolvemenis of the Movement is that the decisions taken at fis Jakarta Summit have not remained decisions on paper — they have been given concrete realily anc have assured alife oftheir own. Indonesia, as Chairman of the Movement, has made it a point that these decisions should be tranclatod into acion. Ik has also made it a point to Femined Members of the Movement to speak and to actin intemational forums in accordance wit he intentions and the spit of these Summit decisions. At tho United Netions in New York, the Coord naling Bureau of ne NAM hasbeen mee- ting regularly todiscuss not only the imple- mentation of the decisions of the TenthSummit but algo to-actvely coordinate the positions of the Movement on various Issues of Importance to the Non-Aligned and other developing countries. Itispossble and! do hope that indono- sia has besn able to sot a trend in the ‘conduct ofthe Chairmanship of the Move- ment. Many more initiatives have to be launched in order to help bring about the Movement’s envisioned naw international order and in each of these, the Chairma- nship plays a central role. Realizing this, the membership of the Movement has provided the Chairmanship wtha mesha- rism for seeking assistance ai the highest poliical leva! from tho appropriate me- bers whenever @ commen concern be- ‘comes uigentor crtical. This isin he form of a special mandate which enables the Chairman to form and convene a commi- thee at the Summit or Ministerial level to tackle spocticurgent problems. Although there aretwo formutasforthe membership f the committee, the Chaimanis free to include any member whose resources andexnerience wouldbe most appropria- toto the tack at hand. Ithas 10 be acknowledged, however, that in working for its vison of a new intemational order, the NAM has to co- lend with the nermal constraints rational cooperation and relations —not the least Of which is the fact that some ‘counirias are more powerful than others and they often have thelr way without regard to the views of their sovereign fequels. This fact of international if Is apparent even in such a globel organza- tion dedicated io democracy — the United Nations. ‘The Movementhes also to contend with intemal constraints, one of which is the fact nat here area tewmembers that are stil more comfortable with the old adve- ‘sarial approach to dealing with the cou- nies of the developed North and with international institutions. itis important to get these members with the oldorientation “on board”, as a more cohesive Move- ment would be more beneficial nat only to tha members but also to the outside world. A more serious internal constrantis the fact that there are members in a dispute or @ state of confict with one another. It has happened that the Chairmanship had to expend so much tme and offort in preventing the meetings ofthe Movernent ‘rom becoming a forum forthe alring of bilateralgrevances and mutualrecrimina- tion. This couldhavea deterrent effect on South-Saith cooperation and may even Uundormine the negotiating posttion of the South vis-a-vis the Countriesofthe Nor. Thus, aways among the first victims of such conflicts is develooment. ‘There Is therefore a clear and urgent need for the Members of the Movement 10 evolve a mechanism for the setilement of disputes and management of patential conflict ernong NAM members, Thisisone of the urgent concerns that | hope will be taken up in the Eleventh NAM Summit to be held in Colombia in the later part of this year. With this, | trust that | have given the distinguished participants of this Saminar @ sulficiont view for discussion of the significance of the Non-Aligned Move- ment in the decade of the 1890s as well 8 of the sources of its strengih and is weaknesses. By way of summing up, | should lice to say that the Non-Aligned Movement has been able io change with the changhg times. and thus not ony preserved its relevance but fas also Increased is involvement in worthy inte- ational causes that are corsistont with Principles and ideals. Where once it was the champion of independence mo- vements, itis now a leading advocate of gltal interdependence. Ifl may say so, ithas succeeded in placing iis own age- nda in the mainstream of international thought end concem. Much can be further achioved simply by building on whatit has so far eccompi- shedby way ofpromotingtne North-South and South-South. processas. And | do believe that as the NAM continues on its resent track, twill beeome.an even more Prominent factor in intemational develo- ments in the years to come not only in ‘terms of serving the developrent aspira- tions of its members but also in terms of ‘evolving conceptual frameworks for'coo- eration with othor groupe of countries. ‘And | believe this is possible because the vast majority of nations today have finally come to realize that human destiny is indivisible, that the fate and fortunes of the North and South are hextricably inte- ‘wined. The North cannot sustain its eco: nomic development without stability and development in the South. The counties ofthe South cannot achieve their develo: pment goals without the conducive global environment that the policies of the cou- nities of the North should provide. Itis to the interest of both sides. therefore, that they shoud sit down and workout a way ‘of menaging the formidable challenges of thedecades ahead. tisalsoto theinierest Of Doth sides that the South should beco- me more sett-eliant and ebla to make full use of development resources thet are already in the South. ‘Onbehalf of he South, theNon-Aligned Movement has extended an fnvilation to Dialogue 'o the countries of the North. Thare has been a heartening, positive fesponse. At tha same time, the Non-All- gned Movement has also set tha etago for broadenod and iniersified Sou- ‘th-South cooperation. inthis, 100, there hhas bee enthusiastic response, ‘Thus, as | look to the future, Idoso with, ‘wel-founded hope. For it iS clear that humanity is taking a good number of important steps towards a mere|ust, moro peaceful, sacure and prosperous interna- tonal order. This seminars cenahy one of them. And itis appropriate thet itshould take place in Colombo which was a sta- ‘ting point ofa process that eventually ed to the founding of the Non-Aligned Move- ent. Let me thereiore convey to the Govemment of Sn Lanka and those who ‘organized this seminar the deep aporecia- tion of President Soeharto as Chairman 6f the Non-Aligned Movement for this important endeavour to shed light on the meaning ofthe momentous events of our tine. 7id mater * Can be summoned to your doorstep. No call up charge within erty limits * Vehicle access trom selected stands * Receipts issued on request * Company credit available Call 501502 501503 or 501504The ‘India Factor’ in:Sri. Lanka's Foreign-and Security Policy, 1948-94 Humayun Kabir Introduction A study on SriLanka’s foreign and security policy is wall-marted for several reasons. First, shico the coming of J.R, Jayewarde: ne's United National Party (U.N.P.) gove- ‘ment into power in 1977, Sri Lanka's fo- relgnpolicy hasbesn broughtio theforetront Of public and private dicussions, as was the case in 1956 when S.W.R.D. Banadaranai- ‘e's leftleaning Si Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP.) was ‘rst swept inlo power alter Gefeating the hitherto. ruling rightwing U.N. Second, as Sri Lanka, being a small island state with stragio significance, has always tended to rely on is foreign policy a9 a suvival, a study of the same In iselt | worth pursuing. Third, given the existence of other comparable cases, such study may Provide a widor relevance. Fouth, it would Beintoresting to oxamine the implications of ‘the end of the Cold War forthe foreign and Secutty poicy of Sx Lanta, AA slucy cn the ‘India factor in Sri Lanka's foreign and security policy 's more in order forthe fellowing reasons: (1) India hasbeen ‘he most relevant and enduring facto’ 1o0- ‘ming argo on thi islene's horizon; (2) Itis often said by some academic “high priests’ as wal as by como of the ‘commoners that While the LNP govammentshave reditiona- lyperceived threatsfrom inca, tho SLFP-lod (overmments have not dene so, with conco- ‘Quent efiection inthe country’s forsign policy Ctientalion and strategy. A probe into itis {indeed worthwnife; (3) Anintense debatehas been generated in Sri Lanka by the 1987 Peace Accord wih regard to an unpieced>- ‘led change: in the tenor and texture of felaionship between India and Sr Lanka. A ose scrutiny of some of the Accord prov ‘sons may help one apprecate the ‘pangs of proximity’ of a domestically Insecure "Da ¥id' to a ‘Goliath’ who is ‘inlerested In the formers domestic and foreign policy realms, ‘and the “pangs of ‘desertion’ "of David by Some of the more poworiul but distant ard hitherto interested Goliathe; ard (4) It'S of More than academic inquietiveness io ‘address curselves the question whather tho Peace Accord 's valid now in the post-Cold War eta, particulary under the SLFP-ed People's Aliance (PA) govemmentthat after 17 yeass of UNP rule staged a speciacular ‘comeback in 1994 under the leadership Of President Chandika Bandaranaika Kumaretunga, ‘Senior Research Felow Bangladesh Insite for Iewematone! and Strategie Stules,Vsiing Fellow BCIS Celombe, This, therefore, isa study on Si Lanka's fereign and security policy wih particular referencoto india. The focusis on the polit- Ce-strategic dimonsion seen in terms of te Faction between and among demectic,rogic- fal and extra-regional factors as they imp- ‘nge on the foreign and sscutty policies of India and Sti Lanka. The focus fe also on the diferenca in strategies that Sx Laniats LUNP and SLFP governments had pursuod in relation to india. The problematic ic the herent divergence in the mutual atitudos and mages of inda and Sri Lanka, in their foreian policy perspectives and security co. ‘noems, and in the poicies the two countios adopt towards each other with a view to redressing the dissonarce and divergence. This is a study of relaionship between 2 ‘great and a small power, a study of uneven felationship between two highly asymmetric Neighbours. In other words, this is a study on the attitudes and polices bome out of Indo-centricty and Indo-phobia, but not on how to meet the challenges of reconciling ese two opposies. It is an interaction ‘model of Indo-centicily and Indo-ahobia, the tensiorrissues being Sri Lanke's foreign and securty poicy, and her ethnic confict, ‘The questions that are raised in the paper are; What is ihe locus standi of S1i Lanka in Inda’s foreign and securty policy? What are the determinants of S1t Lanka's foreign and securily policy? What strategy does Sri Lanka folow toredress the powerimbalance: with India? What role did India play in Sri Lanka's ethnic crisis? What were SriLana's ompulsionsimperatives to sign the Peace ‘Accord with India in 1987? Did this signing, heraléa new era in het relavonshipin terms, of formal'salion of India's hegemony over the laland nation? Is the Peace Accord valid in tho post Cold War period in tems of as hegemonic content? What are the foreign policy challenges fecing the People's Alia- ee government? Nore pertinent questions, however, are: Can a Third World smal stats afford for ong to pursue 2 non-conformist foreign policy Vis-avis a regional groat power? Gan such ‘small state, which is omesticaly ncecure and urstable, always rely on oitra-regional ‘Support for building countee-poizo to such a big neighbour? Doos this emall power have ay foreign policy options inthe ovont ofits intemal turmoil and colapse of its countor. balancing stategy other than to succumb to the hegemenic pressure of the regional Power? What impact does the end of the ‘Cold Warhaveon the regional power elatio- ‘ship between a great and small power? The study has several major concems, ‘One ol them Is that india has always been the most fundamental preoccupation in Sri Lanka's foreign and security policy, eme- ging into @ dominating position since the 1970s. The paper argues hal Indiahas been the prime concem to the Sil Lanka gove- ‘ments, regardless of their politcal comple >on. in formulating the county's foreign and ‘socutty policy. Indeed, India has bean the point of departure of Sri Lanka's such pdicy, ‘Another one ie that while the UNP gove- ‘mments unti 1987 had pursued @ nonvcon formist India policy, the SLFP administra: tions had followod a ‘pilot fish’ strategy. The others arathat sinco tho signing of the Peace Accord with India, both UNP and SLFP ‘Governments have boon conetrained to fo- low more or less the sare pokey towards their narthem neighbour, and that tho ond Of the Cold War appears to have impacted disadvantegeously on small stetae liko Sf Lanka, ‘There are certain problems in foreign polt- cy analysis. For example, there is the pro- blem of chocsina a conceptual model thai is sought to explain a partcular foreign po- ligy. Some scholars have identified four such models: (1)the‘ge0-poliical model in which ‘emphasisis puten heprimecyof hegeogra- phical lecation, but factors like ileoloby or Change of govemment recevelitle conside- ration, (2) the ‘orgenizaton process model inwhich forsien policyis seen es crganizatio- ‘alouiput; (3) the bargaining mode where- Dy foreign policy decisions emerge from Interplay and bargaining among the politcal and oficial ‘players’; and (4) the ‘atonal actor medel. Ths model assumes thet the situation Is ‘lly understood, that al possible OurSes of action ate known to o imagined by those who have to take decision, thatthe. ‘consequences of al courses of action can be and are accurately assessed, end that there is a cleany identified objective." But what happens in realy Dears ony limited ‘elation 10 the rational actor model. As a ‘mailer of fac, following a paricular rrodel in explaining a countrys foreign policy may lead to partal treatment of the subject and ence may lack a proper understanding of it. One ofthe ways t overcome this problem is te follow. an eclectic approach’, which in this etudy hes actualy been dane. 19Another problems thitihe Gonlembbtary< the Si? Lankan ! IMerature on oregn policy analy tends to be ether process orenied or fincion-ore- ried. The former concentrates on he deta Ted enalysis of foreign poly making proco- 20a and associates tis wit the Wociom slates wile the lator roforo to the loss developed countioa where nlituions aro not developed ané foreign paiice are soon 3 a functon of unctone® But amporocaly this s rot onérly tue for there erocolemoni of undlion-rfentadnese' in foreign pelcy traking in tro rodomisad, industialsed ates who there are numerous instances ol process-riontedrase'inthatofthe deve- leping Third World nations. “The studyis both historical ard analyécsl. Itis basod en both primary and secondary ‘oureee, Apart rom existing ftorature on th ‘subject, relovant docurrenis of te Ministries (0) Foreign Affaire ard Deionco and the Pa Hlamontary Debates have beon usod. inte- iewe with some of the main ‘players’ in dacisien-making and opinionmaking have algo been used “The Italureon the subjecthas bon faidy ‘extensive’. Tho common lacuna in them ‘appearlobe the absence of eprebincinsigh Into the threat perceptionsof the major rolii- ‘cal patias in Si Larka emanaling frol nda ‘and how the successive Sri Lankan gove- mmenis went about offsatig their overa- ‘ching security concern, The present study attampis til hisgap. Italsogivesan insight Infothe protlems of a small powerin dealing with a much more powerful neishtour, parti- caulerly when the former experiences dome- ‘lic instabilty and loses effective support ‘rom its tradtional extraregional great power ‘iiends' for combating the intemal crisis and meeting various. interventionist postures from the immediate neighbourbood. The study is organised into six sectons. “The first section deals wit he determinants of Sri Lanka's foreign policy. The second section focuses on Inla’s seourty perspe eiarelation to SiiLanka.tcealswithndia’s regoral policy and its mpications for ne Island, The third section examines Sit La- nka’s perceptions ofand policytowards india ntl 1977. It analyses Sri Lanka's survival strategies in reaton to India, The Jayewae dere go/emmentsindia policy sciscussad in the fourtn secon, inda’s role in St La nia’s ele Gisis curing 1885-87 is exami ned in section tive, A lose scrutiny of some ofthe provisions of teIndo-SiiLanka Peace [Actord of 1987 is undertaken in his section wit & View to analysing inde's hegemony ‘respect of 1 Lanka's ethnic probiern and het foreign and security policy. The view that Inda’s hegerory in Sri Lanka sill remaina Vald Is looked irtoin the lest section of the. papet. The foreign policy chalenges bofore 20 \Goremmont of Président ‘Chendika Bandaranaike Kumaratungs are alsoidentified in this section. The paporonés with the summary of the etidy and sore concluding remarks, “The distinction batween the foreign policy andthe sacurly policy of a state offen beco- mes blurred for all prectical purposas. So, the hwo corcents are used in the study in the singuir ardor interchangeably. (Tobe Continued) Notes 4. Fordotsaonhase eda 40.7 An Essoroo ‘ Dacson Lita Broun, Bose, 1971 Js Nigga "infemel Stuctrs and Extema Behaviour: Exo ring Foi Plies o Tire WoddSies, itera. form Relions, Vol W, No. 5, May 1974, pp. {510525 and P-A Reyne, Antrocucon 9 e- atonal Pelanons, Secind Egon, Langman, Lo- (dn, 100, pp 186182. 2 hatha: A. Chowchuy cae models mix. Sees “Banglideds External leone: The satogy ea ial Power i aSubeytan”, Doctor! Theo, De- parment ol ineaenalelatons, AistalanNato- ‘al Unvrsy, 1990, Carbora, Ausra, 15. &. Onprosee-oferadlorign poly eM. Halpin, uaterale Police an Fern Poly, Srokings Insta, Wastngion D.C, 1974; wllam Walle, Forign Pelle ate Plical Preoes, Macrilan, London, 1971,G, Alison, Essen ofTesson, 9. ‘Onde une oderiad soe B. Kory, "Foxeg Poley Models ae! ter Empires Retaance tho Thod Word Actors: A Gtgue ad an Aleratne", Intraoral Sci Scie Jour, Vol 28, No.1, 1974, 99. 1064.8. Wenn, The Uses of Foren Pokey n Indonesia: An Approach ote Anais of Foreign ploy in tha Less Developed Courts" Wend Police, Va. X00, No.3, Ap 1872, op. 6-381; Hery A: Kisinger, "Doren Stutirs ‘ne Fercign Pac” iota A Handster et), ‘Gonparaive Forsigy Poliins Theses Essays, David Mckay Co. ire, New Yor, 1971. {6 Forfar arguments soe lRochar A.Chowahury, Do: tora Thesis, op. pp. 1074, 5 Some of tear, S.U.Kostaa, For Policy of a Lanka: A Thtd Word Pespecthe, Chanakya Publtions, New Deb, 1952; HS-S. Nasarka, St Lanes Fern Poly: A Siuoy a Non Algrnent, Vis, Now Det 1904; YoronL-B- Mandi, Foreign Polatone of i anka: Frm East Temes 195. TTssara Pakasakayo Lic Dehivela Si Lanka, 1983, ‘Shelon U. Koara ed), Dienmes of iedo-SriLa ran Felaions, 8C'S, Colombo, 1891) Shain Kock Kara, ide-Cayen Relatons Since Independence, ‘Unvertyot Coloma, Catone, 196, V.Suranara: yan 94 Lankan Crise and net Rogponso, Pio, Publishers Now Doli, 196 Rev KariDub, doe ‘SiiLarka Relaton, Osen & Deep. Now Dei 969, PLaedayasekera (ed), Socurly Clenma ofa Snal ‘Stat’ SiLantaln the AsianCovts,PartOne, South ‘Aslan Publishers Put Lis, New Debi, 1982; Seton U:Kockava (2d) to-St Lanka Agroere of ly 1947 itn Relaion Progaime, Univesity of Como, Cobo, 196; Berra Easel {ec st Hor South Asian Neighbours, ECIS ‘Coors, 1602; Shotion U Kodkara (ed). South ‘AsanSiratogelesues, SagaPubleains Naw Dati, 4000, SU, Munk Pangs 6 Prony iia and Sa tania ic Gis, Sage Pusan, Now Dah, rom LETTERS: <3) if More is less hope JA will haod Piyal Gamage’e ackice to him to desist from making public stalemonts bout Hs achieverenis. When others speakwell of amanitispure gold. when a man speaks well of himself, itis counterfe. The more.one tries to ‘impress, the less one impresses. | com- ‘mend to JR the folowing lines by Errly Dickinson: {Tm Nobody! Whe are you? hope you are Nobody too? ‘Then there's a pair of us, Don't fell They'd advertise, you know. How dreary tobe Somebody! How public— like a Frog To tell your neme the velong June To.an admiring Bog. Viaya Colombe Schools take over Even the usually wal informed Edtor ofthe Lanka Guardianhas talkedot the schodls take over (LG Jan 1), There ‘was no schools “iake over” by that Bandaranake govemment in the sixes, Private schoo's were run on a grant teeeived from tho etals. Tho govo- ment of tho day, being of arationalist ‘bont, offored these echools the option of coming nto the national stream whe- reby they would be fully financed and managed by the state, or remaining private andself franced —provided 75, per cent of the parents opted for tat course. Some schools and parents did, asin the case of S Thomas, Trinty, Museus, ‘le, They were and are ail pivate. So whare was tho "Toke over’. ‘What could be fairer than the option offered by het govemment? Itis surely theheightofunfeasontoretusetocome Into the national scheme of educaton, ‘opt to do your own thing and sul Insist (on receiving the government grant. All. that the government cid was 10 \witheraw tha grantthose schools which relused to come into. the national system, and that too onty when 75 per centoftie parents voledremainoutand pay the fees to run the school. ‘This persistent talkof a “schools take. over" is nothing but part of the cam- pcign of disinformation by ant-nationsl ‘olomoris then and now. SP. Jayslath VeyangodaSenncinc AURAL UFESTVLE Why there’s sound of laughter in this rustic tobacco barn... Ther ght aah banter amor theo Tobaco ithe induct that rns amloent al camsels ho are busy sorting ou! labaccn the secand highest uber of people And these ‘ealimator, liwone ofthe henéedh ofsuch purle ste teboso bam ners the ebarco ‘bens opread out athe ridand upeeunty —owere and those who work for ‘hen, on the fh Intermetinis sone where the sratle nd renane adn the ames fall during the of season, For them, the tobacco lea men messing works Here uth spt nurturing, tbaeee ows asa acomiviailee and nsec vrs, A od ‘uertve cash crop and geen lances unto enough reason for 08,10 the vale of over Fe. 250 millon or mere {er peop 145,00 roa all 88 Ceylon Tobacco Co. Lid. ‘Sharing and caring for our land and her people.PEOPLE’S BANK Celebrating Three Decades of Dynamic Growth In 1961 People's Bank ventured out in the challenging world of Banking with a staff of only 46... and a few hundred customers. Today, just 33 years later People Resource exceeds 10,000 Customer Listings at a staggering 5.5 Million Branch Network in excess of 328, THE LARGEST in Sri Lanka In just three decades People's Bank has grown to become a highly respected leader in the Sri Lankan Banking scene. Their spectacular growth is a reflection of the massive resources at their command dedicated to the service of the common man — a dedication that has earned them the title “Banker to the Millions” PEOPLE’S BANK Banker to the Millions