Exercise 7, Q2(vi)

= 4 sin 1+

= 4 cos 1+ 1+

1 1
−2
= 4 cos 1+ 1+ 1+
2
4 cos 1+ 1 1
−1
= 1
0+ 2
2
2
2 1+
cos 1+
=
1+
Dr Rashid Ali | Calculus I 81
Implicit Differentiation

Reading Assignment
Page 205 to 211
of
Thomas Calculus 11th edition

Dr Rashid Ali | Calculus I 82

 Cont. . .
 Explicit Form = ( )
 Implicit form: , =0
 For example 2 + 2 = 9 ------ (1) is an implicit function

Question: Find from (1)

A) Convert to explicit form:
Note that 2 = 9 − 2 gives us 2 Explicit forms
= 9− 2 ------ (2) and =− 9− 2 ------- (3)
From (2)
1 Similarly, from (3), we have
1 2 −2 2
= 9− 9−
2 = = =−
1 1
2 −2 9− −
= 9− −2
2
=− = −
9− 2

Dr Rashid Ali | Calculus I 83

Cont. . .
 We can find directly from implicit form, using implicit
differentiation and the rules of finding derivatives.
 Note that
′
 =

By chain rule 2 =2


1 −1/2 1
 Similarly, = =
2 2

 sin = cos

 = + .1 = +

 = or

Dr Rashid Ali | Calculus I 84

Cont. . .
B) Now use these rules on equation (1).
That is, 2 + 2 = 9 −−−− − (1).

Differentiating both sides of equation (1) we get

2 +2 =0

Solving it for we get

2 = −2

=−

Note: Method A cannot by applied on many implicit functions.

Always use Implicit Differentiation (Method B) to find the
derivative of dependent variable w.r.t. independent variable.
Dr Rashid Ali | Calculus I 85
Example
 What is the explicit form of 2 + + 2 =9?
 We can still find by using implicit differentiation.
 As 2 + + 2=9,
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x we get
2 + + +2 =0

Move all terms containing / to L.H.S and all other to R.H.S.

+2 = −2 −

+2 = −2 −
−2 −
=
+2
Dr Rashid Ali | Calculus I 86
Solution OHT

Recall that by definition we have

+ℎ − ( )
= lim
→ ℎ

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Remember that sin ≠ sin sin .
sin 2 − − 2
lim
→−1 +1
sin −2 +1
= lim
→−1 +1
sin −2 +1
= lim × −2
→−1 +1 −2
= 1 −1 − 2 = −3

Dr Rashid Ali | Calculus I 88

Recall that the equation of tangent line through , is
given by − = − ,
where = and = .
The solution to Part 0) is explained below:
0) = + we have =2 +1
At = 0 we have = 0 = 0 and = 0 =1
Therefore equation of tangent is
− = −
−0=1 −0
=
Complete all other parts (OHT S1 & S2) in the same way.
Dr Rashid Ali | Calculus I 89
Cont. . .

Interpretation of the value of derivative/slope of

tangent:
0) Here = + at = 0, we have = 1.
It means that if is increased by 1 unit at = 0, then
the value of is expected to increase by 1 unit.
1) Here = and at = 1, we have =− .
It means that if is increased by 1 unit at = 1, then
the value of is expected to decrease by units.

Dr Rashid Ali | Calculus I 90

 2
i) = 250 40 −
′
Therefor, = 500 40 − 0 − 1
= −500 40 − .
So, at the end of 8 min. ′ 8 = −500 40 − 8 = −16000 gallons/min.
5 − (0)
ii) Average rate in [0, 5] = = _______ gallons/min
5−0
10 − (5)
Average rate in [5, 10] = = _______ gallons/min
10−5
iii) Initial volume: 0 = 250 40 − 0 = 400,000 gallons.
iv) Empty: That is = 0 ⇒ = 40 minutes.
Dr Rashid Ali | Calculus I 91
i) = 200 30 − 2

Therefor, ′ = 400 30 − 0 − 1
= −400 30 − .
So, at the end of 8 min. ′ 8 = −400 30 − 8 = −8800 gallons/min.
5 − (0)
ii) Average rate in [0, 5] = = _______ gallons/min
5−0
10 − (5)
Average rate in [5, 10] = = _______ gallons/min
10−5
iii) Initial volume: 0 = 200 30 − 0 = 180,000 gallons.
iv) Empty: That is = 0 ⇒ = 30 minutes.
Dr Rashid Ali | Calculus I 92