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Module-A
Physical/Chemical/Biological
pH
Measure of the H+ ions concentration
pH = -log10[H+]
https://blog.albert.io/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/500x350_phscale_3-2.png
8 Water Quality Parameters
Turbidity
Scattering of light by particulate or colloidal matter in water,
gives water a turbid appearance
Unit of measurement: NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit)
Visible turbidity > 5 NTU
http://www.water.ncs
u.edu/watershedss/inf
o/images/TurbidityJars
.jpg
http://www.fondriest.com/
environmental-
measurements/wp-
content/uploads/2014/09/t
urbidity_nephelometer.jpg
9 Water Quality Parameters
Solids
Example
Calculate the alkalinity of a water sample (in mg/L as
CaCO3) having 0.35 g/L of HCO3- and 0.12 g/L of CO32- ions.
14 Water Quality Parameters
Example
Calculate the alkalinity of a water sample (in mg/L as
CaCO3) having 0.35 g/L of HCO3- and 0.12 g/L of CO32- ions.
http://www.dramm.com/img/Pr
oductpages/DO-Saturation.jpg
18 Water Quality Parameters
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
A proxy of the biodegradable organic compounds in water
Expressed in terms of the oxygen required by the
microorganisms to biochemically degrade the organic
matter present
C-BOD, N-BOD
Fast BOD, Slow BOD
BOD5, BODu
Units: mg/L O2
http://www.tankonyvtar.hu/en/tar
talom/tamop425/0032_vizkeszletg
azdalkodas_es_vizminoseg/image
s/77.bmp
19 Water Quality Parameters
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Biodegradable
Seed acclimatized
Non Biodegradable
Biodegradability of WW
Ratio of BOD : COD indicates the biodegradable nature of
WW.
Higher the ratio, higher is the biodegradability
21 Water Quality Parameters
DO Sag Curve
http://image1.slideserve.com/3381525/dissolved-oxygen-depletion-n.jpg
22 Water Quality Parameters
Multiple Tube Fermentation Test for coliforms
Targeted towards some indicator organisms, since
determination of all pathogens is very complex and time
consuming
These coliforms are non pathogenic surrogates that indicate
fecal contamination of water
Its absence indicates absence of enteric pathogens and its
concentration is related to probability of the presence of
pathogens
These coliforms survive longer in the environment compared
to pathogens
Total coliforms and Fecal coliforms (e.g. Escherichia coli,
Enterobacter aerogenes)
23 Water Quality Parameters
Multiple Tube Fermentation Test for coliforms
Presumptive Test
Confirmatory Test
24 Water Quality Parameters
Multiple Tube Fermentation Test for coliforms
Lactose Broth
https://microbeonline.com/
wp-
content/uploads/2017/06/
MPN-5-Test-Tube-
Method.jpg
25 Water Quality Standards
International Organizations
World Health Organization (WHO)
US- Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)
National Organizations
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
Discharge Standards
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