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Sub. Name & Code: MA3151_Matrices and Calculus Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2021-2022
I-YEAR B.E./B.TECH. (COMMON TO ALL BRANCHES)

MATRICES AND CALCULUS (MA3151) QUESTION BANK
UNIT – I MATRICES
PART-A
1 State Cayley Hamilton theorem. Also write uses of Cayley Hamilton theorem.
Statement: Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.
The most important applications of Cayley–Hamilton theorem which are related to the calculation of
inverse and powers of square matrices.
𝟏 𝟎
2 If 𝐀 = [ ], then find 2A2 - 12A +10I. (NOV/ DEC 2019)
𝟎 𝟓
Solution:
| A - I |= 0
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2 - 6 + 5 = 0
A2 - 6A + 5I = 0 (By Cayley Hamilton theorem)
Hence, 2(A2 - 6A + 5I) = 0
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2A2 - 12A + 10I = 0
 cos θ sin θ 
3 Show that A =   is orthogonal.
− sin θ cos θ
Solution:
 cos θ sin θ  cos θ -sin θ  
AA T =  = 
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cos 2 θ+sin 2 θ −cos θsin θ + sin θcos θ  1 0 
=  =I
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  
-sin θ cos θ   sin θ cos θ   −sin θcos θ + cos θsin θ sin 2 θ+cos 2 θ  0 1 
cosθ -sin θ   cosθ sin θ   cos 2 θ+sin 2 θ cosθsin θ − cosθsin θ  1 0 
A A=
T
   = =  =I
 sin θ cosθ  -sin θ cosθ  cosθsin θ − cosθsin θ sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ  0 1 
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 AA T = A T A = I  A is orthogonal.
a 4
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4 Find the constants ‘𝒂’ &‘𝒃’ such that the matrix   has 3 & –2 as its eigen values. (APR/MAY 2018)
1 b
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Solution: Sum of the eigen values = sum of the main diagonal elements
 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 3– 2 = 1 − − − − − (1)
Product of the eigen values = A  (3)(−2) = 𝑎𝑏 – 4
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𝑖. 𝑒. – 6 = 𝑎𝑏 – 4  𝑎𝑏 = −2
 𝑏 = −2/𝑎
𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑏 𝑖𝑛 (1) 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1  𝑎 + (−2/𝑎) = 1 𝑎2 – 2 = 𝑎 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑎2 – 𝑎– 2 = 0
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 = – 1, 2  𝑏 = 2, – 1
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𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏
5 If the product of eigen values of the matrix 𝑨 = [𝟑 𝟓 𝟐 ] is -8, then find the value of 𝒌?
ww
𝟏 𝒌 𝟐
Solution: The product of the eigen values = |𝐴|
|𝐴| = 1(10 − 2𝑘) − 2(6 − 2) − 1(3𝑘 − 5) = −8
⟹ 10 − 2𝑘 − 8 − 3𝑘 + 5 = −8
⟹ 7 − 5𝑘 = −8
Hence, 𝑘 = 3
 1   −2 2 −3 
   2 1 −6  , find the corresponding eigen value.
6 If  2  is an eigen vector of
 
 − 1  −1 −2 0 
 
St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Page No: 1
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1
 
Solution: Let X =  2  be the eigen vector of the matrix corresponding to the eigen value .
 −1
 
The eigen vectors are obtained from the equation 𝐴𝑋 = 𝑋
 −2 2 −3  1  1
    
 2 1 −6  2  =   2 
 −1 −2 0  −1  −1
    
 −2 + 4 + 3    
   
 2 + 2 + 6  =  2 
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   
 −1 − 4 + 0   − 
 = 5.
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7 If trace and determinant of 2 × 2 is -2 and -35 respectively, then find the eigen values of matrix?
Solution: Let  1 and  2 are two eigen value of the given matrix 𝐴
Trace of A= sum of the eigen values
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⟹  1 +  2 = −2…………….. (1)
Determinant of A = Product of the eigen values
⟹  1  2 = −35…………………(2)
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Sub (1) ⟹  1 = −2 −  2 in equation (2)
(−2 −  2 ) 2 = −35
(−2 −  2 ) 2 + 35 = 0
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𝜆22 + 2𝜆22 − 35 = 0
(𝜆2 − 5)(𝜆2 + 7) = 0
Therefore, 𝜆2 = 5 and -7
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If the 𝜆2 = 5 then 𝜆1 = −2 − 5 = −7
If the 𝜆2 = −7 then 𝜆1 = −2 + 7 = 5
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Hence the eigen values are 5 and -7.

2 1 0
 
If A = 0 3 4 then find the eigen values of A-1 and A2-2I.
8   (APR/MAY 2018)
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 0 0 4 
Solution: In a triangular matrix, the main diagonal values are the eigen values of the matrix.
 2, 3, 4 are the eigen values of 𝐴. Hence the eigen values of A-1 = 1 , 1 , 1 .
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2 3 4
2 2 2 2
The eigen values of 𝐴 are (2) , (3) , (4) = 4, 9, 16.
ww
The eigen values of 𝐴2-2𝐼 are 4 – 2, 9 – 2, 16 – 2 = 2, 7, 14.

𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
9 Determine whether the given matrix 𝑨 = [𝟐 𝟔 𝟎] is Diagonalizable?
𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
2 0 0
Solution: The given matrix 𝐴 = [2 6 0] is triangular matrix
3 2 1
 the eigenvalues are 𝜆1 = 2, 𝜆2 = 6 and 𝜆3 = 1.
since eigenvectors corresponding to distinct eigenvalues are linearly independent, A has three
linearly independent eigenvectors and it is therefore diagonalizable.
 2 0 0
 
10 If A =  0 3 0  , then find the eigen values of adjoint of A. (APR/MAY 2019)
 0 0 1 
-1
Solution: We know that, adjoint of A = A A .
A = product of the eigen values = (2)(3)(1) = 6.

1 1
Eigen values of A -1 are , ,1.
2 3
1 1
Eigen values of adjA are (6), (6), (1)(6) = 3, 2, 6 .
2 3
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 0 5 − 1
 6  .
11 Write down the quadratic form corresponding to the matrix A =  5 1
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 −1 6 2 
Solution: The matrix of the quadratic form of A is given by
X T AX = ( x1 x2 x3 )
 0
 5

5
1
− 1
6 
 x1 
x 
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 2  = 0 x1 + x2 + 2 x3 + 10 x1 x2 + 12 x2 x3 − 2 x1 x3 .
2 2 2
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 −1 6 2   x3 
12 Determine the nature of the following quadratic form𝒇(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙𝟑 ) = 𝒙𝟐𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐𝟑 .
1 0 0 
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Solution: The matrix of the quadratic form is

Q = 0 2 0 
0 0 −9 
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The eigen values of the matrix are 1, 2, -9

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Therefore, the quadratic form is indefinite.

Discuss the nature of the quadratic form 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒛𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 without reducing it to canonical
13
form.
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2 1 0
Solution:
The matrix of the quadratic form is
Q = 1 3 0 

 0 0 2 
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The principal sub determinants are

𝐷1 = 2 (+𝑣𝑒)
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2 1
𝐷2 = | | = 5(+𝑣𝑒)
1 3
2 1 0
𝐷3 = |1 3 0| = 2(6 − 0) − 1(2 − 0) + 0 = 10
0 0 2
Therefore, the quadratic form is positive definite.
Find the values of 𝝀 so that the QF 𝝀(𝒙𝟐𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐𝟑 ) + 𝟐𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟏 may be positive
14
definite.
 1 1
Solution:
The matrix of the quadratic form is
A= 1  −1
1 −1 
The principal sub determinants are
𝐷1 = 𝜆
𝜆 1
𝐷2 = | | = 𝜆2 − 1 = (𝜆 + 1)(𝜆 − 1)
1 𝜆
 1 1
𝐷3 = 1  −1 = 𝜆(𝜆2 − 1) − 1(𝜆 + 1) + 1(−1 − 𝜆)
1 −1 
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= 𝜆3 − 3𝜆 − 2 = (𝜆 + 1)2 (𝜆 − 2)
For positive definite
𝐷1 > 0, 𝐷2 > 0, 𝐷3 > 0
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⇒ 𝜆 > 0, 𝜆2 − 1 > 0 , (𝜆 + 1)2 (𝜆 − 2) > 0
⇒ 𝜆 > 0, (𝜆 + 1)(𝜆 − 1) > 0 , (𝜆 + 1)2 (𝜆 − 2) > 0
⇒ 𝜆−2>0
15
⇒ 𝜆>2
Therefore, the quadratic form is positive definite.
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Find the matrix whose eigen values are 1,3 and eigen vectors are (𝟏, −𝟏)𝑻 , (𝟏, 𝟏)𝑻 .
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0 1
Solution: Since the given eigen vectors ( ) , ( ) are orthogonal
−1 0
By orthogonal reduction
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𝑁 𝑇 𝐴𝑁 = 𝐷
𝐴 = 𝑁𝐷𝑁 𝑇
The normalized model matrix
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0 1
𝑁=[ ]
−1 0
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0 1 1 0 0 −1
∴𝐴= [ ][ ][ ]
−1 0 0 3 1 0
0 3 0 −1
=[ ][ ]
−1 0 1 0
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3 0
∴A=[ ].
0 1
Find the nature of the conic 8 x 2 − 4 xy + 5 y 2 = 36 by reducing the quadratic form
16
8 x 2 − 4 xy + 5 y 2 to the form AX 2 + BY 2 .
w
 8 −2 
Solution: The matrix of the quadratic form is A =  
ww
 −2 5 
The characteristic equation of A is | A −  I |= 0
8 −  −2
=0
−2 5 − 
(8 −  )(5 −  ) − 4 = 0
 3 − 13 2 + 36 = 0
𝜆2 − 13𝜆 + 36 = 0
( − 4)( − 9) = 0
 The eigen values of A are  = 4, 9
 the canonical form is of the form 4 X 2 + 9Y 2

X2 Y2
 given conic becomes 4 X 2 + 9Y 2 = 36 i.e. + = 1 which is an ellipse.
9 4
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
17 Write down the matrix equation of an ellipse + = 𝟏 is in standard position to the coordinate axis .
𝟏𝟔 𝟗
Solution:
𝑥2 𝑦2
The equation of an ellipse + = 1 is in quadratic form.
16 9
𝑥2 𝑦2
Hence + =1
16 9
1
0 𝑥
16
⟹ [𝑥 𝑦] [ 1 ] [𝑦] = 1.
0
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9
18 If  is the eigen value of the matrix A, then prove that 2 is the eigen value of A2. (APR/MAY2019)
Solution: If X is the eigen vector of the matrix A corresponding to the eigen value , then AX = X. Pre
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multiply by A A2 X= A (X)
= (AX)
= ( X)
= 2X
Hence, 2 is the eigen value of A2.
eri
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19 Prove that the matrices A and AT have the same Eigen values. (NOV/DEC2019)
Solution: We know that, A = A .
T
 A- I = ( A- I )
T
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= ( AT −  I T )
E
= |𝐴𝑇 − 𝜆𝐼 )| (∵ 𝐼 = 𝐼 𝑇 )
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 A and AT have same characteristic polynomial  A and AT have same characteristic equation.
Hence, A and AT have same eigen values.
1 2
20 Show that the eigen values of −3A−1 are the same as those of A =  
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2 1
1−  2
Solution: The characteristic equation of A is =0
2 1− 
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 2 − 2 − 3 = 0
( + 1)( − 3) = 0
ww
  = −1,3 are the eigen values of A .

1 1
Now the eigen values of A−1 are , and hence the eigen values of −3A−1 are 3, −1.
−1 3
PART – B
1 1 3
 
1 (i) Verify Caley Hamilton theorem for A =  1 3 −3  . Also find adj( A ) and 𝑨−𝟏 .
 
 −2 −4 −4 
(APR / MAY 18)
1 3 7
 
(ii) Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix A=  4 2 3  , hence find A4 and 𝑨−𝟏 .
1 2 1
 
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
2 (i) Use Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix 𝑨 = (𝟎 𝟏 𝟎) to express as a linear polynomial
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝟔 𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
in 𝑨 − 𝟓𝑨 + 𝟖𝑨 − 𝟐𝑨 − 𝟗𝑨 − 𝟑𝟏𝑨 − 𝟑𝟔𝑰.
(ii) Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem, find the matrix represented by

𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝑨𝟖 − 𝟓𝑨𝟕 + 𝟕𝑨𝟔 − 𝟑𝑨𝟓 + 𝑨𝟒 − 𝟓𝑨𝟑 − 𝟖𝑨𝟐 + 𝟐𝑨 − 𝑰 when 𝑨 = (𝟎 𝟏 𝟎).
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𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
2 1 0
 
(i) Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix A =  0 2 1 
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3
0 0 2
 
eri 𝟎 𝟏
(ii) Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix [𝟏 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏
𝟏]. Determine the algebraic and
𝟎
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geometric multiplicity.
4 (i) The Eigen vectors of a 33 real symmetric matrix A corresponding to the eigen values 2,3,6 are (1,0,-
1)T, (1,1,1)T and (1,-2,1)T respectively. Find the matrix A.
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𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
(ii) Prove that the eigen vectors of the real symmetric matrix 𝑨 = [𝟏 𝟓 𝟏] are orthogonal in pairs
E
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
 6 −2 2 
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 
5 (i) Diagonalize the matrix A =  −2 3 −1 by means of orthogonal transformation.
 
 2 −1 3 
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𝟑 𝟏 −𝟏
(ii) Show that the matrix 𝑨 = [−𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 ] is diagonalizable, hence find 𝑴 such that
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐
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𝑴−𝟏 𝑨𝑴 is a diagonal matrix. Then obtain the matrix 𝑩 = 𝑨𝟐 + 𝟓𝑨 + 𝟑𝑰

6 (i) Compute the eigen values and eigen vectors of the following system:
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𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 = 𝝀𝒙𝟏

𝟐𝒙𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 = 𝝀𝒙𝟐
𝟐𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟑 = 𝝀𝒙𝟑
𝟑 −𝟏 𝟏
(ii) Verify that the eigen vector of the real symmetric matrix 𝑨 = (−𝟏 𝟓 −𝟏) are
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟑
orthogonal to each other
Reduce the quadratic form 10 x + 2 y + 5 z +6 yz − 10 xz − 4 xy to canonical form by orthogonal

2 2 2
7
reduction. Also find its nature.
Reduce the quadratic form 2 x + 5 y + 3 z + 4 xy to canonical form through orthogonal

2 2 2
8
transformation. Find also its nature. (APR / MAY 18)
9 Reduce the quadratic form 2 xy + 2 yz + 2 xz to canonical form by orthogonal reduction. Also find its
nature.
10 (i) An elastic membrane in the 𝐱 𝟏 𝐱 𝟐 -plane with boundary circle 𝐱 𝟏𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏 is stretched so
that a point 𝐏: (𝐱 𝟏 , 𝐱 𝟐 ) goes over into the point 𝐐: (𝐲𝟏 , 𝐲𝟐 ) given by
𝐲𝟏 𝟓 𝟑 𝐱𝟏 𝐲 = 𝟓𝐱 𝟏 + 𝟑𝐱𝟐
𝐲 = [𝐲 ] = 𝐀𝐱 = [ ] [𝐱 ] in components, 𝟏
𝟐 𝟑 𝟓 𝟐 𝐲𝟐 = 𝟑𝐱 𝟏 + 𝟓𝐱𝟐
Find the principal directions, that is, the directions of the position vector x of P for
which the direction of the position vector y of Q is the same or exactly opposite. What
shape does the boundary circle take under this deformation?
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𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏
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(ii) Find the characteristic equation of the matrix 𝑨 = [−𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏] and hence determine
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐
its inverse.
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An elastic membrane in the 𝐱 𝟏 𝐱 𝟐 -plane with boundary 𝐱 𝟏𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏 is stretched so that point
𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
11 𝐏(𝐱𝟏 , 𝐱 𝟐 ) goes over into point 𝐐(𝐲𝟏 , 𝐲𝟐 ) such that 𝐲 = 𝐀𝐱 with 𝐀 = [ ]. Find the principal
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
ine
directions (Eigen vector) and corresponding factors of extension or contraction of the elastic
deformation (eigenvalues). Sketch the shape of the deformed membrane.
UNIT II – DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
PART – A
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1 Find the domain of the function f ( x ) = 3− x − 2+ x. (NOV/DEC 2018)

Solution:
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The given function is f ( x ) = 3 − x − 2 + x .

Since the square root of a negative number is not defined (as a real number), the domain of f ( x ) consist
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of all the values of x such that 3 − x  0 and x + 2  0 . This is equivalent to x  3 and x  −2, so the
domain of the given function is  −2,3.
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2 Find the domain and range and sketch the graph of the function f ( x ) = 4 − x2
Solution:
Given y = 4 − x 2
w
 y 2 = 4 − x2
 x2 + y2 = 4
ww
which represents a circle with centre at origin ( 0, 0 ) and radius 2.
Since y = 4 − x 2  0 , the desired graph is the upper half of the circle.

The domain is the interval −2  x  2 and the range is the interval 0  y  2 .
 x, x  0
3 Sketch the graph of the absolute value function f ( x ) =  .
− x, x  0
Solution:
 x, x  0
The given function is f ( x ) = x =  .
 − x, x  0
The graph of f ( x ) coincides with the line y = x to the right of the y −
axis and coincides with the line y = − x to the left of the y − axis.
f (x) − 8
4 If lim = 10 , then find lim f (x) (NOV/ DEC 2020)
x →1 x−1 x →1
Solution:
 f (x) − 8 
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Let lim f (x) = lim[f (x) + 8 − 8] = lim  .(x − 1)  + 8
x →1 x →1 x →1
 x −1 
 f (x) − 8   
=  lim . lim(x − 1)   + 8
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
  x →1 x − 1   x →1 
= 0 + 8 = 8.
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t −1
4
5 Evaluate lim . (NOV/ DEC 2018)
t →1 t3 − 1
Solution:
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( ) ( )( )
2
t 4 −1 t 2 − 12 t 2 −1 t 2 + 1  a 2 − b 2 = (a − b)(a + b) 
lim 3 = lim 3 3 = lim  3 3 
t →1 t − 1 t →1 t −1 ( )
t →1 t − 1 t 2 + t + 1
( ) (
 a − b = (a − b) a + ab + b
2 2
) 
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( t − 1) ( t + 1) ( t 2 + 1)
= lim
t →1
( t − 1) ( t 2 + t + 1)
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( t + 1) ( t 2 + 1) (1 + 1) (12 + 1) 4
= lim = = .
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t →1
(t 2
+ t +1 ) 1 +1+1
2
3
3x + 9
6 Check whether lim exist. (APR/ MAY 2019)
x →3 x + 3
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3x + 9 3x + 9
Solution: lim− = lim− = −3
x →3 x + 3 x →3 − ( x + 3)
3x + 9 3x + 9
= lim+ =3
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lim
x →3+ x + 3 x →3 x + 3
3x + 9 3x + 9 3x + 9
ww
Here lim+  lim−  lim does not exist.

x →3 x + 3 x →3 x + 3 x →3 x + 3
 x − 4, if x  4

7 If f ( x ) =  , determine whether lim f ( x ) exists
 8 − 2 x , if x  4

x→ 4
Solution:
 x − 4, if x  4

Given f ( x ) = 
8 − 2 x, if x  4

 lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ x − 4 = 4 − 4 = 0
x →4 x→4
 lim− f ( x ) = lim− (8 − 2 x ) = 8 − 2 ( 4 ) = 0
x →4 x →4
 lim+ f ( x ) = lim− f ( x ) = 0
x →4 x →4
 the limit exists, and lim f ( x ) = 0 .

x→4
8 Show that the function f ( x ) = 4 − 4 − x 2 is continuous in the interval  −2, 2 .

Solution:
x →a
2
x →a
( 2
)
If −2  a  2 , then lim f ( x ) = lim 4 − 4 − x = 4 − lim 4 − x = 4 − 4 − a = f ( a )
2
x →a
( )
 f ( x ) is continuous at a if −2  a  2 .
lim + f ( x ) = 4 = f ( −2 ) and lim− f ( x ) = 4 = f ( 2 )
.in
Similarly
x →( −2 ) x→2
 f ( x ) is continuous on [−2, 2] .
ng
 a + bx , x 1

9 Suppose f ( x ) =  4, x = 1 and if lim f ( x ) = f (1) . What are possible values of a and b.
x →1
 b − ax ,
eri
 x 1
a + bx, x 1

Solution: The given function is f ( x ) = 4, x =1
ine
b − ax, x 1

Now lim− f ( x ) = lim− ( a + bx ) = a + b
x →1 x →1
ng
and lim f ( x ) = lim+ ( b − ax ) = b − a also f (1) = 4

x →1+ x →1
It is given that lim f ( x ) = f (1)

x →1
E
 lim− f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = f (1)

x →1 x →1 x →1
arn
 a + b = 4 and b − a = 4
On solving these two equations, we obtain a=0, b=4.
Thus, the respective possible values of a and b are 0 and 4.
10 If f ( x ) = xe x then find the expression for f ''( x ) . (NOV/DEC 2019)
.Le
Solution:
Given f ( x) = xe
x
f '( x) = x(e x ) + e x (1)  (uv)' = uv '+ vu '

w
f ''( x) =  x(e x ) + e x (1)  + e x

ww
f ''( x) = x(e x ) + 2e x = e x ( x + 2).

dy
11 If xe y = x − y ,then find by implicit differentiation (NOV/DEC 2020)
dx
Solution:
Given xe y = x − y
Let f ( x, y ) = xe y − x + y
dy f
By formula =− x
dx fy
f x = e y − 1 & f y = xe y + 1
dy (e y − 1)
 =− y
dx xe + 1
1− ey
= .
(1 + xe y )
12 If f ( x ) = x , then find the derivative of f ( x ) . Also state the domain of f ' ( x ) .

Solution:
f ( x + h) − f ( x)
f ' ( x ) = lim
.in
h →0 h
x+h − x
= lim
h→0 h
(
f ( x) = x  f ( x + h) = x + h )
ng
 x+h − x x+h + x 
= lim  . 
h →0
 h x+h + x 
eri

= lim 
( x + h ) − x 
h →0 
 (
h x+h + x 
 )
ine
 
h 1 1
= lim   = lim =
h →0 
 (
h x+h + x 
 )
h → 0 x+h + x 2 x
ng
We see that f ' ( x ) exists only if x  0 , so the domain of f ' ( x ) is ( 0, ) . This is slightly smaller than
the domain of f ( x ) , which is [0, ) .
E
if sin ( x + y ) = y cos x
dy 2
13 Find
arn
dx
Solution: Given sin ( x + y ) = y cos x
2
Diff. w.r.to x, we get,
( ) ( )
.Le
cos ( x + y ) 1 + y ' = y 2 ( − sin x ) + ( cos x ) 2 yy '
cos ( x + y ) + cos ( x + y ) y ' = − y 2 sin x + 2 yy ' cos x

w
cos ( x + y ) + y 2 sin x = ( 2 y cos x − cos ( x + y ) ) y '

cos ( x + y ) + y 2 sin x
ww
 y' = .
2 y cos x − cos ( x + y )
dy
14 Find if x = at 2 , y = 2at
dx
Solution:
dy dy / dt
Since =
dx dx / dt
x = at 2 , y = 2at
dx dy
= 2at , = 2a
dt dt
dy dy / dt
 =
dx dx / dt
2a 1
= =
2at t
15 Find the critical points of y = 5 x 3 − 6 x . (APR/MAY 2019)
Solution: A critical point of a function y = f ( x ) is a point c in the domain of f ( x ) such that either
y ' ( c ) = 0 or y ' ( c ) does not exist.
y ' = 15 x 2 − 6 = 0.
15 x 2 = 6
2
.in
6 2
x2 = = x= .
15 5 5
ex  e
16 Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve y =  1, 2 
ng
at the point
1 + x2  
ex
Solution: Given y =
1 + x2

dy
=
(1 + x ) dxd ( e ) − e
2 x x d
dx
(
1 + x2
=
)
( eri
1 + x 2 ) e x − e x ( 2 x ) e x (1 − x )
=
2
ine
(1 + x ) (1 + x 2 ) (1 + x 2 )
2 2 2
dx 2
 e dy
The slope of the tangent line at  1,  is =0
 2
ng
dx x =1
 e
This means that the tangent line at  1,  is horizontal and its equation is given by
 2
E
y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )
arn
e
= 0 ( x − 1)
y−
2
e
y− =0
.Le
2
e
y= .
2
Find the points on the curve y = x − 6 x + 4 where the tangent line is horizontal.
4 2
17
w
Solution:
Horizontal tangents occur where the first derivative of the function y is zero.
ww
Given y = x − 6 x + 4
4 2
dy
 = 4 x3 − 12 x = 0
dx
4 x ( x 2 − 3) = 0
x = 0, x 2 − 3 = 0  x =  3
Therefore the given curve has horizontal tangents when x = 0, x = 3, x = − 3.
The corresponding points are ( 0, 4 ) , ( )(
3, −5 , − 3, −5 . )
Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve y = x 4 + 2 x 2 − x at the point (1,2)
18
(NOV/DEC 2020)
Solution:
The equation of tangent line at ( x1 , y1 ) is given by ( y − y1 ) = m ( x − x1 )
Given y = x 4 + 2x 2 − x
dy
 = 4x 3 + 4x − 1
dx
dy
at (1, 2), = 4(1)3 + 4(1) − 1 = 7
dx
 Equation of tangent line is y − 2 = 7(x − 1)
 y = 7x − 5.
.in
19 State the extreme value theorem.
Solution:
If f ( x ) is continuous on a closed interval  a, b , then f ( x ) attains an absolute maximum value f ( c )
ng
and an absolute minimum value f ( d ) at some points c and d in  a, b.
20 State Fermat’s theorem.
eri
Solution:
If f ( x ) has a local maximum or minimum at c, and if f ' ( c ) exists, then f ' ( c ) = 0 .
PART – B
ine
1 − x , if x  −1
1 (i) A function f ( x ) is defined by f ( x ) =  . Evaluate f ( −2 ) , f ( −1) and
2
x , if x  −1
f ( 0 ) and sketch the graph.
ng
 x + 1, if x  1
2
(ii) If f ( x ) =  , (i) Find lim− f ( x ) and lim+ f ( x ) , (ii) Does lim f ( x )

( x − 2 ) ,
2
if x  1 x →1 x →1 x →1
E
exists.
arn
1
(iii) Show that lim x 3 sin  =0.
x →0
 x
2 (i) Find the values of a and b that make f (x) continuous on ( −,  )
.Le
 x3 − 8
 , if x  2
 x − 2
f ( x ) =  ax 2 − bx + 3, if 2  x  3 . (NOV/DEC 2018)
w
 2 x − a + b, if x  3


ww
(ii) For what value of the constant b, is the function f ( x ) continuous on ( −,  ) if
 bx + 2 x , x  2
2
f ( x) =  3 . (APR/MAY 2019)
 x − bx , x  2
3 (i) The equation of motion of a particle is s = t 3 − 3t , where s is in meters and t is in seconds.
Find (a) the velocity and acceleration as functions of t, (b) the acceleration after 2s and (c)
the acceleration when the velocity is zero.
(ii) Show that the function f (x) = x − 6 is not differentiable at 6. Find a formula for first
derivative of f(x) and sketch its graph. (NOV/DEC 2020)
4 1− x
(i) If f ( x ) = then, find the equation for f ' ( x ) using the concept of derivatives.
2+ x
(NOV/DEC 2019)
dy
( )
4
(ii) Find if y = x 2e 2 x x 2 + 1 . (APR/MAY 2019)
dx
5  b + a cos x 
(i) Find the derivative of f ( x ) = cos −1  . (NOV/DEC 2018)
 a + b cos x 
y
(ii) Find y ' if tan ( x − y ) = . (NOV/DEC 2018)
1 + x3
6  x
(i) Find the derivative of f ( x ) = tanh −1  tan . (NOV/DEC 2019)
.in
 2 
1 − sec x
(ii) If f ( x ) = , then find the first derivative of f ( x ) .
ng
tan x
(iii) Differentiate f ( x ) = log10 ( 2 + sin x )
dy
eri
(iv) Find if y = x log x
dx
7 (i) Use the intermediate value theorem to show that there is a root of the equation 3 x = 1 − x
ine
in the interval (0,1). (NOV/DEC 2020)
(ii) Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of f ( x ) on the given interval
( i ) f ( x ) = 3 x 4 − 4 x3 − 12 x2 + 1,  −2, 3 ,
ng
 
( ii ) f ( x ) = 2cos x − sin 2 x,  0, 2 
 
E
8 For the function f ( x ) = 2 x 3 + 3 x 2 − 36 x (APR/MAY 2019)& (NOV/DEC 2019)

arn
(i) Find the intervals on which it is increasing and decreasing.

(ii) Find the local maxima and minima values of f ( x ).
.Le
(iii) Find the intervals of concavity and the inflection points.

9 For the function f ( x ) = 2 + 2 x 2 − x 4 , find the intervals of increase or decrease, local maximum
and minimum values, the intervals of concavity and the inflection points.
10 Find the local maximum value and local minimum value, the interval of concavity and the
w
inflection points of a function f (x) = x3 − 3x 2 − 12x , Also sketch the graph of that satisfies all the
above conditions. (NOV/DEC2020)
ww
UNIT III – FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIA BLES

PART – A
u u u
If u = xy − 2 yz + z , then find the value of + +
2
1 .
x y z
Solution:
u = xy − 2 yz + z 2
u u u
= y; = x − 2 z; = −2 y + 2 z;
x y z
u u u
+ + = y + x − 2z − 2 y + 2z = x − y
x y z
2z 2z
2 If z = x 2 − 3 xy 2 , find the value of 3 x +
x 2 y 2
Solution: Given z = x 2 − 3 xy 2
z z
= 2 x − 3 y 2 ; = −6 xy
x y
2 z 2 z
= 2; = −6 x
x 2 y 2
2 z
3x 2 = 6 x
x
2 z 2 z
.in
3x 2 + 2 = 6 x − 6 x = 0
x y
u u
when u(x, y) = x y + y x
ng
3 Find and (NOV/DEC 2020)
x y
Solution: Given u ( x, y ) = x + y
y x
u
x
u
= yx y −1 + y x log(y)
 d x

 dx
eri ( )
a = a x log a, but
d a
dx
( ) 
x = ax a −1 

ine
= x y log(x) + xy x −1
y
4 Verify the Euler’s theorem for the function u = x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy . (NOV/DEC 2019)
ng
Solution:
u u
Euler’s theorem: If u ( x, y ) is homogeneous function of degree n in x and y then x +y = nu
x y
E
u ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy
arn
u ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy  u (tx, ty ) = (tx) 2 + ( ty ) + 2(tx)(ty )

2
( )
u (tx, ty ) = t 2 x 2 + t 2 y 2 + 2t 2 xy = t 2 x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy i.e t 2u
.Le
 The degree of u ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy is 2.  Degree = n = 2.

u u
u is homogeneous function of 2nd degree in x and y, by Euler’s theorem we have x +y = 2u
x y
w
u u
(i.e) x
x
+y
y
(
= 2 x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy )
ww
Now, u = x + y + 2 xy
2 2
u u
x = x ( 2 x + 2 y ) = 2 x 2 + 2 xy , y = y ( 2 y + 2 x ) = 2 y 2 + 2 xy
x y
u u
L.H .S = x +y = 2 x 2 + 2 xy + 2 y 2 + 2 xy = 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 4 xy = 2( x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy ) = R.H .S
x y
y z z
5 If z = xf   ,then find the value of x + y using Euler’s theorem (NOV / DEC 2020)
x x y
y
Solution: Given z = xf   .
x
y
i.e., z(x, y) = xf  
x
 ty  y
z(tx, ty) = txf   = txf   = t.z(x, y)
 tx  x
z(tx, ty) = t1z(x, y)
 z(x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree 1 in x and y.  Degree = n = 1.
u u
Euler’s theorem: If u ( x, y ) is homogeneous function of degree n in x and y then x +y = nu .
x y
z is a homogeneous function of 1st degree in x and y, by Euler’s theorem , we have
z z
+y = 1(z) = z
.in
x
x y
 x+ y  u u 1
If u = cos −1   , show that x +y = − cot u .
ng
6  x y
 x+ y 2
 x+ y  x+ y
eri
Solution: u = cos −1   cos u = = f (x, y)
 x + y  x+ y
 
x+ y
f ( x, y ) =
ine
x+ y
tx + ty t ( x + y) t ( x + y)
f (tx, ty ) = = = = t1/2 f ( x, y )
tx + ty t x+ y ( ) ( x+ y )
ng
1
f = cos u is a homogeneous function of degree n = in x and y .
E
2
Therefore, by Euler’s theorem we get,
arn
f f
x +y = nf
x y
 ( cos u ) 1 ( cos u )
+y = cos u
.Le
x
x y 2
u u 1
x ( − sin u ) + y ( − sin u ) = cos u
x y 2
w
 u u  1
− sin u  x + y  = cos u
 x y  2
ww
u u 1 cos u 1
x +y =− = − cot u
x y 2 sin u 2
du
7 If u = x 3 + y 3 and x = at 2 , y = 2at , then find . (APR/MAY 2019)
dt
Solution: Given u = x + y and x = at , y = 2at
3 3 2
du u dx u dy
= . + .
dt x dt y dt
u = x3 + y 3 x = at 2 y = 2at
u u dx dy
= 3x 2 = 3y2 = 2at = 2a
x y dt dt
du
= (3x 2 )(2at ) + (3 y 2 )(2a)
dt
= (3(at 2 ) 2 )(2at ) + (3)(2 at) 2 (2a) ( x = at 2 , y = 2at )
= 6a 3t 5 + 24a 3t 2 = 6a 3t 2 (t 3 + 4)
dy
8 Find , if x 3 + y 3 = 6 xy .
dx
Solution:
x3 + y 3 − 6 xy = 0
.in
Let f ( x, y ) = x 3 + y 3 − 6 xy
f f
fx = = 3 x 2 − 6 y; f y = = 3y2 − 6x
ng
x y
dy − f x −(3x 2 − 6 y ) 6 y − 3 x 2 2 y − x 2
= = = 2 =
eri
dx fy 3y2 − 6x 3y − 6x y2 − 2x
9 What is the derivative of u with respect to x, for u = x 2 y 3 , where 2sin x − 3 y = 0 ?
Solution:
ine
2sin x − 3 y = 0
dy
2 cos x − 3
=0
dx
ng
dy 2 cos x
 =
dx 3
E
du u u dy
= + .
dx x y dx
arn
2 cos x
= 2 xy 3 + 3x 2 y 2 .
3
= 2 xy + 2 x y cos x
3 2 2
.Le
= 2 xy 2 ( y + x cos x)
10 State the properties of Jacobian. (NOV/DEC 2018)
Solution:
w
 (u , v)  (r , s)  (u, v)
(i) If u and v are functions of r and s, r and s are functions of x and y then, =
 ( r , s )  ( x, y )  ( x, y )
ww
 (u, v)  ( x, y )
(ii) If u and v are functions of x and y then, = 1 (i.e) JJ ' = 1
 ( x, y )  (u, v)
(iii) If u, v, w are functionally dependent functions of three independent variable x, y, z then
 (u , v, w)
=0
 ( x, y , z )
11 If x = u2 − v 2 and y = 2uv , find the Jacobian of x and y with respect to u and v.

(APR/MAY 2019)
x x y y
Solution: x = u 2 − v 2  = 2u; = −2v and y = 2uv  = 2v; = 2u
u v u v
x x
 ( x, y ) u v 2u −2v
= = = 4 (u 2 + v 2 )
 ( u , v ) y y 2v 2u
u v
u ( x, y)
12 If x = uv and y = then find . (JAN 2018)
v  ( u, v )
x x u y 1 y u
Solution: x = uv  = v; = u and y =  = ; =− 2
u v v u v v v
x x
v u
 ( x, y ) u v  −u   1  − u u − 2u
= = 1 −u = v  2  − u   = − =
.in
 (u , v) y y  v   v  v v v
v v2
u v
 (r , )
ng
13 If x = r cos  , y = r sin  then find (JAN 2018) & (NOV/DEC 2019)
( x, y)
x x y y
Solution: x = r cos θ  = cos θ; = r ( − sin  ) and y = r sin θ  = sin θ ; = r cos 
eri
r  r 
x x
 ( x, y ) r  cos  − r sin 
ine
= = =r
 (r ,  ) y y sin  r cos 
r 
 (r , )
ng
1 1
 = =
 ( x, y )  ( x , y ) r
 (r , )
E
14 Find Taylor’s series expansion of x y near the point (1,1) up to first degree terms.
Solution: The Taylor’s series expansion is given by
arn
f ( x, y ) = f ( a, b ) + ( x – a ) f x ( a, b ) + ( y – b ) f y ( a, b )  +
f ( x, y ) = x y f (1,1) = 1
.Le
f x ( x, y ) = yx y −1 f x (1,1) = 1
f y ( x, y ) = x y log x f y (1,1) = 0
f ( x, y ) =1 + ( x –1)(1) + ( y –1)( 0 )
w
=1 + x − 1
ww
x =x
y
15 x+ y
Obtain Taylor’s series expansion of e in powers of x and y up to first degree terms.
Solution: The Taylor’s series expansion is given by
f ( x, y ) = f ( a, b ) + ( x – a ) f x ( a, b ) + ( y – b ) f y ( a, b )  +
f ( x, y ) = e x + y f ( 0, 0 ) = 1
f x ( x, y ) = e x + y f x ( 0, 0 ) = 1
f y ( x, y ) = e x + y f y ( 0, 0 ) = 1
f ( x, y ) = f ( 0, 0 ) + ( x – 0 ) f x ( 0, 0 ) + ( y – 0 ) f y ( 0, 0 ) 
= 1 + x (1) + y (1)
e x+ y = 1 + x + y
16 State the conditions for maxima and minima of f ( x , y ) .
Solution:
If f x ( a, b ) = 0, f y ( a, b ) = 0 and f xx ( a, b ) = A, f xy ( a, b ) = B, f yy ( a, b ) = C then
(i) f ( x, y ) has maximum value at ( a, b ) if AC − B  0 and A< 0 or C< 0

2
(ii) f ( x, y ) has minimum value at ( a, b ) if AC − B  0 and A > 0 or C> 0

2
17 Find the maxima and minima of f ( x , y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 6 x + 4 y + 12 .
.in
Solution: Given f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 6 x + 4 y + 12
f x = 2 x + 6 = 0  x = –3; f y = 2 y + 4 = 0  y = −2 .
ng
The stationary point is (-3, -2).
A = f xx = 2; B = f xy = 0 ; C = f yy = 2,
AC – B 2 = 4  0 and A  0 .
f is minimum at (–3, -2) and the minimum value is
eri
f ( –3, −2 ) = ( −3) + (−2) 2 + 6 ( −3 ) + 4(−2) + 12 = 25 − 26 = −1 .
ine
2
2 2
Find the possible extreme point of f ( x , y ) = x + y + + .
2 2
18
x y
ng
2 2
Solution: f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + +
x y
E
f 2
= 2x − 2 ;
x x
arn
f 2 2
= 0  2 x − 2 = 0; 2 x = 2 ; x3 = 1  x = 1
x x x
f 2
= 2y − 2 ;
.Le
y y
f 2 2
= 0  2 y − 2 = 0; 2 y = 2 ; y 3 = 1  y = 1
y y y
w
 The possible extreme point is (1,1) .

ww
A rectangular box open at the top is to have a maximum capacity whose surface area is 648 square
19
centimeters. Formulate the maximization function to find the dimensions of the box.
Solution:
Let x , y, z be the length,breadth and height of the box .
volume = length  breadth  height = xyz (Volume to be max imized )
Let f ( x , y, z ) = xyz
Since the rectangular box is of open at the top, Surface area on the top is zero.
 Total surface area of the box = xy + 2 yz + 2zx = 648 ( given)
Let g ( x , y, z ) = xy + 2 yz + 2zx − 648
The optimization function to find the dimensions of the box is
F ( x , y, z ) = f ( x , y, z ) +  g ( x , y, z ) where λ is langrange multiplier.
Hence, F ( x , y, z ) = xyz +  ( xy + 2 yz + 2zx − 648 )

Formulate the optimization function to find the volume of the largest rectangular solid which can be
2 2 2
20 inscribed in an ellipsoid x + y + z = 1
.
a 2 b2 c 2
Solution:
Let the sides of the rectangular box be 2x , 2 y, 2z
.
x2 y2 z2
The largest rectangular parallelepiped inscribed in the ellipsoid + + = 1 will have its corners on
a2 b2 c2
the ellipsoid and its sides parallel to the coordinate plane. Hence its corners are ( x ,  y,  z ).
.in
Volume V = 2x  2 y  2z
= 8xyz
Let f = 8xyz
ng
x2 y2 z2
g= + + −1
a2 b2 c2
The optimization function to find the dimensions of the box is
eri
F ( x , y, z ) = f ( x , y, z ) +  g( x , y, z ) (i.e.) F = f +  g
ine
 x 2 y2 z 2 
F ( x , y, z ) = (8xyz ) +   2 + 2 + 2 − 1 
a b c 
 
where  is langrange multiplier .
ng
PART – B
 x
 − ( xy ) , verify whether the statement
E
−1
For the given function z = tan 
 y
1
arn
2z 2z
= is correct or not. (NOV/DEC 2019)
xy yx
1
 2u  2u  2u
( )
−
.Le
2 If u = x + y + z
2 2 2 2
, then find the value of + + . (JAN 2018)
x 2 y 2 z 2
 y− x z− x 2 u 2 u 2 u
3 If u = f  ,  , then find x x + y y + z z . (JAN 2019)
 xy xz 
w
 y 2  u 2u 2  u
2 2
4 If u = ( x − y ) f   , then find x + 2 xy + y
ww
 x x 2 xy y 2
1 u 1 u 1 u
5 If u = f ( 2 x − 3 y, 3 y − 4 z ,4 z − 2 x ) , then find + + . (JAN 2019)
2 x 3 y 4 z
du
6 Find , if u = xy + yz + zx where x = t , y = e t , z = t 2 .
dt
du
7 Find , if u = x − y + z where x = e 2 t , y = e 2 t cos 3t , z = e 2 t sin 3t
dt
If z = f ( x , y ) , where x = u 2 − v 2 , y = 2uv , then prove that

2   z 2z 
8 2z 2z
( )
2
+ = 4 u + v  2 + 2 .
2
u 2 v 2  x y 
9 If z = f ( x, y) where x = eu + e− v and y = e− u − e v then show that x z − y z = z − z

x y u v
 ( u, v )
If u = 2 xy , v = x − y and x = cos  , y = sin  , find
2 2
10
 ( r , )
Find the Jacobian of y1 , y2 , y3 with respect to x1 , x2 , x3 if
.in
11 x2 x3 x x x x
y1 = , y 2 = 1 3 , y3 = 1 2 .
x1 x2 x3
 ( x, y , z )
ng
12 If u = x + y + z , uv = y + z , uvw = z , find .
 ( u , v, w )
x2  ( u , v, w )
eri
1
13 If u = , v= , w = x + y + zy 2 , find .
x y  ( x, y , z )
If u = xy + yz + zx , v = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 and w = x + y + z , prove that they are functionally dependent
ine
14
and also determine the functional relationship between u, v , w
Let u = 3x + 2y − z, v = x − 2y + z and w = x(x + 2y − z) . Are u, v, w functionally related?
15
(NOV/ DEC 2020)
ng
If so find the relation?

Obtain the Taylor’s series expansion of ex sin y in powers of x and y up to third degree terms.
16
(NOV/DEC 2019)
Expand e log ( 1 + y ) in powers of x and y up to third degree using Taylor’s series.
E
x
17
arn
Find the Taylor’s series expansion of f ( x, y) = x 2 y2 + 2x 2 y + 3xy 2 in powers of (x+2) and (y-1) up to
18
second degree term (NOV/ DEC 2020)
 
Expand the function sin ( xy ) in powers of ( x − 1) and  y −
.Le
2 
19 as a Taylor series.

Find the maximum and minimum values of f ( x , y ) = x + y − 3 x − 12 y + 20
3 3
20
w
Find the maximum and minimum values of f ( x , y ) = x 3 + 3 xy 2 − 15 x 2 − 15 y 2 + 72 x .

21
(APR/MAY 2019)
ww
A thin closed rectangular box is to have one edge equal to twice the other and
22
constant volume 72m3. Find the least surface area of the box. (NOV/DEC 2019)
Find the dimension of the rectangular box open at the top of maximum capacity 432 cc.
23
(NOV/DEC 2020)
 25 
24 Find the length of the shortest line from the point  0,0, to the surface z = xy .
 9 
Find the shortest and longest distances from the point (1,2,-1) to the sphere
25
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 24. (APR/MAY 2019)
UNIT IV – INTEGRAL CALCULUS
PART – A
1 State the properties of definite integrals.

Solution:
 0 if f ( x ) is odd
a
 a
(i)  f ( x ) dx = 
−a 2  f ( x ) dx if f ( x ) is even
 0
b b
(ii)  f ( x ) dx =  f ( a + b − x ) dx
a a
3
Set up an expression for  e dx as a limit of sums
x
2
1
Solution:
.in
b−a 2
f ( x ) = e x , a = 1, b = 3, x = = , xi = a + ix (By Riemann Sum method)
n n
 2i 
ng
3 n n
 2i  2 2 n 1+ 
e
x
dx = lim  f ( xi ) x = lim  f 1 +  = lim  e n 
1
n → i =1 n → i =1
 n  n n → n i =1
8
eri
Evaluate the following integrals using fundamental theorem of calculus  xdx
3
3
1
Solution:
Given: f ( x ) = x1/3 , a = 1, b = 8
ine
x 4/3
Antiderivative: F ( x ) =
4/3
ng
By using Fundamental theorem of calculus

8

3
xdx = F ( b ) − F ( a ) = F ( 8 ) − F (1)
E
84/3
= ( 81/3 ) − = 24 − = 16 − 1 =
1 3 4 3 3 3 3 45
− =
arn
4/3 4/3 4 4 4 4 4 4
Evaluate  ( 10 x − 2sec x ) dx
4 2
4
Solution:
 (10 x − 2sec2 x )dx = 10 x 4 dx − 2 sec2 xdx
.Le
x5
= 10
− 2 tan x + c
5
w
= 5 x5 − 2 tan x + c
2
 1 
Evaluate   −3 x1 / 2 + 2  dx .
ww
5
1 x 
Solution:
 1 
2 2
2 1
  −3x + 2  dx = −3 x dx +  2 dx
1/2 1/2
1
 x  1 1
x
2
 x3/2   1  2
= −3   + − 
 3 / 2 1  x 1
2
 1
=  −2x 3/ 2 − 
 x 1


( )
1 
=  −2 23/2 −  − −2 13/2 − 1 
2 
( ( ) )

( 1 
)
=  −2 2 2 − + 3 = −4 2 +
 2 
5
2
6 Evaluate by substitution method ( 2
)
 2 x 1 + x dx
Solution:
Let u = 1 + x , du = 2 xdx
2
 ( )
2 x 1 + x 2 dx =  udu =
u 3/2
3/ 2
+c
.in
2
= u 3/2 + c
3
= (1 + x 2 ) + c
2 3/2
ng
3
 cos  
7 Find    d by substitution method.
 sin  
Solution:
 cos  
Let I =    d
eri
ine
 sin  
Put u = sin  then du = cos  d
u( )
−1/2 +1
du −1/2
=  (u )
ng
I =  du = = 2 u + c = 2 sin  + c
u  −1 
  +1
 2 
E
4 2
8 If f is continuous and  f ( x ) dx = 10 , then find  f ( 2 x ) dx . (NOV/DEC 2018)
arn
0 0
Solution:
dt
Given f is continuous, let 2 x = t , differentiating 2dx = dt or dx = .
2
.Le
when x = 2, then t = 4,
when x = 0 , then t = 0.
2 4 4
dt 1 10
  f ( 2 x ) dx =  f ( t ) =  f ( t ) dt = = 5
w
0 0
2 20 2

−1
9 Evaluate tan x dx .
ww
Solution:
u = tan −1 x dv = dx (  udv = uv −  vdu )
du =
dx v =  dv =  dx = x
1+ x 2
−1
 tan x dx = uv −  vdu
dx
= x tan −1 x −  x
1 + x2
1 2x  f '( x) 
= x tan −1 x −
 dx   dx = log f ( x) 
2 1+ x 2
 f ( x) 
1
(
= x tan −1 x − log 1 + x 2 + c
2
)
10 Find the Integral of x sin x using integration by parts.
Solution:
u=x dv = sin xdx (  udv = uv −  vdu )
du = dx v =  dv =  sin x dx = − cos x
 x sin x dx = x ( − cos x ) −  ( − cos x )dx

= − x cos x + sin x + c
.in
= sin x − x cos x + c
 /2
11  sin 6 x cos5 x dx .
ng
Evaluate
0
Solution:
 /2
n −1 n − 3 n−5
eri
1
 sin m x cos n x dx = ... ,
0 m + n m + n − 2 m + n − 4 m +1
when m is an even and n is an odd integer, here m = 6, n = 5
ine
4 2 1 8
= =
11 9 7 693
dx  x
12 Use the hyperbolic substitution to show that  = sinh −1   + c
ng
x2 + a2 a
Solution:
dx
E
Let I = 
x2 + a2
arn
Put x = a sinh t then dx = a cosh tdt

We know that cosh 2 t − sinh 2 t = 1  cosh 2 t = 1 + sinh 2 t
a cosh tdt a cosh tdt a cosh tdt a cosh tdt
I = = = = =  dt = t + c
a 2 sinh 2 t + a 2 a sinh 2 t + 1
.Le
a cosh 2 t a cosh t
x  x
x = a sinh t  sinh t = , t = sinh −1  
a a
dx −1  x 
w
 2 2 = sinh  a  + c
x +a  
ww
x −9
13 Evaluate  dx
( x + 5 )( x − 2 )
Solution:
x −9
Let I =  dx
( x + 5)( x − 2 )
x −9 A B
= +
( x + 5)( x − 2 ) x + 5 x − 2
x − 9 = A ( x − 2 ) + B ( x + 5)
When x = 2  −7 = B ( 7 )  B = −1
When x = −5  −14 = A ( −7 )  A = 2
2 1
I = dx +  dx
x+5 x−2
1 1
= 2 dx +  dx
x+5 x−2
= 2ln x + 5 + ln x − 2 + c
 x 
14 Evaluate    dx
 x −6
Solution:
 x   x−6+6  x−6  6 
Let I =    dx =    dx =    dx +    dx
.in
 x−6  x−6   x−6  x−6
 1 
=  dx + 6    dx
 x−6
ng
= x + 6ln ( x − 6 ) + c

ln x
eri
15
Determine whether integral  x dx is convergent or divergent. Evaluate it, if it is convergent.
1
(NOV/DEC 2020)
Solution:
ine

ln ( x ) t
ln ( x )
 x dx = lim  dx
t → x
1 1
t
 ( log x )2  1
ng
( ) ( )
t
1
= lim  ln xd ( log x ) = lim   = lim ( log t ) − ( log1) = lim ( log t ) = 
2 2 2
t → t →  2  2 t → 2 t →
1
 1
Hence it is divergent
E

dx
Evaluate  and determine whether it is convergent or divergent.
arn
16
3 ( x − 2 ) 3/2
Solution:
 b b
dx dx −3/2
 ( x − 2)
.Le
Let I =  = lim = lim dx

3 ( x − 2) 3/2 b→ 3 ( x − 2) 3/2 b→
3
b b
 −3/2+1
  −1/2

 ( x − 2)   ( x − 2)   −2 
b
w
= lim   = lim   = lim  

b→ −3 b→ −1 b→  x − 2 
 +1    3
 3  3
ww
2 2
 −2 −2 
= lim  − =2
b→  b − 2 3− 2 
Hence the given integral is convergent.
An aquarium 5 m long, 10 m wide and 3 m deep is filled with seawater of density 1030 kg/m 3 to
17
a depth of 2.5 m, then find the hydrostatic pressure and force at the bottom of the pool.
Solution:
The hydrostatic pressure at the bottom of the pool is:
Pressure = density × gravity × depth
= 1030 × 9.8 × 2.5 = 25,235
The hydrostatic force at the bottom of the pool is:
Force = pressure × area
= 1030 × 9.8 × 2.5 × 5 × 10 = 1,261,750

A rod has a length of 40 cm. The rod’s density changes linearly along its length from 20 g/cm to
18
60 g/cm. Find the center of mass of the rod.
Let’s first derive the density distribution function.
The equation of straight line passing through the points  ( 0 ) = 20,  ( 40 ) = 60 is given by
 −  ( 0) x−0  − 20 x
=  =   = x + 20, where  is measured in g/cm and x is
 ( 40 ) −  ( 0 ) 40 − 0 60 − 20 40
measured in cm.
Calculate the mass m and the first moment M 0 of the rod.
40
b 40  x2 
m =   ( x ) dx =  ( x + 20 ) dx =  + 20 x  = 800 + 800 = 1600
.in
a 0  2  0
40
 x3 
 x ( x + 20 ) dx =  ( )
b 40 40
64000
M 0 =  x  ( x ) dx = x + 20 x dx =  + 10 x 2  =
2
+ 16000  37333g / cm
ng
a 0 0  3  0 3
()
Hence, the center of mass G x is located at the point
eri
M 0 37333
x= =  23.3 cm
m 1600
19 Find the center of mass of a semicircular plate of radius r.
ine
Solution:
Let f ( x ) = r 2 − x 2 and a = − r , b = r .
Here there is no need to use the formula to calculate x because, by
ng
the symmetry principle, the center of mass lie on the y-axis so x = 0.

1 2
The area of the semicircle is A =  r , so
E
2
1 r 1 1 r 1 2
y =   f ( x )  dx = 1 2   r 2 − x 2  dx
2
arn
A −r 2 2  r −r 2
 
= 2  ( r 2 − x 2 ) dx
1 r
 r −r
.Le
= 2  ( r 2 − x 2 ) dx
2 r
r 0
r
2  x3  2  r3  2  2r 3  4r
= 2  xr 2 −  = 2  r 3 −  = 2  =
w
r  3 0  r  3   r  3  3
 4r 
ww
The center of mass is located at the point  0, 

 3 
Find the moments and center of mass of the system of objects that have masses 3, 4, and 8 at the
20
points (-1,1), (2,-1) and (3,2) respectively.
Solution:
n
Moment of the system about the y-axis is M y =  mi xi = 3 ( −1) + 4 ( 2 ) + 8 ( 3) = 29
i =1
n
Moment of the system about the x-axis is M x =  mi yi = 3 (1) + 4 ( −1) + 8 ( 2 ) = 15
i =1
The coordinates ( x , y ) of the center of mass are given in terms of the moments
My Mx
x= and y = where m =  mi = 3 + 4 + 8 = 15
m m
29 15
x= and y = =1
15 15
 29 
The center of mass is  ,1
 15 
PART – B
 ( x − 6 x ) dx
3
3
1 Evaluate by using Riemann sum with n sub intervals. (NOV/DEC 2019)
0
Evaluate the following integrals by using Riemann sum by taking right end points as sample
.in
( )
4
2 points. Hence verify it by using fundamental theorem of calculus  x 2 + 2 x − 5 dx .
1
ng
3 Evaluate  e x sin x dx by using integration by parts. (NOV/DEC 2019)
xe 2 x
4 Evaluate  dx by using integration by parts.
(1 + 2 x )2
5 Prove the reduction formula
 /2
 sin xdx =
n n−1
eri  /2
 sin
n− 2
xdx . Hence by using it evaluate
ine
0
n 0
 /2
 sin xdx .
7
0
ng

0 mn
6 Prove that  sin mx sin nxdx = 
−
m=n
where m and n are positive integrals.
E
(NOV/DEC 2020)
arn
 /2
sin x cos x
7 Evaluate  dx (APR/MAY 2019)
0 cos x + 3cos x + 2
2
 /2
sin x
.Le
8 Evaluate  sin x + cos x

dx .
0
2/ 3
dx
9 Evaluate  x5 9 x2 − 1
. (NOV/DEC 2018)
w
2/3
( )
1
1
Evaluate the integral 1) x 3 x 2 + 1 dx and 2)  dx (NOV/DEC 2020)
ww
10
(1 + x )
4
0
x2 − 2 x − 1
11 Evaluate the integral  ( x − 1) ( x
2 2
+1 )
dx (NOV/DEC 2020)
2x + 1
12 Evaluate  dx by partial fraction method.
x3 + 2 x2 − x − 2
2x + 5
13 Evaluate  dx . (APR/MAY 2019)
x 2 − 2 x + 10
14  a − x dx
2 2
Evaluate by using substitution rule. (NOV/DEC 2019)
1
Find the value of p for which the integral x
p
ln ( x ) dx converges and evaluate the integral for
15 0
those value of p . (NOV/DEC 2020)

x 3e − x dx and hence discuss their convergence.
4
16 Evaluate 
−
Find the hydrostatic force on a circular plate of radius 2 that is submerged 6 meters in the
17
water.
18 Determine the hydrostatic force on the following triangular plate that is submerged in water as
shown.
.in
ng
Determine the center of mass for the region bounded by y = x and y =
19 3
x.
20   eri
Determine the center of mass for the region bounded by y = 2sin ( 2 x ) , y = 0 on the interval
ine
 0, 2  .
 
UNIT V – MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
PART- A
ng
2 1
1 Evaluate   y dydx
0 0
E
Solution:
1
2
 y2  2 2
I =    dx =  (12 − 0)dx =  dx = x0 = (2 − 0) = 1
1 1 1 2 1
arn
0
2 0 20 20 2 2
π cos 
2 Evaluate   r dr d . (APR/MAY 2017)
0 0
.Le
Solution:
cos
  r2  1
I = 0   d =  cos 2  d
 2  0 20
w
1  1 + cos 2  1 + cos 2 
=  d  cos  =
2

ww
20 2 2
1
=  (1 + cos 2 ) d
40

1 sin 2  1 
= +  = ( ) =
4 2 0 4 4
2 x2
3 Evaluate   x dydx
1 0
(NOV/DEC 2019)
Solution:
2
x  x   2 1   16 1  15
4 4 4
2 x2 2
( )
2 2 2 2
x dydx =  x   dy  dx =  x ( y )0 dx =  x x 2 dx =  x 3dx = 
x2
  4  =  −  =  −  =
1 0 1  0  1 1 1  1  4 4   4 4  4
0  y f ( x , y ) dxdy .
1 y
4 Change the order of integration in 2 (NOV/DEC 2018)
Solution:
y =1 x = y
Given I =  
y =0 x = y 2
f ( x, y ) dx dy
Limit of x : y 2 to y and Limit of y :0 to 1
After changing the order of integration
x =1 y = x
I = x =0  y = x f ( x, y ) dydx
.in
1 x2
5 Check the correct form of   (1 + x )dxdy
ng
0 0
Solution:
1 x2
eri
Given   (1 + x)dxdy
0 0
The limits for the inner integral are functions of x , then the first integral is with respect to y
ine
1 x2 1 x2
   (1 + x)dxdy =   (1 + x)dydx [correct form]
0 0 0 0
 y
0 0 dx dy into polar co-ordinates.
ng
6 Transform the integration
Solution:
Let x = r cos  and y = r sin  , dx dy = r dr d
E

 y 
0 0 dx dy = 2= r =0 r dr d
arn
4
.Le
a a2 − x2
7 Shade the region of integration in 0  dxdy .
w
ax − x 2
Solution:
ww
The given order of the integration is not correct.

So, rewrite the order
x =a y = a 2 − x 2
 
x =0 y = ax − x 2
dydx.
y = ax − x 2  x 2 + y 2 − ax = 0
2 2
a a
x 2 − ax +   −   + y 2 = 0
2 2
2 2
 a 2 a
x−  + y = 
 2 2
a  a
which is a circle with center at  , 0  and radius .
2  2
𝑦 = √𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑦 2 = 𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎 2
which is a circle with center at (0,0) and radius a.
8 Find the area bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 1, y = x using double integration.

Solution:
1
 y2  1
=   x  dy = 
1 y 1 y 1
Area =  dxdy =   =  = .
.in
0 0
dxdy 0 0 0
ydy
R  2  0 2
1 1 1 x+ y+ z
9 Evaluate 0 0 0 e dx dy dz .
ng
Solution:
1 1 1 1 1 1
e dzdydx =    e x e y e z dzdydx

x+ y + z
I =

0 0 0
1
 1
 
=   e x dx    e y dx    e z dx 
1
0 0 0
eri
ine
0  0  0 
     
= e 0 e 0 e 0 = e − e 0 e1 − e 0 e1 − e 0
x 1 x 1 x 1 1
( )( )( )
= (e − 1)
3
ng
Evaluate  dxdy, where R is the shaded region in the figure.

E
10
R
arn
Solution:
 dxdy = Area of the shaded region
R
.Le
The shaded region is the semicircle with radius 2.

 r2  22
Area of the shaded portion = = = 2 square units
2 2
w
4 x x+ y
11 Evaluate 0 0 0 z dx dy dz .
ww
Solution:
4 x x+ y
I =   z dz dy dx
0 0 0
x+ y
4 x  z2 
=    dy dx
 2  0
0 0
1 4 x
( x + y ) dy dx
2 0 0
=
x
1 4 y2 
=   xy +  dx
2 0  2 
0
1 4  2 x2 
=   x +  dx
2 0  2 
3 4
=  x 2 dx
4 0
4
3  x3 
=   = 16
4  3 
0
12 Express the region x  0, y  0, z  0, x 2 + y 2 + z 2  1 by triple integration. (NOV/DEC 2019)

Solution:
Given region is the positive octant of the sphere.
.in
x varies from 0 to 1
y varies from 0 to 1 − x 2
z varies from 0 to 1 − x 2 − y 2
ng
1 1− x 2 1− x 2 − y 2
 I=    dzdydx
eri
0 0 0
Consider a triangular lamina

R with vertices (0,0),(0,3),(3,0) and with density
13
 ( x , y ) = xy kg / m . Find the moments M x and M y
2
ine
Solution:
The moments are
x = 3 y = 3− x 81
M x =  y ( x, y )dA =   xy 2 dydx =
ng
R x =0 y =0 20
x = 3 y = 3− x 81
M y =  x ( x, y )dA =   x 2 ydydx =
E
R x =0 y =0 20
arn
Find the mass of the lamina of density  ( x , y ) = x + y occupying the region R under the curve
14
.Le
y = x 2 in the interval 0  x  2
Solution:
We compute the mass m
x=2 y = x2
m =  dm =   ( x, y )dA =   ( x + y )dydx
w
R R x =0 y =0
y= x2
 y2  x = 2 x4 
ww
x=2
=   xy +  dx =   x 3 + dx
x =0 x =0
 2  y −0  2
x=2
 x4 x5  36
= +  =
 4 10  x =0 5
Find the moment of inertia of a lamina covering the inside of the unit circle, with density function
15
 ( x, y) = 1 − x 2 − y 2
Solution: The moment of inertia of the entire lamina is I =  ( x + y 2 ) ( x, y )dA
2
By polar co-ordinates, r = x + y
2 2 2
2 1
I =  r 2  ( x, y )dA =  r
2
(1 − r 2 )rdrd
0 0
D
2 1
=  (r
3
− r 5 )drd
0 0
2 d 
= =
0 12 6
16 Change the order of integration in

a
− a 0
a2 − x2
(x 2
)
+ y 2 dx dy .
Solution:
x =a
I = x=− a  y =0
y = a2 − x2
( x2 + y2 ) dy dx (correct form)
.in
Given
y=0 and y = a 2 − x 2  y 2 = a 2 − x 2  x 2 + y 2 = a 2
ng
x = −a and x=a
By changing the order of Integration
y =a x = a 2 − y 2
I =  y =0 x=− ( x2 + y2 ) dx dy
eri
a2 − y 2
17 Transform the integration

2a
 x =0  y =0
2ax − x 2
(x 2
)
+ y 2 dy dx to polar co-ordinates.
ine
Solution:
Let x = r cos  and y = r sin  , dx dy = r dr d
x 2 + y 2 = r 2 cos2  + r 2 sin 2  = r 2
ng
Here 𝑦 = √2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑦 2 = 2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 2

⟹ (𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 = 2𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
E
⟹ 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 2𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ⇒ 𝑟 2 = 2𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

⟹ 𝑟 = 2𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
arn
𝜋
∴ 𝑟: 0 → 2𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and 𝜃: 0 →
2
2a
x=0 y=0
2 ax − x 2
(x 2
)
+ y 2 dy dx = 
 /2 2 a cos  3
0 
0
r dr d
.Le
Calculate by double integration, the volume generated by the revolution of the cardioid r = a(1 − cos  )
18
about its axis.
Solution:
w
 a (1− cos  )
Required Volume =   0 0
2r 2 sin  dr d
ww
a (1− cos  )
 r3 
= 2    sin  d
0
 3 0

2a 3  2a 3  (1 − cos  ) 4  8a 3
=  (1 − cos  ) sin  d =  =
3

3 0 3  4 0 3
1 2− y
19 Change the order of integration in 0  y xy dx dy .
Solution:
y =1 x =2− y
Given, I = y=0 x= y xy dx dy
x limits: y to 2 − y ; y limits: 0 to 1
i.e., x= y and x = 2− y  x+ y = 2
After changing order of integration
1 x 2 2− x
I =
0 0
xy dy dx +   xy dy dx
1 0
20 Compute the entire area bounded by r 2 = a 2 cos 2 .
Solution:
Given r 2 = a 2 cos 2  r = a cos 2
Area = 4  Area in first quadrant
.in
 /4 a cos 2
A =  r dr d = 4  =0 r =0 r dr d
R
ng
2  a cos 2
 /4  r
= 4  =0   d

2 
0
 /4  a cos 2 
eri
2
4 2  /4
= 4 =0   d = a  =0 cos 2 d
 2  2
ine
 /4
 sin 2   sin 2 ( / 4 ) 
= 2a 2  = 2a 2  − 0
 2  0  2 

ng
= a 2 sin = a2
2
PART- B
E
 xydxdy over the positive quadrant of the circle x + y2 = a2 .

2
1 Evaluate (NOV/DEC 2019)
arn
x2 y2
2 Evaluate  xydxdy over the positive quadrant of the ellipse +
a 2 b2
=1
Evaluate  x dxdy where R is the region in the first quadrant bounded by the lines
2
.Le
3 R
x = y, y = 0, x = 8 and the curve xy = 16 .

a a2 − x2
4 Evaluate 0 0 a 2 − x 2 − y 2 dxdy . (NOV/DEC 2016)
w
Find the area bounded by y = 4 x and x = 4 y by using double integrals.

2 2
5 (NOV/DEC 2019)
ww
Find the area bounded by the parabolas y = 4 − x and y = x

2 2
6 (NOV/DEC 2018)
7 Find the area of the cardioid r = a ( 1 + cos  ) .
8 Find the area included between the curve r = a(sec + cos  ) and its asymptote
1 2− y
9 Change the order of integration in  0 y

xydxdy and evaluate it. (NOV/DEC 2020)
  −y
e
10 Change the order of integration in   y dy dx and hence evaluate it. (APR/MAY 2019)
0 x
  −( x + y )
2 2
Transform the integral into polar co-ordinates and hence evaluate 0 0 e dx dy and hence
11

find the value of 0 e − x dx .
2
12
Evaluate   xy
D
1 − x − ydxdy where D is the region bounded by x = 0,y = 0, x + y = 1 using the
transformation x + y = u,y = uv (NOV/DEC 2020)

a a x 2dxdy
13 Evaluate by changing into polar coordinates 0  y . (APR/MAY 2019)
x2 + y 2
Evaluate  r sin  drd where R is the semi circle r = 2a cos  above the initial line
2
14
.in
R
   xyz dxdydz where V is the volume of the positive octant of the sphere x + y2 + z2 = 1
2
Evaluate
15 V
ng
by transforming into spherical polar coordinates (NOV/DEC 2020)
2 2 2
x y z
16 Find the volume of the ellipsoid 2
+ 2 + 2 =1
eri
a b c
2a x x
17 Evaluate    ( xyz ) dz dy dx . (NOV/DEC 2019)
ine
0 0 y
1− x 2 1− x 2 − y 2

1
18 Evaluate
0 0 
0
xyz dxdydz
Find the volume of the cylinder bounded by x 2 + y 2 = 4 and then planes y + z = 4 and z = 0 using
ng
19
triple integral (NOV/DEC 2020)
Evaluate  dx dy dz where V is the finite region of space (tetrahedron) bounded by the planes
E
20 V
x = 0, y = 0 , z = 0 & 2 x + 3 y + 4 z = 12 . (N0V/DEC 2018)
arn
Find the mass and center of mass of a triangular Lamina with vertices (0,0), (1,0) and (0,2) if the
21 density function is (x, y) = 1 + 3x + y
Find the mass and center of mass of a lamina with density function  ( x , y ) = 6 x covering the triangle
.Le
22
D bounded by the x -axis, the line y = x and the line y = 2 − x
Find the moments of inertia I x , I y , and I 0 of a homogeneous disk D with density  ( x , y ) =  , center
23
the origin, and radius a .
w
24 Find the moment of inertia of the area bounded by the curve r 2 = a 2 cos 2 about its axis
ww

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I-YEAR B.E./B.TECH. (COMMON TO ALL BRANCHES)

St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Page No: 1

Hence the eigen values are 5 and -7.

The eigen values of 𝐴2-2𝐼 are 4 – 2, 9 – 2, 16 – 2 = 2, 7, 14.

 the eigenvalues are 𝜆1 = 2, 𝜆2 = 6 and 𝜆3 = 1.

A = product of the eigen values = (2)(3)(1) = 6.

Solution: The matrix of the quadratic form is

The eigen values of the matrix are 1, 2, -9

Therefore, the quadratic form is indefinite.

The principal sub determinants are

St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Page No: 3

St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Page No: 4

 the canonical form is of the form 4 X 2 + 9Y 2

  = −1,3 are the eigen values of A .

St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Page No: 5

(ii) Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem, find the matrix represented by

𝑴−𝟏 𝑨𝑴 is a diagonal matrix. Then obtain the matrix 𝑩 = 𝑨𝟐 + 𝟓𝑨 + 𝟑𝑰

𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 = 𝝀𝒙𝟏

Reduce the quadratic form 10 x + 2 y + 5 z +6 yz − 10 xz − 4 xy to canonical form by orthogonal

St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Page No: 6

Reduce the quadratic form 2 x + 5 y + 3 z + 4 xy to canonical form through orthogonal

1 Find the domain of the function f ( x ) = 3− x − 2+ x. (NOV/DEC 2018)

The given function is f ( x ) = 3 − x − 2 + x .

which represents a circle with centre at origin ( 0, 0 ) and radius 2.

Since y = 4 − x 2  0 , the desired graph is the upper half of the circle.

St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Page No: 7

Here lim+  lim−  lim does not exist.

St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Page No: 8

 the limit exists, and lim f ( x ) = 0 .

8 Show that the function f ( x ) = 4 − 4 − x 2 is continuous in the interval  −2, 2 .

and lim f ( x ) = lim+ ( b − ax ) = b − a also f (1) = 4

It is given that lim f ( x ) = f (1)

 lim− f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = f (1)

f '( x) = x(e x ) + e x (1)  (uv)' = uv '+ vu '

f ''( x) =  x(e x ) + e x (1)  + e x

f ''( x) = x(e x ) + 2e x = e x ( x + 2).

St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Page No: 9

12 If f ( x ) = x , then find the derivative of f ( x ) . Also state the domain of f ' ( x ) .

Diff. w.r.to x, we get,

cos ( x + y ) 1 + y ' = y 2 ( − sin x ) + ( cos x ) 2 yy '

cos ( x + y ) + cos ( x + y ) y ' = − y 2 sin x + 2 yy ' cos x

cos ( x + y ) + y 2 sin x = ( 2 y cos x − cos ( x + y ) ) y '

St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Page No: 10

(ii) If f ( x ) =  , (i) Find lim− f ( x ) and lim+ f ( x ) , (ii) Does lim f ( x )

St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Page No: 12

8 For the function f ( x ) = 2 x 3 + 3 x 2 − 36 x (APR/MAY 2019)& (NOV/DEC 2019)

(i) Find the intervals on which it is increasing and decreasing.

(iii) Find the intervals of concavity and the inflection points.

UNIT III – FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIA BLES

u ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy  u (tx, ty ) = (tx) 2 + ( ty ) + 2(tx)(ty )

 The degree of u ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy is 2.  Degree = n = 2.

St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Page No: 15

11 If x = u2 − v 2 and y = 2uv , find the Jacobian of x and y with respect to u and v.

(i) f ( x, y ) has maximum value at ( a, b ) if AC − B  0 and A< 0 or C< 0

(ii) f ( x, y ) has minimum value at ( a, b ) if AC − B  0 and A > 0 or C> 0

17 Find the maxima and minima of f ( x , y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 6 x + 4 y + 12 .

 The possible extreme point is (1,1) .

Hence, F ( x , y, z ) = xyz +  ( xy + 2 yz + 2zx − 648 )

St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Page No: 19

If z = f ( x , y ) , where x = u 2 − v 2 , y = 2uv , then prove that

9 If z = f ( x, y) where x = eu + e− v and y = e− u − e v then show that x z − y z = z − z

If so find the relation?