July 15 1978

Uploaded by

Sri Lanka Guardian

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

34 views28 pages

Lanka Guardian

Original Title

JULY 15 1978

Copyright

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Report this Document

Lanka Guardian

Copyright:

Flag for inappropriate content

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

34 views28 pages

July 15 1978

Uploaded by

Sri Lanka Guardian

Lanka Guardian

Copyright:

Flag for inappropriate content

Jump to Page

You are on page 1of 28

Search inside document

Vol. | No. 6 July 15, 1978 Price Rs. 2/50 Belgrade to Havana: the rough road Trials of small industrialists Why the Janata is splitting Coomaraswamy and caste Also: © Needham : the hydraulic society @ Indian science system © People — politicsHeld fiemly in the master-mason’s rasp and used with skill, dedication and davetion, the simple trewal wansforms ordinary brick and mortar into enduring, elegant monuments. We at the Building Materiats Corporation play our part before the master-mocen comes on the scene With an oye for the needs of the builder, ‘we supply all the material requirements from village level upwards. For this, 44 we have set up a chain of supply outlets, one in every electorate, We are determined that no unsciupulous person should exploit peapie in the fiatd of building materials. We are ihe bartie: 10 prevent such activity. We are of course aware, this isa demanding endeavour. We have geared ourselves for this, eliminating °No’ and. *Cannat' from our vocabulary and intraducing ‘Please’ and “Thank You" Instead Building Materials Corporation FHOENA,Trends The firing line An illekept secret among. the UNP's top campaign menogers before they lounched their bliezkreig In late 1976 ran: “Layelists, inthe. first round; efter that, only. efficiency vill count”. They were opparently fefletig the Leader's thinking on the tater of top oppolniments 1 a UNF government, especially Ia the State Sind. semi-Seate enterprises. Now, the year’s up. The foyolises were given thelr chance, How many made it? How many have matched up to the demands of their respective manogerial tasks? The Corperction Chairmen ore preporing reports on ferformance Each report will be studied and the ‘op erecutve's competence tested Next on the cords isa crucial mest. ing. in Kandy en the 20nd. Besides sther coromanles, President J. R. wil insptce hs loops, How many ) Many of the new members have come from liberation move- ments that have assumed power through armed struggle, and whose ideological character is quite diffe reat or distinctive. (c) There have been turns in the alignments of some important staies—e. g. Eeypt, & Soviet ally now very much depen dent on the US for rescuing Sadat’s peace initiative and ailing ec omy. about - (d) Squebbles_ within major units within the group. Recently, both the OAU and the Arab Teague took the extraordinary step of expelling a member from each body — Comoros and South Yemen respectively. Invited to comment on this inter- pretation in the present context, 2 Sri Lankan politician who played an active role in the preparatory work of Eoth the Colombo. sum= mit and the Algie’s conference told the “Lanka Guardian”. “But the seal significance of these strains and stresses can be undersiood only in. relation to the basic concept of non-alignment, the global economic situation and the tesponse of each non-aligned government to the challenge pre- ited by the post-1973 economic crisis’, and today's. shifting aligns ments ‘on the world scene, partic cularly the new US-China under standing spotlighted by Brzezinski's visit to Peking (1) For all the public appearance of solidarity syinbolizec in theDesai— | Q. On another topic, are ou as concerned as President Carter is about Soviet and Cuban activities in Africa? A. The Cubans were inyi- ted (by Africans); they have not gone on their own. Q. But what about the re- cent case of Shaba Province tn Zaire, where the Cubans may have been involved without being invited? A. 1 do not think they have any involvement in that. O. President Carter has ‘also been making an issue of Jaman rights violations in the Soriet bloc. Do you agree with Lis campoign? A. Theoretically, what he is saying is quite right, Practi- silly, it may aot be very use ful Q. In what way? | A: Because the Commu- nists will certainly take it as an assault on them ..We have got to set our houses in such an order that we have establie shed human rights completely. Can we claim it in our coun tries? Tean't claim it for my | country Nor an you claim | ivin your country. Q. So what the President in doing isn’t practically use» ful? ALT wouldn't sey any- thing about it, Who am I to advise the President? Q. Well, jowre a wise A. He is also a wise maa, Leonsider him # wiser man common clamour for a new economic order, there were broad approaches. One group lined up behind the slogan ‘co-operation, hot confrontation’ i, e, the demand for concessions from ‘the affluent countries, for rules on the conduct of the ‘transnstionals, more aid and trade, better commodity prices fetc. In essence, these governments hoped to get cut of their domestic ‘crises through co-operation with the West, by pursuing open - door policies,” liberalised’ trade, attracting investment ete. In ef fect, @ policy which fitted into the “wesiern economic strategy of promoting 2 dependant industria lisation ai the World. economy's periphery ie, the Third World a distinguished group of Third World economists phrased it, recently, ‘The other group’s view, saw this policy of “compromise” (i, e. the co-optation of Third World economies even more closely into the western. dominated world sys tem) as an effort by. the West to transfer the burden ofthe economic crisis into the backs of the uni developed by “allowing us to exploit, you a bit more and we will thea truly put you on the road to development”. Meanwhile the West counter= offensive, capitalising on these differences, succeeded to a great extent in’ what Howard Univer sity’s Professor A.W. Singham in his analysis of the described as “isolating” the movement from the socialist bloc, dividing the oil-rich from the poor, dividing the Arabs from the Africans, trying to ostracise the Palestinians ete, (See Moynihan) movement A. superpowes (US) ands major power (China) nave now opered | combined attack on the Soviet- Cuban role in Africa, Since Cuba is the vext chairman of the conference, this has introduced pressures on the group, So fur only two non-aligned — counties have explicity raised the question. Somalia has circulated a lever denouncing Cuba as a surrogate of the Sovict Union, and Zaire has said it will not participate e Havana meeting, Stepping up. its propaganda barrage however, Pokiag has posed a direct question—‘Is Cuba a noumaligned country?', the tide of an article by a Hsiahua con- nentator whose arguments find evident inspiration in Mr. Carter's Annapolis address. In a’ stinging reply, Cuba has produced a docn- ment called “The Chinese leaders! great betrayal”. Deep down, the problem is one of interpreting non-alignment in an international framework. that the non-aligned themselves cannot hope io alter radically or immediately. This debate was already impli- cit in the speeches of two men who did not come to Colombo, Mr. Les Kuan Yew and Dr. Fidel Castro. Mr. Lee is non— aligned but he is, a passionate, hard-leaded —anti-communist and proud of it Tn that sense, he is ‘ideologically aligned’. So 's Dr. Castso, who many “have used the celebrated words of Mr. S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike in his speech to the U.N. in 1956— Swe are commilted ta the hilt” For him, non-alignment is not “ceutral” nor implice “equ tance”? from the wa superpowers, Nor is it merely a foreign policy, but an instrument for combating both “imperialist exploitation and ¢0~ colonialism’ as vell as ‘neo ~ fascist regimes, feudal landlords oligarchie landowners, and social parasites of all. sorts” within each country, In this struggle, Castro regards the socialist bloc Ted by the USSR, not an enemy, but a natural ally What will happen in practice? Those countries which do not like the ‘Cubau climate’ may keep away from the 6th Summit or send low-level. delegations, Influential members of the growp like Yugoslavia, Tadia, Algeria, Tanzania ete will endesvour to contain the differences for the sake of unity by re~ affirming the need for common, if loosely practised, adherence to “basic principles” and through the device of *con-But political sealities will be the ultimate test, Two unresolved crises (the Arab-Israeli, and the situation in southern Aftica) will be the testing ground. As the West and its local sympathisers 2nd allies within the non-aligned group (and indireetly China). fail to resolve these crises through diplomatic formulae aud negotiv- tion, and the strageles. sharpen, the ‘lines of division will be clea rer. It will be clear where each country stands and the gemiine- ness of ils commitment Cuba has already quiet diplomatic campai launched a fo sof- fen the emerging friction, But judging from Dr. Casiro’s speeches hhe Is not prepared to retreat from his own ceclared commitmes In his most famous : said “history wil the Belgrade coaference opens’ the road to Havana, the sime Dr. Casiro appears convinced that his: tory is very muet on his side, How fares local industry? whe People’s. Bank and the Industrial Development Board will stady the consequences of the government’s new liberalised” ime port policy on local industry, ‘The ressearch work is an initiative of the Industries Ministry, Ose of the main planks of the government's IME-oriented econo fic policy, import liberalisation some obvious advantages. but what of its ill-effects on national sdustries? Did the UNP's first t become a ‘trader's budget shioa the goyermment did not ticipate? Are manufacturers mete traders with pros Peas of easier profits or greater Profit margins? What of the impact on small and medium-seals industries which grew up with import substitution and flourished under Protectionism? Are they being riven to the wall? Looming over all these and cona- ected. issues is the spectre of what the government's leaders themsotves say is Priority No. I— employment. Attader does not need to employ many persons; a masufucturer does. Of couse, there have been problems of arbitrary pricing, sub-standasd ‘goods and exorbitant profits, Com- Petition, it is arguec, is the best corrective, Yet the question of employment is the paramount consideration. Recently, a man who has been manufacturing nails for many years decided it was more profitable to become an importer of the same item. A more striking example is thar of a pioneer in the cycle busi= ness. As the advertisements in the press show, foreign cycles and scooters are riding high in the local murket. The local enterpreneur is ina quandary, Whatever facts and figures the researchers may unearth, the whole issue is a major policy dilemma common to many under-developed countries that opt for prescriptions whieh could, initiolly at teasi, make the disease worse, Lanka in Lee’s security arc? Aynetier, Honekons = based jour. nal which specialises in regio nal affairs has 1urned the spotlight on the newly strengthened ties between Singapore and Sri Lanka, After Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew's visit in Aprit, the Far Eastern Economic Review made the Lanka Singapore link its story of the week. The cover picture illustrated the report's maia line of acgament Singaporean investment und expertise infusing new life into Sri Lanka’s ailing economy Now, ASIAWEEK makes several references to Sri Lanka in a cover story on “Strategist Lee Kuan Yew". “At least two of the leaders Lee has met are believed to have become enthusiastic partners in pursuing en Asia-wide defence concept— Australia’s Freer and Sri Lanke’s J. R. Jayewardene Both men share Leo's strong opposition to commurism,and both have been advocates of military preparedness”, reports ASTAIVEEK. Thanks to South Korea, Japan and Taiwan, the report continues, a reliable security wall already existed, But South Asia was an “oncertain area’. However ‘drae matic changes have altered tho situation’, Quoting a diplomatie officiel (un-mamed) the report adds: “A line-up of Tiberal or Ieftwing leaders has been replaced by right-wingers as if at the flick of a switch. Certainly people like Indira Ganéhi, Sirimayo Bandara noike, Zulfiker Ali Bhutto and Sheikh Mujibur Rehman would'nt have entertained the kind of security concepts their successors tocay mulst seriously consider, “Encouraged by this turn of events the security ~ minded Ieaders seid to be working on the concept of an are stretching south from Japan to Australasia, and across through Bangladesh and Sti Lanke to Pakistan. But they want to achieve this without giving the impression of a formal anti-communist pact. For one thing, Lee Kuan ‘Yew himself has noted that Asian countries while determined that they will not be dominated by communist states, have friendly relations and trade with them. For another, formal pacts of the past - SEATO to the Asian Pacific Council—died because they were unable to show flexibiliiy” historicalInternational news India The trials Pins Miner, Momll, Desa returned on 17th June from hhis ten-day tour of the West to a capital Which was already boi ling over with the fury of dissen- sion within his Government. Pro- rminent among those who recei him at the wirport was his. burly Minister of Health, Raj Nerain, whose darts aimed at Janaia Party President, Chandra | Sheke har, muny people suspzcied wer intended “for Morarji himself, Always effusive, many times to the point of clownishness, Raj Narain sprinkled traditional perfume on Morasji_as he alighted from his plane. Responding typically, Mo- rerji poured acid scorn on. R: Narain’s appeasing gesture. “You ‘are giving me perfume now. But, in my absence, it was all foul smell,” he commented, It was evident that the Prime Mivister had come back with his mind fully made up that he would deal firmly with the chal lenge to authority within his Government and Party. At‘a press conference soon _afierwards, he announced his rejection of | Raj Narain’s demand that Chandra Shekhar should resign as Presi- dent of Janata. He said that Janata’s Parliamentary Board would meei_on 22nd June to consider Raj Narain’s campaign of public ctitivism of te Janata President ‘and ihe general problem of tightening discipline in the Party, He even dismissed Home Minister Charan Singh's long-pending letter of ‘resignation from the Parliamentary Board and National Executive of Janaia as of no great importance, If what as outstanding bet. ween Prime Minister and President, fon one side, and Home Minisier and Health Minister, on the other, Wes g mere question of party discipline, Morarji was giving every- 6 of the Janata body concerned a clear five deys in Which to prevent any drastic action. There was, of course, an immediate aspect of discipline in the dispute that had been" gencra- ted. But it had become pro. lem of discipline because a clash of intoresis between senior partners in an enterprise had occurred on the morrow of its launeding, When ft was already too. late 1 thing in terms. of revising. the contract, ‘Though more than 14 months had passed since Janata hiod formed "its Government. in New Delhi, the Party iteelt had As Yet not come into. seal being There were thoxe ho had. been elected tothe Central and State legislatuses on the Party Gcket ard had formed." Governments, Who were grouped in. legislature parties. But thers was neither basic membership nor a hierarchy of ‘internal party bodies nor even a programme such as political parties require. In an important sense, Janata wes a political party in the course of formation, Its. four compo- ents, Congress (O), Jana Sanzh Bharatiya Lok Dai and Socialists had long been convinced of the el to form. a single polit order to have 2 chance ting a Congress that was as yet in power. But they could not agree on who should be the leader and their tlks for merger stalled on that account. For some time it appeared thal Charan Singh of the BLD, Home Minister until recently, would lead the new party if it materialised. But after Morarji Desai’s release from jail and the general election it became Morarji all the way. Tt would em that the Jana Sangh, today the biggest Janata group with 91 ‘MP's ‘in the Janata Parliamentary Party of 29%, had stood solidly for Moragj The decision to form a. single Janata Party was finally forced by an ultimatum from. Jayapra- Kash Narain, whom all four eon. stituent parties regarded ag the teal leader of the resistance to Indira Gandhi's repressive reginie, Jayaprakash biunlly told the four parties that were still negotiating when the general election was announced, that hte would disso- ciste himself from the election campaign if they failed to become one party. He. calculated corre. etly that they had to have him on their platforms even to wage an effective election campaign, The formation of a political party, However, Is not as. simple as agrecing on a mame and making an announcement. It proved to. be even more complicated than winning a sweeping electoral vie- tory and installing a widely wel- comed Geveroment for the second most populous country ia the world. For Janala was constituted not only of four different politi cal parties, but of four political parties thit were separated by Wide differences. Jayaprakash himself told an ‘interviewer of the Hindustan Times in August 1974 that two of these four parties were “conservative”, viz Jana Sangh and the BLD. About a third he said: “I do aot know about the Congress (0) which claims it is socialist though 1 do not Know how far they” would g0."" His explanation for not sec- king a clear basis of agreement between the parlies was: “Rut is not wise to. spell out every: thing at this stage.” In fact, at the time he made this statement in 1974, Jayapra- Kash was not exercised at all about forming a new political party: He had Iaunched a movement of mass protest against corruption inthe Congress Governments at both Centre and States. It was part of is design of ushering ina “partyless democracy" and it would have been odd if that aim demanded the establishment of yet another politicel party. His strategy was fo reach out to all political par~ ties, and he had prominent allies, like Jagjivan Ram and Y. 3. Chavan, even in the Congress party of Indira Gandhi, His moves ment rejected the weapon of workers sirikes aad peasant uprisings and relied almost entirely on the stu- dents whom he called his ‘sol. diers". He expected the Congress (0). Jana Sangh, BLD and Sosk lists to strengthen and expend the Jayaprakash soon leamed. that the Struggle for a partyless demos cracy needed a political party to guide it. As themovement spread fiom Bihar into other paris of North India and into Orissa, the authority of the Congress Geverts mentg and of Indira Gandhi as supreme leader of the Congress Party begat to be eroded visibly, 1c Was “against this background that the Emergency wes prepared and introduced when the Allahae bid High Court verdict raised the challenge to her. rule ‘te a new height. The declaration of the Emergency demanded political organisation of the mass struggle asd a political purty go set up an altemative Government. Unwilling o admit the inadequacy of | his political theories, Javapiakash was S=xiOUS to provide the response tthe situation demanded, He out hurriedly to. project a se front of varied | political organisations engaged. in’ girect scion as a unified political party # = fateful general election, Even id not expect that this make- Party would be called” to 2 Gorernment for the entire formed Janata n called to. shoulder tal responsibility, it is tthe four constituent could hive directed nd_effort to recon- ir differences and cone solidating a single political’ party. But when Janata was called on to form the Government in New Delhi it was caught palpably un- Prepared. ‘The Corigress Govern: ment had been rejected by the People because it had proved Unable to solve their vast problems. The resort to emergency rule Was to cover up this incapacity, Janata was mow on triel before the people as their instrument to solve these same problems. The tragedy was that, a8 a political party Janata’ had no ‘epportunity at all to so much as give its mind to these problems, “It had to. fall back ‘on the experience of its constituent groups and regurgitate the diverse attitudes, appreciations and expectations that had tran spired in that experience, ‘The Congress Party had been a powerful, extensive and well-knit organisation. “It had ruled the county For 30 years. Ics intluence und organisation reached to all Parts of the country. Tt embraced all strata among” the people grouping them hierarchically’ accor” ding. to their economic and social relationships underthe leadership of 4 rapidly advancing and ambitlous national bourgeoisie, There vas little doubt tat ail sections "of this national bourgecisie looked on the Congress as theit political party — the powerful monopoly houses, the large industrial capitalists ‘and even smaller capitalists with ‘more localised interests, By building up a. pawerful natioval state with large modernised armed forces and pursuing an ambitions foreign poliey, vast sections of the middle classes were rallied to the Congress banner. As the product of its agrarian reforms. and five-year plan investments an ex tensive class of rich peasants and agrarian capitalists had come into heing providing a strong fonndetion for Congress rule in the states. The failure of Party to meet the general needa gf the mass of people while it fastered the growth of monopoly capital and sich agearian interests, led 0 its increasing isolation and the movement of different clase fe5, subclasses and social groups away from it. The result was the generation of rival pressures. within the Congress organisation and its the Congress breaking up into spliuter-groups. ‘The Emergency Regime was the direct product of this process The Shah Commission has tevess Jed that the Emergency was de- luted bebind “the bieks of the Congress Party itself and the Cabinét in New Delhi, ‘The Enier- gency was a virtual coup. d'etat of a caticus within the Congiese led by Indira Gandhi in elliancs with chosen elements in the bure aueracy, the police and the mili tary opparatus. Tt was the need to legitimise its power that drove this caucus to the miscalculation that brought about the relaxation of tae Emergeney and the general election of 1977, The Janata Party was brought to power by this combination of some of then fortu- It is untrue that Ja- hata staged “a revolution of forced Indica Gandhi to atlempt to nor- malise her regime. The declaration of Emergency was withdrawn. by Indita Gandhi herself, as soon at it was clesr that the ‘masses placed the Janata Party in power, The problemthatis being unravelled through te dissensions and con {iets “which currently “convulse Janata is whether @ political or ganisation so hastily put together and so facilely brought to. power can take the place of the ‘splin- fered and discredited Congress Party. Whose world? he World Bank is now the main conduit of development aid from the neh equatries 70 the poor. Because the World Baok is A tough and careful leader— none af its loans have ever been. defaule ted—itis also a catalyst for large loans from multinational commer= Gal banks, The Nort-Scuth Felationship, measured in actual flow of casb, runs through the World Bank.’ It now lends $8.5 billion a year—compared, for example, with the US. annual cutlay of some $1.2 billion « year in direct country-io-countey ver. lopment aid...‘Most of the bank's money comes from bonds that it sells in financial centers like New York, It can borrow more cheaply and surely than poor countries with shaky currencies. But like any other bank, it requires a basic fund of capital that Is @ lever for all the rest. That capital is contributed by the governments of the rich countries, of which the largest, and the’ leader, is the United States, "‘This counicy now provises only one-quarter of the annual capital requirement. But if it cfaulis on this commitment, the whole World Bank structure may well collapse. ‘The U.S. contribution this yeat is in great danger. President Carer asked Congress in January for $3.5 billion for the World Bank and siaaller regional develop: ment banks, The Flouse Appro- pilations Committee has cut it to $2.6 billion. Next week the bill is scheduled’ to come to the House Floor, yhere there will be a series fof attempts either to cut it further for to itech crippling political conditions to it. The bill’s prospects Were uncertain even before the California tax referendum threw Congress into its present panic But it would be squalid for a country with an average femily income of $18,000 to cnt its taxes by eliminating aid to countries where the average income is a ew bundred dollars. Beyond the obvious moral issues, there is the sharpest U.S. self-interest in keeping the World Benk in business. The dilemmas of a ich country bordered by poor ones are illustrated by the steady stream of illegal immigrants into the United States, Americans know that it cannot be stopped without resort to unacceptsble police me thods. Americens also understand that the real remedy ig ereater opportinity for poor Latin Ameri ean: in their owa countries. The Principal means of providing that Opportunity is the World Bink. Americans also know that their foreign trade deficit is getting steadily worse. Part of the solution lies in expanding exports to de. veloping countries — but the rate at which they buy U.S. goods depends on the raie at which they develop, 8 U.S. exports to Latin America nearly doubled over the past four ors, but ittakes capital to keep that process going. ‘The case for development aid rests not only fon the aceda of the poor countries, but on those of the rich as well. — The Washington Post Peru and the IMF Third World test 6p the end I think either the Fund will have to go or the Constituent Assembly, andthe rem 10 democracy’ will have to be cancelled, 1 don’t tink the Fund will go."* The speaker is a Lima banker quoted by the La- tin America correspondent of the Financial Times inn remarkably receptive centre page article en titled "Developing World wats Peru's struggle with the JME". In a land of banana republics gradually. transformed into con- finent of juatas and what Am aesty International ealle "torture Hates", Peru. reprosented sinee the late 60's an interesting departure from the Latin American pattera, From the ranks of the Peruvian armed forces came even generals who strove to be serious-minded reformers. Their efforts at socio- seonomis chaage did make a dent ip the old structures, and seriously imperilied the vested interests of tle repressive olletrchies and their foreign parmers and patrons. In foreign affairs, Peru gave vigorous support to tg Third World’s com mon siruggle for a new economic order and the Lima conference of non-aligned ministers (1978). in- jected a aew militancy into. that battle. “It was during that conte. feace that the nationalist regio of Tuan Velasco Alvarado was over- Uhrown. Tn the face of popular pressures generated by ‘changes tatro- duced by the carlier regime and sharpened by mounting economic difficulties and mass harclships. the new junta made way for a sradusl return to civilian rule and Hemoeracy. Last month's sleciions to a consiutuent assembly was the first step towards a civilian ad- ministration in 1980, ‘The results have shaleen the generals, Peruvian big business and) western invest ors, The ‘radical’ Left (aot the pro-Soviet Peruvian CP) got as much as 30% of the total vote. The junta has read the signals correctly. ‘The vote was an angry protest at the austerity measures Imposed_on Peru at the behest of the JMF which recommenied de- Naluation, cuts in subsidies and Wellere expenciture, overall “de- mend management’, end incenti- Ver to. foreign investors. Food prices went up dy 50%, transport costs by 402%, small. business were Foreed into ‘bankeuptey, and as the threat of unemployment became siarkly real, industrial unrest gii- pped Lima,’ the capitsl, bringing Ue tanks once more into the streets, Letters (Continued from pege =) although until April (971 1 sha- red the illusions engendered by the 1970 General Election, the trauma of April helped to rid_me of these illusions. T donot now believe that questions like that posed by Dz. de Vos can be Enswered” respective of what class jnterests are involved on the con- tending sides. That is why it would be a waste of labour wrangling with him about Lenin (or even. trying to sift truth from error in the statements Dr. de Ves makes about him). Idon't believe Lenin was infallible: there were mistakes he made at various times, which he later had to correct.” But one thing Lenin never did was to join with the oppresting classes ‘and use. the tepressive machinery of their etate against the oppressed. Dickens and Peradeniya Lam not in a position to exa mine the Peradeniya’ English sylla- buses of the last twenty—five years inorder to verity Prof. Ashley Halpe's contention. 1 do know, however, that I have lec- tured’to graduate and GAQ— certificated teachers of various Peradeniya vintages, and the only Dickens novel most of them knew was Hard Times. I ao note thet Prof. Halpe doesn’t refer to A-Level sylla- buses, where, as far as I am aware no Dickens hovel other than Hard Times has ever been sat Colombo 5. Reggio Si ardenaChina (2) Crucial turning point by Chintaka PS goes taming point jwas reached. On the one hand, Krushekey was deposed and. th new leadership of the CPSU uni- laterally ceased polemics against China, (as it later did fora short period following Mao's | death). The CCP on the other hend chose (9 ignore the olive. branch and characterised the policies of the changed leadership. as mero “Krushehevism without Krush chev”. Much more importantly, it was at this time Mao tentati= yely posited the theory that a revisionist communist party when in power can in fact effect a change in the cluss nature of the stale power prevailing in thet country, In a speech made i July 1964, Mao posed the rheto~ ical question: in the So Union is not the bourgeoisie in power?” During the “65—66" period, several ‘neutral’ CP's like the North Korean and Japanese tried to enlist the assistance of China in an United Front together with the USSR to resist U.S. aggression against North Vietnam which had suddenly been escalated by the massive bombing raids into the North China, which had resumed polemics with the Soviets, not only rejected uiis appeal but also refused passage through Chinese territory fo Soviet arms shipments heading for Vietnam. (This con- tasted with China's’ position in Inte 1960 when the USSR had fice access 10 Chinese airfields while aiclifting supplizs to Laos.) Until early 1966 however, the Sino-Soviet schism remuind prce domineutly in the iuterparty oF ideological sphere. However, wita the Cultural Revolution the’ dis pute spilled over from this sphere and began to assume the dimen- sions of a conflict between nation-states. or to phrase it as the Chinese do, it moved a non- antagonistic contradietion to an antagonistic one—a sort which occurs between nation-states with opposed social systema, In a circular of May 16th, 1966, Mao said: “Once conditions are ripe they (the revisionists) will selze political power and turn the dictatorship of the proictariat into 8 dictatorship of the bourgeoisie”. Daring the Cultural Revolution the CCP hed adopted the view that this had indeed taken place in the Soviet Union and that it hod “restored capitalism”. Tk is at this juncture, thet al/ te ruling communist partics, with the single exception of the Albanian, parted company from the Chinese line, As the Vietnamese have consistens Uy put it, whatever theiz idealo- ical differences with the CPSU on this or that issue, they can never accept that the USSR is not socialist state. The term ‘Soviet Social _Impe- rislism’ first came into being 10 years ago, inthe immediate after imath of ‘the Czechoslovak inci dent of 1968 and at the zenith of the Cultural Revelution, It it interesting to note that this con- trasted completely with China's position during the Hungarian crisis of 1956 Where Mao himself strongly urged Warsaw pact inter- vention at a moment when Krush: chev was yacillating. In _ his address to the Ist Plerum of the new Central Committee of the CCP, Mazo said of the Soviet leadership: “They are a bourgeois dictatorship." while ai the 9th Party Congress of that year “Soviet Social imperfalism’ had been listed as one of the main enenties of the world’s people These theses of the Maoist leadership marked a clear depir- ture fram Marcist orthodoxy which regards the mode of production (that is, the economie factor) as the most crucial single determinant in the — socio-historical process. Mao, on the other hand, seemed to contider the political and euperstructural factor as. the determinant one. His 1964 state~ ment that “the rise to power of revisionism means the rise to power of the bourgeoisie”, and also his remark in September 1971 that “the correctness or otherwise ts conte! an snvttaton from Britain 10 join NATO of the idcologice! and political Hine of the party decides eve thing” amply serve to illustrai his position, In essence, he regarded that not only had an incorrect ‘revisionist line’ won out within the CPSU, it had also tcansformed the cocial character of that party into a ‘bourgeois party’, drastically re- versed the socio-political " con plexion of the country, transfor ming a “dictatorship of the proletariat into a dictatorship of the bourgeoisie” and furthermore, fotally changed the country’s economic system by “restoring capitalism.”” For Marxists, the enormous theoretical implications of the Maoist view of the USSR were truly mind bogaling. Here, _ar- gued many of then, was 2 country where private property had heen largely abolished long years ago and where all the old soci classes had been liquidated particularly during the Stalinist com 9solidation, Here wat a country they went on, which had with: stood seventeen interventionist ar mies, and later, totally routed Nazi aggression — the victory of Which Would really have resulted in the restoration of capitalism in the U.S. S. R. Furthermore, here was a country where, accor: ding to Mao Tse-tung himself, the dictatorship of the proletariat haad existed at least until Stalin's death in 1953 and in fact, (ud~ ging from his speeches, the state Treats at the Moscow meetings of ‘57 and 60° as well as China's actions during the Laotion crisis.) ight upto late 1960—if not till later Thus, if the Mavist contention was to be accepied, in a matter of around ten years, forty-odd years of socielist contruction had been abolished, the socialist state had completely changed its class nature, capitalism! had been restored and this capitalism had also. reached its highest and last phase —that of imperialism! Considering the period of time that it had taken for capitalism to evolve into imperialism even in a Western world that was openly engaged in colo- nial plunder, taken together with the facts that neither had a counter-revalution occured to. smash the power of the socialist Soviet state, nor had private property and the right inheritence been restored, the alleged transfor- mation of the USSR seemed truly chameleon-tike, if not dowaright miraculous, to many a Marsist. ‘They included the communist parties which had been broadiy sym- pathetic to the Chinese position — including those of N. Vietnam, N. Kore, Japan and the Indian cP (My So, by the end of the Cultural Revolution, China’s perception of the USSR was based on, and pre- sented in terms of an analysis which was than an electric amalgam of this Trotskyist, litle more 10 theory of degeneration and bureaucratic rule in the Soviet Union, the Titoist conteniions of Soviet hegemony and exploitation in Eas- tem Farope, Milovan Djilaa theory of the New Class Westera conver- gence theories such as James Burnham's Managerial Revolution The ironies were many. ‘Titoist revisionism” and its allegations aguinst the Soviet Union had been excoriated by the Chinese CP since 1948. The Yugoslav Party on the other hand found Djilgs! theoriss too cevisionistic even for their liberal tastes. Trotskyist theories are still considered coun terrevolutionary by a China which has come round unwillingly to accept a characterization of the Soviet. Union (as imperialist) w was first made within the Marsist fold by a disciple of Tratsky Max Sehatman The USSR had long been atte eked by Winston Churchill, Dulles brothers, Dean Acheson, George Keanon and other figures in the West, as being an impe- Hialist power, China had cons tenily castigated their view. Closer home, ono recalls Sir John Kotels- wala’s comments on Soviet “cole: nialism’ at the Bandung conference in ‘55—comments that were simed at Chou En-lai. And now, China's yoice had joined those of her enemies, in a chorus of anti- Soviet denunciation. Next: China stands alone LANKA GUARDIAN Subseripton rates | {ir sie monty) Local Rs. 30/- Asia Rs 75)- for US § 5.00 oF £2.50 Europe & Aries Re, 10 ‘or US $7.50 or £3.50 Cegues and money orders 10 ‘nade out in favour af Mervyn de silva The Circulation Meneger, Lanka Gunrdian Publ ters Sout sa Meuta Cente Sal Hoar, Vain building 1363/28 Nain Soc, Colosbo |. Ltd, ‘Tune into BRISTOL SPORTS NEWS every evening at 730 over SLBC channel2 |Press opinion ole) The Elara Way jointing out that King Flara ‘who ruled the country was fair to both friend and foe the President said it was his aim, too, to become such a just ruler tory tells us that there was a bell hung in the royal courtyard so that even an animal which had suffered an injustice could aye recourse to justice by sound- jag it. Unfortunsiely, in thisage of Jayewardene, there are instan~ ces When those who have suffered at the hands of the — political hoodlums belonging te the ruling party went te complain to the police of their being ignored. Not only Elara, Dutugemunu was also a just King. In honouring the grave of his enemy he showed himself to be a majestic Sinhala King with a keen sense of what is good and bad. But the quality of justice that bas emerged in this so-ealled dharmishta age is 2 series of acts of political re- yenge beginning with the removal of the name ‘Bandaranaike’ from the Katunayaka airport to the disrespect of the dead. Greetings to the Communist Party OE 288 snd the uaborn no faults, Thie is true parties, too. A living party also commits faults. In catty= ing out their policies the Commu- npeRary just as much as other fraternal parties have made mistakes, Particularly the faults com- mitted “between 1970 and 1977 were a serious setback to the progressive movement. One conse- Quence of this setback i the huge nigjority with which the UNP. has come to power and is now exploiting the masses, tightening the screws on them with repres sive legislation so that their shouts and_proiests could be sub- dued. destroying the vietories. won by the people and is now preparing to drag the country on a capitelist road Isading to imperial boudsge. Tn these circumstances itis heat ning to see the Communist Party correcting itself and beckoning 10 leftist parties and progressive for e2s to counter the’ present. situa. tion. S) The cat is the out of the bag the statement of the Fisheries Minister Mr. Festus Perera that considerations will be made to those who worked wholehear- tedly to put the UNP into power fat the last elections is a good ex ample (of the MPs! chit system). While the President and the Prime ister preach sermons about being impartial and just in award- ing jobs from the job bank the pronouncement of “an importante member of the Cabinet only shows that the job bank exists on paper and that the old practice of hel ping your own side is still the rule, It must besaid that the job bank system, which isa fuce saving device, has turned into a means of business for certsin sections ia the UNP and that no justice is being done, Eathatic | Messenger Have money, will splurge! Tie Wertd, Bank is reportedly licking its chops over the prospect of what it ealls a further liberalisation of imports ia Sri Lanka. This moans there will be a wide range of hisuey items on the she shelves. i At a time when there are shor tages of sevecal esscatial items, or when these items are so costly as to be beyond the reach of the average consuiner, there is no dearth, of the most absurdly luxu- Flous items—like Nescafe, impor- ted cosmetics, confectioneties, cor tume jewellery, battery operuted toys and the Whole wide range of trifles and baubles believed we had iumed our backs on once and for all. These things were obsained by the socially insensitive one. per cent upper crust FEECS holders of the past, or via ford uncles and aunts. ‘or collaborators with smugglers who turned their sitting rooms on Sundays into shopping Now... you can get almost ai thing you want which is available yyWhere. When | say you, T mean, once again the one per cent upper cciuster, who “has money, will splurge.” In the mean ime, what is happen- jog? The retailer finds he bas a digger and fusier turnover through these items, and he is turning away from’ the average middle class consumer to serve his new rich customers. Which in turn is serving to infuriate and frustrate the average middle class man, woman and child, all the more, u| Interview Mr. Amunugama: Since you are on your way beck from a fairly “estensive’ research pro~ ‘grenime in. China, could you tell us something about your latest research interests. Dr, Needham: I think you mentioned already our seriesentitled ‘Seisnce and — Civil China” which comes out from the Cambridge University Press. We have two volumes going inte printing now, 1 am ghd to sey One is Volume V Part 1V and that continues the study we made of Alchemy and early Chemistry in China, taking up such subjects as chemical apparatus and involving things ke the history of distilla- tion end the first Ciscovery of strong alcohol and other faseina ing subjects lik: that. Then we have the theory of Chinese Alchemy which was distinctly different front that in other civilizationsand finally we had a pact rezarding micro- bioties —in other words the spretd outwards of the elixir conception Which involved chemical medicines From China out to. the fest of the whole world — first to the Arabs, and then to the Byzantine ond finally. Uhe Latins in Europe —that is in Vol, V Part IY, Besides that wwe have aiso Vol. ¥1 Part 111 going to Press which deals with th Chinese medics ‘of acupuncture and Thie one is coming out of time es a. separate raph with a rather good vis: “Cclestrial Lancets Early History and Rationale of Acap- uuncure and Moxar", characteristic techniques ahead This, I think, will be of great interest to the’ Western. World, firsily because it hasn't ever had, in any Western language, a proper study of the history of the deve- Iopmient of acupuncture in Chinese culture and, secondly, many people todsy are very anxious to try to of understand how the effect acupuncture can be explained 12 A radio interview with Dr. Ioxeph Needham Needham: The hydraulic society The interviewer was Mr. Serath Arauiugana, Secretary, Ministry of Information | ard Broadcasting. terms of modem science. And this we had a good shot at involving all sorts of things like neuro-physiology and even chemise try. ‘Then besides this we had Vol. V ready to go to Press that concerns what we call *Physiolo~ gleal Alchemy" bringing the idea ‘Of tne Chinese that it was possible to form an elixir of life perhaps perpetual, like on earth, in one’s body by’ doing variows | kinds of exereises and different sorts of piactices, I! has clear connections with Indian culture but it is much more materialistic than Indian culture because they really con- ceived the elisir as a chemical substance formed from the juices, lissues and orgens of the body by these various practices. And that is a strange subject which demands a whole particular part to itself. Apart from thet, we have # section on Botany ——§5% per cont, completed —and that latest work that has come in from our coll- aborator, Hobin Yu, in Brisbane, Australia —250 folders on the history of gunpowder in China— one of the most epic series of Aiscoveries ever made by man, about the first chemical explosives known to man. That will be coming along pretty soon. It needs editing but we hope te put it out soon and then T right mention another collzborator, Chensea Shi very eminent scholar, who wer in Chicago who again has 85 per cent. finished the material on pap:r and printing. Everybody would remember one of the 3. great discoveries which Francis Bacar suid in the early 17th Century had an affect on mankind more than any stat, more (han any Potentate or King’ or Eraperor—these three discoveries the origia of whi said, was obscure and glorious. Ta fact he never knew that all three of them bad been made in China—and that is the kind of thing we are bringing out now. Mr. Amanugama: ell, Tam sure our listeners would have got Some idea of the fantastic range Of interests you have in these fields. 1 was going through some of your books and Martin Wiekremasinghe's writings recently ard thought there was a point of intersection as it were in the concept of hydraulic society. You have been writing about this ad it is bound to be an area of great interest to our listeners becwuse ow Anuradhapura- Polomarwsa etvilization tas also been characterised asa hydraulic society, Wittfogel and Edmund Leach whom vou ebriously knew as. a colleague at Cambridge, have been vwriting about this Would you like to talk on this notion of Hydreulte society in Chira, and perhaps take a comparative Took at Sri Lanka? Dr. Needham: It is an important conception but whether or not it is really applicable and to what countries and what civilizations is another matter. T think undoubtedly there is something in the Witifogel thesis about hydraulic works of agicat scale conducing to @ bureaucratic form of society We even find this adumbrated in ancient Chinese texts some 2000 years belore Witffogel himself ever existed: For example, if you look in the Ente Lun the discourse is on salt and iron which comes Irom about 18 B.C, You find a page where itdistinctly says that the cares of the Sun of Heaven—aamely the Emperor —ere infinitely wider than those of any individual feudal lords and, therefore, the care of the irrigation and hycraulic works for flood protection and canal transport will always come back to the centre because the centre has the charge of everything unde: ven and is far m: ad in i\s conception than any individual feudal lord. In fact, hydra Works will always transcend down+ wards on individual feudal lords, so that there is undoubtedly one thing in the Witifogel thesis whether or not it would account for the age-long dominance of kind of bureaucratic feudalism in China Whether it would account for that or by itself is highly debatable, But it almost must have been a factor. ‘The snag. abou applying the conception of hydraulic sacie- tal bureaueratism in a wider sphere is that there seems to be other eases, One case wes that there were great hydraulic works com parable to ose of ancient China yet no real bureacratism and on the other hand cases. where there was a reel bureaucratism and yet no hydraulic works. This is the Kind of thing that upsct Witefogels thesis and Which is why i not have » general applic As far as Sri Lanka is ; although I wouldn't claim to bs any kind of authority on the subject, it seems that these problems that they steal the human brain. But this ig not the major conflict in “Smart Ass". The main. point of the play Js the corruption and disorieatat- jon in values that the human brain spawns. While granting the vali- dity of this criticism the question remains what the solution te the animals’ problems are. It is the search for solutions that led to stealing the bisin and the prom blems remain the same, ‘The play leaves a lot of loose ends like this behind. Its main defect apart from the’ predictable reaction that it is predictable is Us episodic nature. In seicospect it is difficult Co see a co thread manning through the various episodes like the initial emergence of problems among the animels, the advice of the Queen Bee, the stealing of the fire, the post-mor- tem on the food-store burglary and the stealing of the human brain finally leading to the met- amorphosis of the animals. Com- pounding the play's episodic na ture is its moralising. The narrae tor and his companion drive every point home with a stedge-hammer without allowing the action to develop by itself The result is that the play is largely static, If all this sounds rather dep- sessing, balancing that fact is the originality of the script. “There are Flashes of brilliance inthe seript, pleasing costumes and scis aud Some good acting, This is Nedra Vittachi's first foray into drama. She dossives our best wishes — Arjuna 0| Private view The bizarreries of the postal bureaucrats Lact hen, ahs ae envelope to my friend containing a pink form POK 16 (R2*Piak S, T&E) 1/74 and a waite form P.0.0.8 (2F6$ & 5) 6/66 Crom the Chief Postmaster (Parcels). The White form was stamped: “Parcels will be delivered only on... (the rest of it was indecipherabie).” ‘The pink form said that a postal packet addressed to X had been. detsined by the Postal Appraiser “supposed to contsin datiable articles.”” I. went on to say that if X completed “Declaration A overicaf™ the packet would be forwarded to him after examination. The packet, in fact, contained a’ book on chess sent to X by a relative living in the USA. |. Xecompleted the form and sent CPM with a covering Ietike, explaining that books were siot dutiable and requesting that ie packet be delivered at his add- fess. Its well knowa that a0 one #ho'eould possibly avoid it would yoluatarily call at the bedlam of the Parcels Office. Alter about 10 days the Chief Postmaster (Parcels) sent X back his pink form with a most remar~ Kable cyclostyled letter. It said that the packet would nor be forwarded 0 X's address as earlier promised because X was “residing within the delivery limits of Colom- ""X read it over egein carefully tosec if he had mistead it but no, that was extcily what the letter said. X could have understood the CPM ‘refusing to deliver the packet if he lived outside the delivery limits but it was because X lives within them thet the CPM. was refusing todeliver X's bock at his address Itis to be noted that whea, carlier, the CPM offered to deliver the” book if X would only fill his precious form the CPM was already aware that X lived within the del yery limits of Colombo. The CPM's change of attitude afer X filled the form isa first class example of 18 how the postal bureauerats expertly contrive to. exiraet the maximum antoyanee ‘o the public even from such unpromising material us the delivery ‘of a postal packet which has been duly stamped and no duty is due. {donot know if the law permits these peity tyrants. to behave in this extraordinary fashion or whether they ake their own lays to suit their convenience. Xhas now written to the CPM calling upon him either to deliver his book at his address or to tell hhim under what. provision of the law he was refusing to do #0. This appears to. mec to be a clear case of evasion of the Sri Lanka Postal Departmen’s obligations under the | rules of the International Postal Union. What is truly astonishing is that every government that comes into office swears to put an end to the illetroatment of the public | by bumptious bureaucrats but ends by letting them do as they like The crime of revisionism | 1 found the debate on communism quite diverting especially the indignant contribution of Mr. Ams- radasa Fernando, Mr. Fernando appears to consider “revisionism” treusonable. Mr. Senmugathasan was “actively peddling revisionism”? thirty, years ago, — exclamation mark,” and so is for ever co! ned to hold bis tongue in the com | Pany of those who have been true to the ipsissima verba of the gospel. What, then, is Euro-communism? tis, explains Mr. Fernando, con= temporary revisionism which, in turn, isessentially “the programma- tic ‘alliance of the working class parties with the party of the nation al bourgeoisie (Sri Lanka) SLFP ele. eic.”" So Buro-communisma w: invented by Dr. N. M. Perera dur- | ing a soft-ball ericket mate in | 1964 long before Berlinguer end Marchais and Carillo stumbled on it. i (Comtieued on page 27) ; Politics More on Euro- communism by N. Sanmugachasan ease permit mea few comments ‘on theleiters that have appeared Im the last issue of your journal on the subject of Euro-communism, (1) Mr. Matendran Raja accuses me of absolutising armed sirugele asthe road to socialism. I plead puilty. If he can point out to me a single case, in the entire history of the world,” of the working class achieving power through peaceful means, J am prepared. to 1e- consider my views. However, itis correct that Merx id envisage the possibility of a Peaceful revolution in certain countries like the United States and Britain. 1 shell let Lenin reply this point. It is to be found in his famous work, “State aad Revolution". “quote from Lenin: “On April 12, 1871, 4, just at the time of the ‘Commune, Marx weote to Kugelman: If you look atthe last chapter of my Fighteenth Brumaire, you will find that Tsay that the attempt of the Frencl Revolution will be no longer, as before, to transfer the bureaucratic military machine from one hand fo smash it ‘and this is the preliminary conditioa for every real people's revolution on the Continent.” Lenin continues “Tt is interesting to nove, in particular, two points in” the above-guoted argument of Marx. First, he confines his conclusion to the Continent. This was understandable ia 1871, when England was still the model of a purely capitalistic country, but without a military clique and, 10 2 considersble degree, without a Dureaucracy. Hence, Marx exeluded England, Where a revolution, even (Continued on page 22)Indi the wrong road. ‘8 science system; though highly developed und abundantly staffed, is focused on issues of little relevance to that country’s real needs by Anil Agarwal Jany writers have demonstra Mid ee ad ct ment strategy “Is not possible without technologies appropriate to a country’s ” socio-economic conditions. But litte has yet-been writien about how these technol gies can b2 generated. Although often small in scale, appropriate technologies are not’ second-class As AWK. N. Reddy has pointed out, the belief thit they are is a misconception: the goaeration of appropriate technologies. ame vigour and thoroughness finds souud a bass of fangamental Sslenge and basie onginesing ass requited: for so-called advanced ‘western tchno- Towies Nicholas Jequier believes that the pritcipal reason for the failure of many technology - transfer proj. is that they do not help. build op. within the Basis which in the fone ran’ will ensure {the widespread diffusion “of appropriate echaologies Thus the development of an tive and self reliant scientific Fastructure is erucial (othe cut- rent debate. It is often lamented that the developing countries allocate vary funds to. scientific research opment (R & D). Two lobal surveys have revealed sen 1964 and 1973, the share in glo- p oa R & Din creased from just 20 to 3.6 per cent. However, the deficiencies of Third World scieace are more serious qualitatively than quantita research efforts unrelated” to are almost totally national problems, particularly when national problems ate defined as the problems of the impoverished masses, who constitute in’ most developing countries more than 80 per cent of the population, And, for another, in those Third World countries where seience is actually relatively developed, it remeins lai gely unused, ints may’ be illustrateit lo Indizn science, which i probably the most advan= ced in the Third World and. which is yery largely self-reliant, but Which does remarkably litte to help Iudia in its: quest for environmen- tally sound development strategies: One million scientists After its independence in 1947 India came to be ruled under a Furly democratic framework by a reformist politiealparty. The govera meat inherited a high population density that made intensive far ming impossible, high unempaly- ment in both the urban and rural areas, a buddingindustrial structure and & well-educated middle class. Thus planned economic develop. ment with a fair amount of socializ Ation of the industrial structure soon cane to dominate the country’s economiz-growth strategy, and Jar woharlal Nehru, the frst Prime pointed to “the urgent Science and technology {do not sezany way out of our vicious circle of poverty execpt by utilizing the ew sourtes “of ‘power which setence fas placed at ‘our’ disposal, During the first two decades of indcpendence, the government built up a chain of over one hundred laboratories and increa- aed its R & D expenditure thirty simes; the percentage of GNP spent on R & D doubled and the number of R-& D personnel more than quiatupled. India’s stock of scientists and technologists —the third largest in the world, behind only the USA and the USSR has grown to more than one mil- ion people. In terms of gioss output, India is today one of the ten largest indusizial countries, producing sophisticated items from Computers 10 complete power ste tions. Despite vigorous efforts, Indian seleace is terribly underutilized, Particularly in the industrial sec” tor. Successive director - generals of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research have complained that the know-how generated in Indian R-& D laboratories is Idom sed either by the state industries oF private enterpreneurs, all of sshom prefer 10 shop abroad. Repeated technology imporis have been allowed by the government, the classic case being that of the state-controlled fertilizer industry. Tndia has the Jargest coal deposits in Asia outside China but. the maia feedstock for the fertilizer industry is derived from naphtha, ‘an oll product, which it hes used — even though oil is scarce in the country —because of pressure from foreign oil companies. during the 1960s. India paid a heevy price for its decision when the prices. of petroleum shot up inthe eafly 1970s Further, India has consistently used the latest and largest plant technology evailable and ts ¢ te: sult hes “always had to rely on fechaology imports. Initially, when ao local Know-how was available, this was possibly an appropriate policy. But now the Fertiliser Corporation of Thdia can produce 600 tonnes per day (tpe) of fertilizer from ammonia and urea plants of its own. The government has, however, paid tittle attention to pleas from this quarter and the Economic and Political Weeklypoints out that denigration of Indian fer tilizer technology is once again em= erging:Avotier sound of diisons on the future dxparsion of the fer sur tovaby again nology and of Navin 1300ipd aiagestrear lanl o dsgoalfy Indian Sapenis onthe Sporting only S0Dipdiaats. Sanat Sfgumeats vere used to indict foreign SGhapaees "when omy thes years ag Sihtpd pacts ned Jest boson Yo. eee inthe Radusuy abisady Today. 1500p plana are only ost comicg Um ‘As cepital is scarce, India has oftea had to tur to forciga organizations, like the World Bank. Which insist that construction and Know-how contracts be given only to experienced firme and also. re commend. the puschare of the best technology available, to achieve scowomies of scale,’ Such stipuler tions prevent budding indigenous expertise from ever getting a chance, Contrast with China The contrast with China is striking. In 1973. a produced more than half its total nitrogen fertilizers in approximately 1,000 amall-geale plants located in half of the country's different counties, whose production ranged from 800 to 8000 tonnes per annum. (The same output is possible with just ten plants of the size set up in India.) Depending on what Taw material was locally available, the Chinese plants used coke, brown coal or coke oven gat. Only now, with the rapid development fof the petroleum industyy, isthe raw- material policy changing. This strategy resulted in many advantages: iCSaved on transport costs for both the raw material and the Cin shee product; local communes hee ped to share part of the investment with central government; small- scale alternatives provided employment for 250,000 people while large seale alternatives would have provided just. 2,009 jobs: and. fintily, the trained rural labour foree bet came an industriel asset and aa important force in changing the trae ditional attitudes of the rural ereas. The distribution of R & D funds shows even more clearly how the science system is used as little more than a cultural fuxury in India. ‘The atomic energy sector, which generates less than’ 5 per cent of the clectricity produced in India. spent in just two years, 1972/73 and 1973/74, 20 more funds than were devoted to research in public health and family planning over the preceding wexty years. The dizestor - general of the Indian Couneil of ~ Agricultural Research has complained bitterly about the scale of values which led to five. atomic scientists being given India's main civil award, Padma Siri, for developing the Pokhran atomic device—at best marginal achievement from the Sandpoint of India's real needs Yee not one of the satical-ural scientists who bred the highyielding cereal varioties which boosted agricultural production by $1000 million @ year was similarly. onow- red. The director-general of the Indian Couneil of Medical Rese- arch in turn cevently drew attention to another malady of science sys- tems in the Third World; while he hed dozens of ‘project proposals to study probleme related fo cancer, a major affliction in the West. but only a minor one in India, there were oply two project proposals {elated to leprosy, a major diseese in India. According 10 Reddy, ‘The educoticnal, acvstific and teshacto eal institutions are #0, slovely mode Je6 on the pattern of counterart is Ions inthe West tha thee eneraing iden for R&D, their trends aed Tash brs, {bein scams of nspsaiion, ther experienc Wecbnighes and testes, fhe entra of egallence and tourece of tecoznition ave Hom the’ inter theit ‘derived Ironically, under such distorted vonditions, even what is normally considered good for a country’s development can become harmfol India’s lackadaisical efforts towards ‘technological autonomy" are now set to receive a further setback, because of the sudden windfall in foreign -cxchange reseives. In late 1975, the government started new scheme to encourege Indians abroad to deposit their savings in Indien banks at high interest rates with the added incentive thal they could withdraw it inthe currency they deposited. This brought a flood of deposits from Indian scientists, engineers, doctors and other workers abroad —in a wey, It was ihe brain drain. pay- ing itall back. Forelgn- exchange Teserves have since continued to rise at roughly $100 million « month, despite increasing imports and afe now well above the $4006 million mark, a threefold cise in just_over a year. But with this development even the halfhearted import-ontrol regulations are noy being liberalized, which, if his evomes peimaneat as is feared, could spell disister for the coun: try's scienceand technology system, Simulianeously, India faces an equity crisis of grave propartions, The vata colleted in tac. zor 19603 revealed that 40 per ‘cent of Indians live below the porert line, that is, they carn less than § 36 a year, whieh is just enough to buy one sctere meal a day. Studies 9x Income, distibution show that this situation has not improved ard many even have worsenca The number of almost landless a: Bourers has also increised from 1961 10 1971 by as much as 91 percent. Asa cesult there is litle general purchesing power, Virtually "no mrass market. Tor consumer goods, the domestic marke. for mantfacturers is shrine King and the economy isstagnating End to technology imports? Dr. P. R. Brahmananda bell ves that India is ‘planning imo a Stationary state’; the economy is now locked and’ frozen in a ‘heavy investment mould’ which, instead of generating employment, purchasing power and a chain of consumer goods industries to mect the nectls oF popvlation srowih, is. actually uw feedlugupon iiselt The only way out isan appropriate technology thet substitutes capital with labour, maximizes income and employment and satisfies the basic human needs a? the masses. This India must develop om ita own, West has little of that landless and jeultural la kind to offer. But under what circumstances will that happen? Ward More. house and Jon Sigurdson believe that the rupture in Sino-Soviel relations in 1960 which forced China to look towards its own Fesources was an important event in shaping the Chinese strategy of self-reliance, They have therefore madethe apparently outrageous proposal that the Third UN Dever lopment Decade beginning in 1980 should declare a ten-yesr morato- tum on new transfers of tech-nology from industrialized to developing couniries. ‘Their stand was noted by the Conference on Inte: national Conflict and Co-operation in Science and Technology for Deve Iopment recently organized by Lund University. Its report. poiats out Ar much, of, the tecbalogy trneerced rom indusirialized to developing courte Hes hes been musically relevant 10 fneeiing busie “human needs of the eciieat couutnes, peibaps we need. 10 Gecelerate rather than accelerate North South techaology flow. These authors understand well enough that their proposal will draw only hostile criticism from the developing countries (whose governments muinly represent the interests of the clite) and from the developed countries (which have a vested interest in “maine taining th ‘A morato- rium on How could have an unsettling on pre~ sent power structures of propor tions never known before, ‘A total _and complete ban is. neither possible nor desirable’, admit Morghouse and Sigurdeon, but their provocative suggestion could help to focus more sharply on the need for more judicious sel ction of technology "transfer. In- dia’s example clearly shows that if, despite its tremendous restra- ints, its science system has been able to achieve so. much in so Short a time, its potential to solve the country’s problems and. of those similar to it, given a proper socio- politics! framework, has yet to be fully appreciated The bizarreries ... (Continved from page 18) Two killers ahropus Africanus, confirmed fst great gahs of meat Zallons of pore: ill proceed 19 munch rele: Tea, ss Zevhnions, devastating Tenis to send folks round the bend Or else be makes them snore Boy's the sound of is voice ser ceasing noise Just drives you up the wal Wouldn't you like to kick the anus Of zeslanicus and Aicanus? _ People What art is about Ht ates ous papers inthe course of his rich and productive intellectual life and they were published in hard-to-come cby'select journals meaat only for the world of academe. In three volumes now lessor mortals who can pay the price (£65 for the lot) can admite if they the flower of Ananda Coomaraswamy’s thought neatly arranged by an American academic, Roger Lipsey, who has done an expert job of the picking, Not so experi, remarks Kathleen Raine a Coomaraswamy afficio- nado, reviewing the volumes, are his pronouncements which are swaddled in the modera fallacies which Coomaraswamy in some of hhis mordant writings exposed. Lip- 's Interest in Coomaraswamy developed on reading an essey by hhim in French which he was study- ing while in France, That ted him to years of pursuing.a wide range of Coomaraswamy essays all dealing. in one way er another with the perennial philosophy neglected by modern man. The writing of Coo: maraswamy becomes lucid or ine comprehensiole, says critic Rainer, according to our understanding of the nature of things. Asa sample of his clarity she quotes. this: "Tn one respect the public is right; it always wants to know what a work of art is ‘about’. Let us tell them. what these works of art are about, and not merely tell them _ thin; about these works of art. Let us tell them the painful truth, cat Most of these works of art are about God, whom wenever mention in polite society.” The Happy Buddha “The Happy Buddha Steak House’ is not the kind of ad that appears in the Daily News. And when it did the other day it looked asif the Daily News had dropped another one of its inhibitions. Te was actually dropping a brick. ‘The ad, the Doily News said, was some thing that the Houston Chronicle, ied in the south of Texa had carried. The Buddhists in Sri Lanka were claiming that this hurt religious suceptibilities. And so ii soon seemed to be to judge from what advocate Siri Perera Q.C. had to tell the Daily News for repeating the offensive ad. The ides, the paper explained in a footnote to tothe QU’s letter, was not to give offence but 10 sow the depth of the offence, That was all the mare reason why the ad should not_have beon repeated, the QC was saving, but the Daily News didn’t look as if it ws catching the point DPL as banker Eyebrows ware raised and voices tactfully lowered when a letier bearing the seal of the US Sec relary of State was delivered some years ago at No. 13, Hyde Perk Gardens, London, the office of the Ceylon High Commission. It was in facta personal letter from the Formidable Henry Kissinger to his friend. Neville Kanakatatne, then Minister in our mission, Neville “Kanaks!” (batter known as Bunny to his University Dramsoe buddies) iwus one of the earliest participants in the prestigious Harvard Intec national Seminar run by Professor Henry Kissinger. When the U.P. assumed office in 1970 Kanakaratne who had done a tour of duty in Cyprus for the UN was an obvious ‘choice as our man in. Washington. Under the benign eye of Henry K., Neville K. soon earned a reputation as one of Washington's best informed Ambassadors. An Americon unives sity not given to distributing hones rary doctorates as liberally as the 5.1, U. crowned him with fresh academic laurels, Back at home after his 7-year stint, Kanakaratne who started his carrer as a lawyer, moves to bunk- ing. ‘The government is expected to appoint him chairman of a new bank devoted exclusively to finan- cing development projects Lined up for a similur post in another dank is former Income Tax Commi- ssioner, Mr. L. Piyaseua. 21More on Euro... (Continved from page 28) as to why revisionists possible, and indeed’ was possible, withont the preliminary condition sionists have (2) "'D' asks me the Soviet modern 1 theoretically attack Kal a people's revolution, then seemed Euro-communism ple. The Soviet modem revi- Lenin whe conducted a titanic st- le against the revisionism of sky and Bernstein in the course of which he wrote the famous book, “The Proletarian Re- volution and the Renezade Kau- the question The’ answer given up. the of destroying the “ready-made pretence that they are revolution. tsky.” State machinery." aries. ‘They still “Today, in 1917, in the epoch ionary , phraseology of the fizst great imperialist war, better deceive this qualification made by Marx ieno longer valid. Both Fneland and America, the biggest an lest represontatives—in the whole woild—of Anglo-Saxon “liberty”, in the sense that they had no military cliques and bureaucracy, have today completely sunk into the all-European filthy, bloody morass of bureaucratic-military ins- points : mouth revolut is why Lenin dest Imperialists as being socialist in the Words and imperialist in deeds. (3) Mr. Amaradasa Fernando's letter does not deserve a reply. but [wish to make one or two (a) Bernsteinism and Kautskyism (b) The tactic of the People’s Front has nothing revisionist about it. It was an atiempt to. build the unity of the working class io action ae the core and leading foree of a broader antifascist People’s Front to curb Hitler fas cism. It did not succeed, If it had, there would have Deen av second world war. It is far cry from the folly of the LSSP and the revisionists tailing behind the SLEP and Mis. B. in order te people, That ed the Social titutions which subordinate every- was not. revisionism of Marx’ thing to themeclves and trample time. They everything underfoot. Today, in only after the England and in America, toc, In fect, Bernstei “the preliminary condition for the funeral of Engels and was every real people's revolution” one of those is the smashing, the destructio oftheready-mace State machinery, En; death of Engels was present at who carried out Is) last wish that his ashes be strewn over the sea, It was (c) 1 was not a leading member of the C.P. at the time it took the decision to join the Nat. ional Congress or to support the UNP. Besides, 1 have consisten- Uy maintained that both decisi- oils Were wrong. me renegades Cryptic Crossword No. 4 by Stripex Across |. Carol's turtle (4) seo Soine Governor thatthe Ditah seat here (6) Seo Fist edly) {Begun without a number and caused alarm, (6) = Recep irom one's Tovestments in comesiitles (7) i" Art ol ‘vid (7) ‘Awa pigcan te vivid) 2 Versan Nor tdectotag, London thar grest=(A Stay Wo Searls) @) = Wornea's mottpeat i fet eaar surosndiope provides tome excuse a) {oven nth amnalist (9) ‘Rerooked mile East fr gum (5) Rote ners els (10) Sold moun Down 1. ge 9 2 Scalp 5) Rests we few. forthe gees) 5. American preeting’to the Spanish worker gives Scots name for mouncainous district. (7), 6 Texes | test came to presise ealeutations (5, 9) 1 Beconsisient wita (3) & Povider froin the industtal sector (4) cLUES 9, M1, 18, 1 down, 3, 28 et ee ee &. (Carroll) (3434 4625,462,534) 15, Shling about tetcime araund posts comniry could be an entirely diferent sport (10) 17 ‘Reronym for UncleSem's KGB (3) 19, Tudge and priest’ @) 2) Hiral bands, rat loving untruths (7) 24, Gitl Lee by ciazy abou (3) moe : Dre Ty S| re FEsliimalia a) i “TOLL ie 25, slow (9) 21 GuLEIie sll over (3) eB The quote frou Carroll is in part paraphrased for this puecte, Solution to Cryptic Crossword No. 3 ACROSS — 1. Doctor N.M.Pesera 7. Nerxes_ 8; Remedies U1, Reaction, 12, Status 15, ‘Col 'I6. Psh 17, Recap 20, “Innel” 21, Acre’ 22. Boer” 24. Nearly” 25, Stereest 28. Friedegg "25. Stealg 30. Thieves Kitchen DOWN— 2. Ournation 3. Treaty 4. Meet 5. Edict 6, Extraction 9, Extort 10. Comical “13. Separation La Thiesty 18. Cooperate 19. Stolld 23, rcite 23. allt 27. Aas.Compliments from ASSOCIATED ELECTRICAL CORPORATION LTD, 140, Vauxhall Street, Colombo 2. | Phone: 23172 S 35107 Compliments from Cc. V. BHATT 17, 2/3, Chartered Bank Building, Colombo |, Phone: 21618ZA piefession MULTI-PACKS (CEYLON) LTD, RATMALANA. fe Invitation Please ‘visit our Latest De Luxe Air-Conditioned SHOW ROOMS Where Garments of the Latest and Finest Fathlons are Displayed for your Shopping pleasure, @ Frocks @ Hang Outs @ Teeshirts @ Batik Shirts @ Curios @ Ornaments @ Silverware and other gife items Offered at Attractive Prices HIRDARAMANI LIMITED 65, 69, Chatham Street, Fort. Tel: 25456-7-8OFFICE MACHINES The following items of office machines are available for issus ex-stock at the prices mentioned therein. Ronee Vickers Model 270 Hand operated Duplicating Machines — Rs, 3,700/- Gestener Model 105 Hand operated Duplicating Machines — Rs. 3,700/~ Rex Rotary Model 450 Electric Duplicating Machines — Rs. 9,080/ Pitney Bowes Postal Franking Machines — Rs. 7,260/- Olivetti Summa Prima 29 Hand operated Adding Machines = Rs. 1,674/- Cannon Model L1423 14 digit Display Calculators — Rs. 2.240/- Cannon Model Fl Pocket Scientific Calculators wich Adoptor Rs. 520/— Cannon Model LD8M3 Pocket Calculators with Adaptor — Rs. 315). Simplex Model 5000H time Recorders — Rs, 5,750/~ Those who are interested in purchasing auy of the above items may call over on any working day between 8.15 asm. to 19.30 p.m. and 1.15 pm. 10 3.99 pain Sri Lanka State Trading (General) Corporation 119, Wekande Road = COLOMBO - 2 Telephone: 22342 - 45 To express your Love so Warm and Tender... Choose from the many magnificenc genuine 22 ct. SOVEREIGN GOLD ENGAGEMENT & WEDDING RINGS On display at the ONLY AIR-CONDITIONED JEWELLERY SALON IN SEA STREET Lalitha JEWELLERY MART 99-105, SEA STREET, COLOMBO 11 PHONE: 23691,Panny wore GeyLon INTER: CONTINENTAL SRI LANKA THE | ACTIONS ON AT THE INTERCON MONDAY THE MASQUERADE TUESDAY THE MASQUERADE WEDNESDAY MIGNONNE’S NITE THURSDAY THE JETLINERS WITH KATHY FRIDAY MIGNONNE & THE JETLINERS SATURDAY Oriental Buffet WITH THE MASQUERADE SUNDAY THE MASQUERADE

Her Body and Other Parties: Stories
From Everand
Her Body and Other Parties: Stories
Carmen Maria Machado
Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
4/5 (821)
Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore
From Everand
Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore
Jay Sekulow
Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars
3.5/5 (137)
The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)
From Everand
The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)
Viet Thanh Nguyen
Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars
4.5/5 (122)
A Man Called Ove: A Novel
From Everand
A Man Called Ove: A Novel
Fredrik Backman
Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars
4.5/5 (4610)
The Light Between Oceans: A Novel
From Everand
The Light Between Oceans: A Novel
M.L. Stedman
Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars
4.5/5 (789)
A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story
From Everand
A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story
Dave Eggers
Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars
3.5/5 (231)
Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln
From Everand
Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln
Doris Kearns Goodwin
Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars
4.5/5 (234)
Fear: Trump in the White House
From Everand
Fear: Trump in the White House
Bob Woodward
Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars
3.5/5 (738)
The Outsider: A Novel
From Everand
The Outsider: A Novel
Stephen King
Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
4/5 (1840)
Brooklyn: A Novel
From Everand
Brooklyn: A Novel
Colm Tóibín
Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars
3.5/5 (1946)
On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal
From Everand
On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal
Naomi Klein
Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
4/5 (74)
The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century
From Everand
The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century
Thomas L. Friedman
Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars
3.5/5 (2259)
Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel
From Everand
Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel
Jesmyn Ward
Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
4/5 (1104)
The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America
From Everand
The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America
George Packer
Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
4/5 (45)
Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America
From Everand
Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America
Gilbert King
Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars
4.5/5 (266)
Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race
From Everand
Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race
Margot Lee Shetterly
Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
4/5 (897)
The Woman in Cabin 10
From Everand
The Woman in Cabin 10
Ruth Ware
Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars
3.5/5 (2520)
Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future
From Everand
Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future
Ashlee Vance
Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars
4.5/5 (474)
The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel
From Everand
The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel
Garth Stein
Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
4/5 (4203)
Wolf Hall: A Novel
From Everand
Wolf Hall: A Novel
Hilary Mantel
Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
4/5 (3811)
Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike
From Everand
Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike
Phil Knight
Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars
4.5/5 (537)
The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer
From Everand
The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer
Siddhartha Mukherjee
Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars
4.5/5 (271)
John Adams
From Everand
John Adams
David McCullough
Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars
4.5/5 (2409)
A Tree Grows in Brooklyn
From Everand
A Tree Grows in Brooklyn
Betty Smith
Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars
4.5/5 (1929)
The Constant Gardener: A Novel
From Everand
The Constant Gardener: A Novel
John le Carré
Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars
3.5/5 (104)
The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers
From Everand
The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers
Ben Horowitz
Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars
4.5/5 (345)
Manhattan Beach: A Novel
From Everand
Manhattan Beach: A Novel
Jennifer Egan
Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars
3.5/5 (792)
The Perks of Being a Wallflower
From Everand
The Perks of Being a Wallflower
Stephen Chbosky
Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars
4.5/5 (2104)
Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance
From Everand
Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance
Angela Duckworth
Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
4/5 (589)
Bad Feminist: Essays
From Everand
Bad Feminist: Essays
Roxane Gay
Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
4/5 (1016)
The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)
From Everand
The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)
Sarah M. Broom
Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
4/5 (98)
Yes Please
From Everand
Yes Please
Amy Poehler
Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
4/5 (1898)
Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It
From Everand
Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It
Chris Voss
Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars
4.5/5 (842)
Angela's Ashes: A Memoir
From Everand
Angela's Ashes: A Memoir
Frank McCourt
Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars
4.5/5 (440)
Principles: Life and Work
From Everand
Principles: Life and Work
Ray Dalio
Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
4/5 (599)
Steve Jobs
From Everand
Steve Jobs
Walter Isaacson
Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars
4.5/5 (806)
The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living
From Everand
The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living
Meik Wiking
Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars
3.5/5 (401)
The Glass Castle: A Memoir
From Everand
The Glass Castle: A Memoir
Jeannette Walls
Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars
4.5/5 (1715)
The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life
From Everand
The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life
Mark Manson
Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
4/5 (5806)
The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are
From Everand
The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are
Brene Brown
Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
4/5 (1091)
Little Women
From Everand
Little Women
Louisa May Alcott
Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
4/5 (104)
December 1 1978
Document28 pages
December 1 1978
Sri Lanka Guardian
No ratings yet
August 1 1978
Document32 pages
August 1 1978
Sri Lanka Guardian
No ratings yet
September 15 1995
Document24 pages
September 15 1995
Sri Lanka Guardian
No ratings yet
January 15 1995
Document24 pages
January 15 1995
Sri Lanka Guardian
No ratings yet
November 15 1995
Document24 pages
November 15 1995
Sri Lanka Guardian
No ratings yet
February 1 1995
Document24 pages
February 1 1995
Sri Lanka Guardian
No ratings yet
November 15 1996
Document28 pages
November 15 1996
Sri Lanka Guardian
No ratings yet
September 15 1996
Document28 pages
September 15 1996
Sri Lanka Guardian
No ratings yet
April 1 1995
Document24 pages
April 1 1995
Sri Lanka Guardian
No ratings yet
May 1 1996
Document24 pages
May 1 1996
Sri Lanka Guardian
No ratings yet
March 15 1996
Document24 pages
March 15 1996
Sri Lanka Guardian
No ratings yet
January 15 1996
Document24 pages
January 15 1996
Sri Lanka Guardian
No ratings yet
February 15 1996
Document24 pages
February 15 1996
Sri Lanka Guardian
No ratings yet
December 15 1996
Document28 pages
December 15 1996
Sri Lanka Guardian
No ratings yet