Me 145 - Machine Design 2: Engr - Harrison R. Flores PME 5072

ME 145 – MACHINE DESIGN 2
Module 1- Flexible Power-Transmitting Elements
Introduction
This course is a continuation of machine design 1 that covers the design of
various mechanical elements such as brakes and clutches, bearings, flexible power-
transmitting elements, flywheels and it also includes the study of welding design.
Lesson 1 – Design of Belts
Belts are flexible band used to connect pulley or to convey materials by

transmitting motion and power.
The uses of belts may be grouped into three general classes: power
transmission, conveyor service, and elevator service. Belts for power transmission have
been in use for more than a century, competing formerly with ropes and now with
electric drives. Conveyor and elevator belts are a later development.
The flexible drives have distinct advantages that are on occasion overwhelming:
they absorb vibration and shock, tending to transmit only a minimum to the connected
shaft; they are suitable for relatively large center distances; they are quiet; they can be
designed to have a long-free life.
There are several types of belts. The designer will need to consider linear
velocities, angular velocities, angular velocities, velocity ratios, pulley diameters, space,
efficiency, vibration, noise, environment, life, and cost in deciding upon the particular
drive for a definite application.
Belts used for power transmission must be strong, flexible, and durable and must
have a high coefficient of friction.
Types of Belt connections
1. Open Belt
Engr.Harrison R. Flores
PME 5072
2. Cross Belt
Types of Transmission Belt
A. Flat Belt
Usual Flat belts materials
1. Leather
2. Rubber
3. Stitched Canvass
4. Balata
Advantages
- It can be used with high speed drives.
- It can be used in dusty and abrasive environments.
- It allows long distances between shafts.
- It offers long life high efficiency, low-cost and low maintenance.
Disadvantages
- The tension must be kept high so as to keep the slow two percent. This
tension results in high bearing loads and belt stress.
- Noise
Belt Design
- In belt design, the following parameters are to be considered:
1. The strength of belt materials
2. The arc of contact
3. The center distance
4. The effect of centrifugal force
PME 5072
5. The coefficient of friction
6. The belt thickness
7. The belt width
8. The working stress
B. V-Belt
The function of a belt is to simply transfer rotation from the powered pulley
to one or more driven pulleys. The belt must be designed and manufactured to
transfer this torque efficiently and reliably.
As machines became more powerful and faster, flat leather belts were
found to have some shortcomings, particularly related to the strength of the
material and the difficulty of joining the ends. Also, wide belts were required to
transmit higher torque and the resulting pulleys became very bulky and heavy.
V-belts are manufactured as continuous loops, using long cords or fibres
which are wound round and round the belt before being impregnated with rubber.
The cords are often strong plastic such as nylon or polypropylene. Steel cords
are also used for heavy-duty belts.
V-belts are made to run in the corresponding V-shaped grooves in the
pulleys (Fig 6-47). The wedging action of the belt being pulled into its groove by
belt tension greatly increases the normal force and therefore increases the
torque capacity of the belt. V-belts, for a given torque transmission, are much
more compact than a flat belt drive.
V-belt Characteristics:
1. Less expensive than other forms of power transmission

2. Start, stop and run smoothly
3. Operate noiselessly and without lubrication
4. Absorb objectionable and harmful vibrations
5. Clean and requires minimum maintenance
6. Rugged and long lasting
7. Provide a wide selection of speed ranges
8. Cover an extremely wide horsepower range
9. Easy to install and simple to replace
10. Relatively unaffected by moisture, abrasive dusts, or extreme
variations in temperature
PME 5072
PME 5072
Classification of V-Belt drives
1. V-V Drives – both the driving and the driven pulleys are sheaves.
2. V-Flat Drive – the driving pulley is a sheave while the driven
pulley has a plane surface.
V-Belts work using the principle of the ”wedge”
• V-Belts are available in

thousands of sizes and
configurations
• Primary function is to
transmit power from a
primary source (motor) to a
secondary “driven” unit
Advantages
- The belt cannot come out of the grooves
- The wedging action permits a smaller arc of contact.
- Shorter center distances can be used
- Gripping action results in lower belt tension
- The belt drives are quiet of high speed
- The drive is capable of absorbing high shock
- Standardization results in better initial installation and replacement
PME 5072
Procedure for V-Belt calculations
1. Determine the size of belts
2. Determine the standard sizes of the sheave
3. Determine the standard length of the belt with its standard specification
4. How many belts will be used in the installation
Basic Equations on the Design of flat belts

A. Open Belt Installation
Open type – to induce the same rotation
 

D
B
d 
A

Angle of Wrap or Arc of Contact; 
Dd C
  ; Radians
C
(+) for big pulley: B
(-) for small pulley: s
PME 5072
Length of Belt

 D  d )  2 C  D  d 
2 2
L
2 4C
B. Crossed Belt Installation
Crossed type – to induce opposite rotation
 

D
B
d 
A
Angle of Wrap or Arc of Contact; 
Dd R r
B = s =      2 arcsin ; Radians
C C
Length of Belt

 D  d )  2 C  D  d 
2 2
L
2 4C
Where:
 angle of contact or angle of wrap; radians
D diameter of large pulley; in., mm
d diameter of small pulley; in, mm
C center distance; in.
L  length of belt; in.
R  radius of large pulley; in. , mm
r  radius of small pulley; in., mm
General Belt Equation

F1  F2  bt   12 v s
2
 e f  1
e f
Where:
F1  tension on the tight side of the belt; lbs
F2  tension on the slack side of the belt; lbs
v s  pitch line velocity of belt; ft/sec
PME 5072
  density of belt; lbs/ft3
= 0.035 lbs/ft3 for leather
= 0.045 lbs/ft3 for rubber
f  coefficient of friction between belt and pulley (Page 445, Faires)
b  width of belt; in.
t  belt thickness; in (T17.1 page 450, Faires)
  allowable tensile stress in the belt; psi
Belt size if power transmitting capacity of belt is known or power transmitting

capacity if belt size is known
550 HP e f
bt   f ; in
 
v s  d  12 v s / g e  1
2
ENG’G UNITS ONLY
746 HP e f 1000 KW e f

bt    
  
v S  d  1000 v S e  1 v S d  1000 v S e  1
2 f 2 f

; mm 2
SI UNITS ONLY
Where:
Eng’g Units SI Units
1. vs = belt speed ……… ft/sec ………… m/sec
If: not directly given
  D DRIVER  nDRIVER 1  %SLIP 

Vs 
60
  D DRIVEN  nDRIVEN 1  %SLIP

Vs 
60
If: no slip is mentioned
  D DRIVER  nDRIVER    D DRIVEN  nDRIVEN 

Vs  
60 60
2. d = Design stress of belt ……… lb/in2 ………… MPa

(N/mm2)

d = x joint factor
u
FS
3.  = mass density of belt ……. lb/in3 ……….. kg/mm3
4. f …coefficient of friction
PME 5072
The effective belt pull (F1-F2) depends upon the initial tension; i.e., the
tension in the belt when the drive is standing idle. The value of the initial tension
Fe may be found approximately from the relation
F
 1
F1 2  F2
1
2 2 ; F
e not F1
1
4
Initial tensions should range from 200 to 240 psi for leather belts and from
10 to 12 lbs per ply per inch of width for rubber belts.
Rated Capacity of Belts
For leather belts:
HP = (HP/in) (b) CmCpCf
Where:
HP - nominal power that the belt can transmit
HP/in - rated HP/in of belt width; T 17.1 p 450, Faires
b - belt width; in
Cm - correction factor for the type of drive
Cp - correction factor for the small pulley
Cf - service factors/ environmental conditions
For rubber belts:
F1 - F2 = 13.75 Np; lbs
b ---- belt width

Np--- number of plies
Power transmitted in terms of belt velocity

F  F2   VS 
= F1  F2  VS 
1
Power = 550
HP KW
( Eng’g Units) (SI units)
Where:
Eng’g SI
F1………tension on tight side …………… lb……… ……KN
F2………tension on slack side…………….lb…………….KN
Vs……..belt speed……………………….ft/sec…………m/sec
Dn
Vs 
60
Power transmitted in terms of RPM

Tn 2 Tn

Power = 63025 60
HP KW
Where:
PME 5072
(Eng’g Units) (SI Units)
T = (F1 – F2) (D/2) = torque …… lb-ft …… KN-m
n = rpm = rotative speed .…. rpm ..…. rpm
Tension ratio of belt
Centrifugal force considered:
F1  Fc
e f
F2  Fc
Where:
(Eng’g Units) (SI Units)
Fc = mv2 = (w/g) v2 ………… lb ….. N

m = mass per length of belt …… slug/ft …. kg/m
w……weight per length of belt ….. lb/ft .… N/m
Centrifugal force neglected:
F1
 e f
F2
Net tension of belt
f
1 2 T 63025 HP  2  60  kw   2 
F1  F2  F1  FC e      
e f
D n D  n  D 
BASED ON ARC OF BASED ON HP KW
CONTACT TORQUE BASED ON TRANSMITTED POWER
Design Considerations
Design at belt joint: Tensile Failure
Fiber stress: tensile stress; t

F1 F
  1
At bt
t
For good design: the maximum induced fiber stress should
be made equal to the design or allowable stress
t = d
Computing the design stress is not directly given:
 Ultimate strength; u
Basic design stress ; d 
Factor of Safety; FS
Allowing for weakening of belt strength due to joints:
Design stress; d = d’ x joint factor
Therefore:

d =
u
x joint factor
FS
PME 5072
Allowable tensile stress in the belt:
S =  = 300
 --- joint efficiency or joint factor (p 446)
(a) Arc of contact to be used
In the power capacity formula, the factor ef governs belt design.
1. If the pulleys are made of the same material, f is the same

then smaller pulley arc of contact governs the design
Dd
s    ; Use: efs
C
2. If the pulleys are made of different materials, f is the same

then compute ef for both pulleys and base design with the smaller ef
Crossed belt installation
1. Crossed belts wider than 8 in. (203 mm) should be avoided.

2. If wider belts are used, use reversing type drive with idlers.
3. Reduce capacity of crossed belt to 75% of open belt.
4. If pulley ratio is 3:1 or greater, reduce capacity by 50% of other
belt.
V – BELTS
Installation Schemes – Nomenclatures
 
F1

D
B
d 
A
F2
Length of Belt
PME 5072
D  d   2 C  D  d 
2

L
2 4C
Center Distance
Absolute minimum:
C = D + d/2 + minimum allowance for installation
Preferred minimum:
Cmin = (D + d) + d or D ; choose whichever is larger
Advantages of V – Belts
a. Wedging action permits as smaller arc of contact
b. Shorter center distances are used economizing in space
c. Lower belt tension due to its gripping action
d. Quieter drives of high speeds
e. Absorbs higher shocks than flat belts
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Steps in Designing Classical V-Belt Installation
1.0 Choose the type of belt section (A,B,C,D,E)

Use: Table 14.3 (D.O.M.E. by Black & Adams)
Belt selection using normal (Nameplate) HP and motor RPM (Black
& Adams)
Alternate method:
Selection using Figure 17.14 (Faires) based on design HP and rpm
of small sheave.
2.0 Solve for the number of belts required
No. of belts = (Design HP)/(Kɵ)(KL)(Rated HP/belt)
  103  0.09 C eVm2  Vm

Rated HP/belt = a 
  K d  106  103
  Vm  d 
BELTS (Another literature regarding Belts)
Definition:
Belt is a flexible band used to connect pulley or to convey materials by

transmitting motion and power.
Types of Belt connections
a. Open Belt
b. Cross Belt
Types of Transmission Belt
a. Flat Belt
Usual Flat belts materials
1. Leather
2. Rubber
PME 5072
3. Stitched Canvass
4. Balata
Advantages
1. It can be used with high speed drives.
2. It can be used in dusty and abrasive environments.
3. It allows long distances between shafts.
4. It offers long life high efficiency, low-cost and low maintenance.
Disadvantages
1. The tension must be kept high so as to keep the slow two
percent. This tension results in high bearing loads and belt
stress.
2. Noise
Belt Design
In belt design, the ff. parameters are to be considered:
1. The strength of belt materials
2. The arc of contact
3. The center distance
4. The effect of centrifugal force
5. The coefficient of friction
6. The belt thickness
7. The belt width
8. The working stress
b. V – Belt
Classification of V-Belt drives
1. V-V Drives – both the driving and the driven pulleys are
sheaves.
2. V-Flat Drive – the driving pulley is a sheave while the driven
pulley has a plane surface.
Advantages
1. The belt cannot come out of the grooves
2. The wedging action permits a smaller arc of contact.
3. Shorter center distances can be used.
3. Gripping action results in lower belt tension.
4. The belt drives are quiet of high speed
5. The drive is capable of absorbing high shock.
6. Standardization results in better initial installation and
replacement.
Procedure for V-Belt calculations
PME 5072
1. Determine the size of belts
2. Determine the standard sizes of the sheave
3. Determine the standard length of the belt with its standard
specification
4. How many belts will be used in the installation
Basic Equations
Belt Tension ratio
F1  FC
 e f
F2  Fc
Where:
θ= angle of contact
F1= force on the tight side, N or lb
F2= force on the slackside, N or lb
FC= centrifugal force, N or lb
f = coefficient of friction
Note: The coefficient of friction depends on the belt materials the pulley
surface material, the belt slip and the speed.
Centrifugal Force
12 btv 2 Wv 2
FC  ; FC 
g gr
Where:
Ρ = belt density, kg/m3 or lb/in3
b = belt width, mm or in.
t = belt thickness, mm or in.
FC= centrifugal force, N or lb
V = belt speed, m/sec or ft/sec
g = gravitational acceleration, m/sec2 or ft/sec2
w = belt weight, N or lb
r = radius of pulley, mm or in.
Effective Belt Pull
 e f  1 
F1  F2  F1  FC  f

 e 
Where:
θ = angle of contact, rad
F1 = force on the tight side, N or lb
F2 = force on the slack side, N or lb
FC = centrifugal force, N or lb
Angle of contact
Open belt connection
PME 5072
 D  D1 
  180  2 sin 1  2 
 2C 
Cross belt connection
 D  D1 
  180  2 sin 1  2 
 2C 
Where:
Θ = angle of contact, rad
D1 = Larger Diameter, mm or in
D2 = Smaller Diameter, mm or in
C = center distance, mm or in
Arc of Contact
Open Belt
S1 = R1θ1 for small pulley

S2 = R2θ2 for large pulley
a. Cross Belt
S1 = R1θ1 for small pulley

S2 = R2θ2 for large pulley
Where:
θ1 = angle of contact for small pulley, rad
θ2 = angle of contact for large pulley, rad
R1 = radius of the small pulley
R2 = radius of the large pulley
S1 = arc of contact of the small pulley
S2 = arc of contact of the large pulley
Power transmitted
P = (F1-F2) V
Where:
F1 = force on the tight side
F2 = force on the slack side
V = Belt speed
P = Power
5. Cross-sectional area of the belt
P  e fθ  1 
A  fθ 
 ρv 2   e 
V SW  
 g 
Where:
A = Cross-sectional are; mm2 or in2
SW = Working stress; MPa or psi
P = Power transmitted
ρ = belt density, kg/m3 or lb/in3
PME 5072
V = belt speed, m/sec or ft/sec
G = gravitational acceleration, m/sec2 or ft/sec2
Belt Length
Open Belt
L
π  D  D2 
(D1  D 2 )  2C  1
2
2 4C
Cross Belt
π  D  D2 
L  (D1  D 2 )  2C  1
2
2 4C
Where:
L = Length of the Belt
C = Center Distance
Notes:
1. A crossed belt wider than 8 inches should be avoided.
2. A crossed belt with reversing type of drive with idler pulley should be used.
3. The capacity of a cross belt connection should be reduced to 75 % that of
an open belt.
4. If the pulley ratio is 3:1 or more, the reduction should be 50% more.
6. Belt speed
V = D1N1 (1- % Slip)

V= D2N2 (1+ % Slip)
Where:
N1 = Rotational speed of the driver, rpm
N2 = Rotational speed of the driven, rpm
V = belt speed; m/sec, ft/sec
V - Belt Formulas
Belt tension ratio
F1
 e f
F2
Effective Belt Pull
 e f  1 
F1  F2  F1  FC  f

 e 
Where:
PME 5072
F1 = force on the tight side, N or lb
F2 = force on the slackside, N or lb
FC = centrifugal force, N or lb
α = ½ of sheave angle
Rated Horsepower for standard size A, B, C, D and E
  103  0.09 C Vm 2  Vm
Rated HP = a    
  Vm  KdD1 10 6  103

Where:
Vm = Belt speed, ft/min
D1 = Diameter of small pulley
Kd = Small Diameter Factor
a, b & ε are power constants
Rated Horsepower for standard size of “B” only
  10 3  0.09 C Vm 2  Vm
Rated HP = a   e 
  Vm  KdD1 10 6  10 3

Where:
a = 4.737 e = 0.0234
b = 13.962 For section “B” only
Adjusted Rated Horsepower
Adj. Rated HP = KθKL

Where:
Kθ = Arc of Contact Factor
KL = Length Correction factor
Design Horsepower
Design HP = Power transmitted (Nsf)
Where:
Nsf = service factor
Number of Belts
DesignHP
Nb = Adj.RatedHP
Where:
Nb = Number of belts
Belt Length
a. Open Belt
L
π  D  D1 
(D1  D 2 )  2C  2
2
2 4C
PME 5072
b. Cross Belt
L
π  D  D1 
(D1  D 2 )  2C  2
2
2 4C
Where:
L = Length of the Belt
C = Center Distance
SOLVED PROBLEMS
1. A 36-in. driving pulley and a 48-in. driven pulley are arranged on 10-ft centers.
The output of the driven shaft is 150 hp. Assume a belt speed of 4,200 fpm, a
coefficient of friction of 0.3, a slip of 1.5 per cent at each pulley, and 5 percent
friction loss at each shaft. (a) Determine the revolutions per minute of each shaft.
(b) Determine the difference in belt tensions. (c) Determine the size of machine-
wire-laced leather belt required. (d) Determine the required shaft sizes, assuming
pure torsion and an allowable stress of 8,000 psi. (e) Determine mine the overall
efficiency of this transmission.
Given:
D1 = 36 in. D2 = 48 in.
C = 10 ft. P2 = 150 hp
Vm = 4200 fpm f = 0.3
Slip = 1.5% Friction loss of each shaft = 5%
Required:
(a) N of each shaft in rpm
(b) F1 – F2
(c) b
(d) DS1 and DS2
(e) efficiency
Solution:
(a) NPULLEY = NSHAFT
Vm = πD1N 1(1 – Slip)
Vm 4200 fpm
N1    452.32rpm
D1 (1  Slip )  (36in.)(1  0.015)
N 1 D2

N2 D1
N1 D1 (36)(452.32rpm)
N2    339.24rpm
D2 (48in.)
Therefore,
Speeds of the shaft are 452.32 and 339.24 rpm, respectively.
( F1  F2 )Vm
(b) HP 
33,000
HPT = HPo(1.1) = 125 HP (1.1) = 165 hp
PME 5072
Substituting values,
(165)(33,000)
F1  F2   1296.43 lb
4200
 ρv 2  e fθ  1 
(c) F1  F2  bt  σ   fθ 
 g  e 
σ = 400η = 400 (0.88) = 352 psi

t = 11/64
ρ = 0.035
g = 32.2 ft/s2
 (0.035)(70 fps ) 2  e ( 0.3)(3.04)  1 

1296.43lb  b(11 / 64) 352 psi   ( 0.3)(3.04) 
 (32.2 ft / s 2 )  e 
b=
(d) DS1 & DS2 if σ = 8000 psi
16T
 
D 3
HP = 2πTN; 165HP = 2πT(452.32rpm)

T = 1915.90 ft-lb
16(1915.90 ft  lb )
DS1 = 3  2.51in.
 (8000 psi )
DS1NS1 = DS2NS2
(2.51in)(452.32)
DS 2   3.35in.
(339.24)
(e) η
output 150
η  input  165  90.91%
2. A 5-hp, 900-rpm high torque squirrel-cage motor is used to drive a punch press. The
motor pulley is cast iron 14 in. in diameter. The driven pulley is cast iron 42 in. in
diameter. The center distance is 8 ft and is inclined at 55 deg with the horizontal. Select a
suitable leather belt.
Given:
Light double leather belt
N1 = 900 rpm
D2 = 9 in.
D1 = 6 in.
C = 36 in.
Required:
Select a suitable leather belt
Solution:
PME 5072
( F1  F2 )Vm
HP =
33,000
Vm = πD1N1 = π(6/12 ft)(900rpm) = 1413.72 ft/s2
(5hp )(33,000)
F1  F2 =  116 .71lb
1413.72 ft / s 2
F1  F2
σ=
C.F .
F1  F2 = 116.71 lb 1
F1
 e f
F2
From table 16-5 of Doughtie & Vallance
Oak tanned leather belt face, f = 0.38
D2  D1
θ = π – 2 sin-1
2C
 9  6   
θ = π –  2 sin - 1  
 2(36)  180 
θ = 3.06
F1 (0.38)(3.06)
e  3.197 ; F1 = 3.197F2 2
F2
Substitute 2 in 1
3.197F2  F2 = 116.71
F2 = 53.12 lb
F1 = (3.19)(53.12)
F1 = 169.82 lb
 v 2  e f  1 
F1  F2  bt     
 g  e f 
σ = 400η = 400 (0.88) = 352 psi

t = 11/64
ρ = 0.035
g = 32.2 ft/s2
 (0.035)(23.562 fps) 2  e ( 0.38)( 3.06 )  1 

116.71lb  b(11 / 64) 352 psi   ( 0.38)( 3.06 ) 
 (32.2 ft / s 2 )  e 
b = 2.81 in.
3. A ventilating fan having an 18-in. cast-iron pulley is driven from a 25-hp at 870-rpm
normal-torque motor placed directly below it. The steel pulley on the motor is 10 in. in
diameter, and the center distance is 5 ft. select a leather belt for this drive.
PME 5072
Given:
D2 = 18 in
P = 25 hp
N1 = 870 rpm
D1 = 10 in.
C = 5 ft
Solution:
Vm = πD1N1 = π(10/12 ft)(870rpm) = 2277.65 ft/s2
HP
b=
( HP / inch)CmCpCf
From Table 16-6 of Doughtie & Vallance

w/ Vm = 2277.65 ft/s2, HP/inch = 6.79
For Different Factors,

Factor for small pulley diameter
w/ D1 = 10 in and C = 5ft w/ tight below
From Table 16-7 of Doughtie & Vallance

Cp = 0.68
From Table 16-8 of Doughite & Vallance
Cm = type of drive = 0.8DC motor
Cf = 1 (normal condition)
25hp
b=
(6.79)(0.68)(0.8)(1)
b = 6.768 in.
w/ t = 20/64 in. medium double leather belt
4. Two-shafts, 6 ft apart, are connected by an open leather belt ¼ in. thick and 4 in. wide.
The driving shaft rotates at 1,750 rpm and carries an 8-in. pulley. The driven shaft rotates
at 438 rpm. (a) Determine the horsepower that may be transmitted under steady-load
conditions. (b) Determine the additional horsepower that may be transmitted when a 6-in.
idler is placed 9 in. from the center of the driver on a line parallel to the original belt.
Given:
C = 6 ft
t = ¼ in.
b = 4 in.
N1 = 1750 rpm
D1 = 8 in.
N2 = 438 rpm
(drawing)
Required:
(a) Power that may be transmitted under steady load condition.
(b) Additional power may be transmitted when a 6 in. idler pulley is placed 9 in. from
the driver on a line parallel to the belt.
Solution:
PME 5072
( F1  F2 )Vm
(a) HP =
C.F .
 12 v s2  e f  1 
F1-F2 = b +  s   
 g  e f 
Where:
Vm = ПDN
= П(8/12 ft)(1750rpm)
Vm = 3665.2 ft/min
vs = Vm = 61.09 ft/sec
s = 400 n; n = 1 Cemented
= 400 (1)
= 400 lb/in.
f = 0.3
ρ = 0.035 ft/in3 (for leather belt)
D2  D1
θ=П-
C
Where:
D1 ( N 1 ) 8in.(1750rpm)
D2  
N2 430rpm
D2 = 32 in.
32  8
θ=П- = 2.8 rad
72
Therefore,
 lb (12)(0.035lb / in 3 )(61.09 ft / sec) 2  2.718 ( 0.30)( 2.8)  1 

F1-F2 = (4)(1/4) +  400 2   ( 0.30)( 2.8 )

 in 32.2 ft / sec  2.718 
F1-F2 = 199.65 lb
Thus,
(199.65lb)(3665.2 ft / min)
HP =
33,000 ft  lb / min  HP.
HP = 22.17 HP
(b) With idler, additional HP
(drawing)
HP’ = HPi – HP
Where:
HP’ = additional horsepower
HPi = HP with idler
HP = Hp without idler
 12 v s2  e f '  1 
(F1-F2)’ = bt  s   
 g  e f ' 
θ1' = θ1 +α + γ
PME 5072
D2  D1
sin α =
2C
 32  8 
α = sin-1  
 2(72) 
α = 9.59˚
7
cos β =
9
β = 38.9˚
γ = 90 – β – α
= 90 – 38.9 – 9.59
γ = 41.5˚
θ1' = 160.4 + 9.59 + 41.5
= 21.5˚
= 3.7 rad
Therefore,
 lb (12)(0.035lb / in 3 )(61.09 ft / sec) 2  2.718( 0.30)(3.7 )  1 
(F1-F2)’ = (0.25)(9)  400 2   ( 0.30)(3.7 )

 in 32.2 ft / sec  2.718 
(F1-F2)’ = 235.3 lb
Thus,
( 235.3lb )(3665.2 ft / min)
HP’ =
33,000 ft  lb / min  HP.
HP’ = 26.13 HP
Therefore
HPadd = 26.13 – 22.17
HPadd = 3.96 HP
5. The drive from a motor to a centrifugal pump consists of three size B-V-belts. The motor
pulley has a 4.3-in. pitch diameter, and the pump pulley has a pitch diameter of 16.4 in.
the motor runs at 1,200 rpm. What power can be transmitted if the center distance is 3 ft?
Given:
A motor to a centrifugal pump consist of three size B-V-belts
D1 = 4.3 in.
D2 = 15.4 in.
N = 1200 rpm
Required:
Power transmitted at : C = 3 ft = 36 inches
Solution:
DesignHP
Powertrans = Nsf 1
Design HP = Nb (Adj. HP) 2

Adj. Rated HP = KθKL 3
  103  0.09 C Vm 2  Vm

Rated HP = a  
    
  Vm  KdD1 10 6  10 3

B section, from equation 1, by Faires p.456

a = 4.737
b = 13.962
e = 0.0234
PME 5072
From table 17.4 p.459 by faires
D2 15.4
 = 3.6; Kd = 1.14
D1 4.3
 D1 N 1  ( 4.3)(1200rpm)
Vm = 
12 12
Vm = 1350.88 fpm
  10 3 
0.09
13.962 (1350.88) 2  1350.88
Rated HP =  4 . 737 
 1350.88    0. 0234 
(1.14)( 4.3) 10 6 10 3
   
Rated HP = 2.323 HP/belt
From table 17.5 p.459, by Faires

D2  D1 15.4  4.3
  0.31
D1 36
By interpolation
Use Kθ of W = 0.958
KL; From table 17.6, by Faires
 D2  D1  2
L  2C  1.57( D1  D2 ) 
4C
(15.4  4.3) 2
L  2(36)  1.57(15.4  4.3) 
4(36)
L = 103.784
By interpolation
Length Section B (KL)
97 1.02
103.784 ?
105 1.04
KL = 1.03695
Adj. HP = KθKL (RHP/belt)

= (0.958)(1.03695)(2.323 HP/belt)
Adj. HP = 231 HP/belt
Design HP = Nb (Adj. HP)

= 3 (231)
Design HP = 6.93 HP
From Table 17.7, p.460, by Faires

Nsf = 1.4
DesignHP 6.93HP
Powertrans = 
Nsf 1.4
Powertrans = 4.95 ≈ 5 HP
6. An oil-field pumping jack is fitted with a gear-reduction unit delivering 26,000 in.-lb
torque at 25 rpm. The total reduction in the gears is 40:1. The gear unit is fitted with a 13-
in. pitch diameter V-belt pulley and is driven by a 1,200 rpm motor. The center distance
is 4 ft. Determine the number of size C V belts required.
PME 5072
Given:
T = 26,000 in.-lb
Ng = 25 rpm
Ng/Ns = 40
Dp = 18 in.
Nm = 1200 rpm
Required:
No. of size C belts
Solution:
Ns = 25 rpm (40) = 1000 rpm

Vm = ПDpNm = П(10/12)(1200)
Vm = 3402.344 ft/min
DpDm = DsNs
Ds = (13)(1000/1200)
Ds = 10.83 ≈ 11 in.
For HPinput
TN 26,000in.  lb( 25rpm)

HPin = 
63,000 63,000in  lb / HP  min
HPin = 10.47 HP
From Table 17.7, service factor (Nsf), by Faires

Nsf ]Reciprocating pumps = 1.4
Design HP = Nsf (HPin) = 1.4 (10.47)

Design HP = 14.66 HP
Adj. Rated HP = KθKL (Rated HP)
  10 3  0.09 C Vm 2  Vm

Rated HP = a     e 
Vm  KdD1 10 6  10 3
  
From Table 17.3; for C-section V-belts; by Faires:

a = 8.792 e = 0.0416 C = 38.819
From Table 17.4 by Faires for Kd
D2/D1 = 1.18; Kd]1.18 = 1.07
  10 3 
0.09
38.819 (3455.75) 2  3402.344
Rated HP =  8 .792 
 3402.344    ( 0. 0416) 
   (1.07)(11) 10 6  10 3
Rated HP = 14.06 HP/belt
Length of belt
L  2C  1.57( D1  D2 )
 D2  D1 
2
4C
(13  11) 2
L  2( 48)  1.57(13  11) 
4( 48)
L = 133.7 in. ≈ 134 in.
Using L = 134 in.; KL = 1.00
PME 5072
= (0.996)(1.0)(14.06 HP/belt)
Adj. HP = 14 HP/belt
DesignHP 14.66
No. of belts = 
Adj.HP 14
No. of belts = 1.05
Therefore, Use 1- C Section V-belt
7. A 5-ply rubber belt transmits 20 hp to drive a mine fan. An 8 in. motor pulley turns 1150
rpm; D2 = 36 in., fan pulley; C = 23 ft. (a) Design a rubber belt to suit these conditions,
using a net belt pull as recommended in 17.15 text. (b) Actually, a 9-in., 5-ply Goodrich
high-flex rubber belt was used. What are the indications for a good life?
Given:
HP = 20 hp
D1 = 8 in.
D2 = 36 in.
N1 = 1150 rpm
C = 23 ft
Required:
a. net belt pull, b
b. Indications for good life
Solution:
bVmN 1
(a) HP 
2400
Vm = πD1N1 = π(8/12 ft.)(1150 rpm) = 2408. 55 ft/min
(2400)(20hp)
b  0.017
( 2408.55)(1150 )
D2  D1
θ = π – 2 sin-1
2C
 180   36 - 8 
θ=π   – 2 sin - 1 
    2(23x12) 
θ = 174.18º
if θ > 180º, on p 454
θ Kθ
180 1.0
174.18 ? ; Kθ = 0.97672
170 0.96
From Table 12-2 of DOME by Faires
Cm = 0.67
Cf = 0.74 (for dusty)
8. A centrifugal pump, running at 340 rpm, consuming 105 hp in 24-hr service, is to be
driven by a 125-hp, 1180-rpm compensator-started motor; C = 43 ton49 in. Determine
PME 5072
the details of a multiple V-belt drive for this installation. The B.F. Goodrich Company
recommended six C195 V-belts with 14.4 =-in. and 50-in. sheaves; C ≈ 45.2 in.
Given:
Centrifugal pump
N2 = 340 rpm
PTRANS = 105 hp
Compensator-started motor
HP = 125 hp
N1 = 1180 rpm
C = 43 to 49 in. ≈ 45.2 in.
Solution:
Design HP = Nsf (PTRANS)

From Table 17-7, DOME by Faires
Nsf = 1.2
Design HP = (1.2)(105 hp) = 126 hp
Based on Figure 17.14, use D section

14in.(1180)
D1 = 14 in.; D2   48.6in.
340
D2 48.6
  3.47 ; Kd = 1.14
D1 14
  10 3  0.09 c Vm 2  Vm

Rated HP = a     e 
Vm  KdD1 10 6  10 3
  
Vm = ПD1N1
= П(14/12ft)(600rpm)
Vm = 2199.11 ft/min
At Table 17.3; for constants
a = 18.788
c = 137.7
e = 0.0848
At Table 17.4; for Kd

D2 118
  4.72 ; Kd]4.72 = 1.14
D1 25
Substituting the values,
  10 3 
0.09
137.7 ( 2199.11) 2  2199.11
Rated HP = 18.788    0.0848 
  2199.11  1.14( 45.2) 10 6  10
3
Rated HP =
For Kθ; at Table 17.5

D2  D1 48.6  14
  0.765 ; Kθ]0.765 = 0.8764
C 45.2
For KL; at Table 17.6
 D2  D1  2
L  2C  1.57( D1  D2 ) 
4C
PME 5072
(48.6  14) 2
L  2(45.2)  1.57(48.6  14) 
4(45.2)
L = 195.30 in. ≈ 195 in.
Using L = 195 in.; KL = 0.96

= (0.8764)(0.96)( HP/belts)
Adj. HP = HP/belts
Thus,
DesignHP 280 HP
No. of belts = 
Adj.HP 45.61HP / belts
No. of belts = 6.12 ≈ 7 belts
9. A 200 hp; 600 rpm induction motor is to drive a Jaw crusher at 125 rpm, starting load is
heavy, operating with shock, interminent service; c=113 to 123 in. recommending a
multiple V-flat drive for this application. The B.F. Goodrich Cot. Recommend eight D
480 V-belts with a 26-in. sheave and a 120.175 in. pulley, c= 116.3 in.
Given:
Driver (Induction motor)
HP = 200HP
N1 = 600 rpm
Driven: (Jaw Crusher)
N2 = 125 rpm
C = 113 to 123
Required: Details
Solution:
DesignHP
No. of belts = Adj.HP
Design HP = Nsf (Transmitted HP)
At Table 17.7
Nsf = 1.6 – 0.2 = 1.4
Design HP = 1.4 (200HP) = 280 HP

At Fig 17.14 for a 280 HP and 600 rpm
Use Section E with bt = 1¼ (29/32)
* Since there is no section E on the text

Use section D with bt = 1¼ (¾)
Vm = ПD1N1 = ПD2N2
113  123
D2 = C =  118in.
2
(118in.)(125rpm)
D1 =  25in.
600rpm
  10 3  0.09 c Vm 2  Vm
Rated HP = a   e 
  Vm  KdD1 10 6  10 3

Vm = ПD1N1
PME 5072
= П(25/12ft)(600rpm)
Vm = 3926.99 ft/min
At Table 17.3; for constants
a = 18.738
c = 137.7
e = 0.0818
At Table 17.4; for Kd

D2 118
  4.72 ; Kd]4.72 = 1.14
D1 25
Substituting the values,
  10 3 
0.09
137.7 (3926.99) 2  3926.99
Rated HP = 18.788    0.0848 
  3926.99  1.14( 25) 10 6  10
3
Rated HP = 48.26 HP
For Kθ; at Table 17.5

D2  D1 118  25
  0.778 ; Kθ]0.79 = 0.85
C 118
For KL; at Table 17.6

 D2  D1  2
L  2C  1.57( D1  D2 ) 
4C
(118  25) 2
L  2(118)  1.57(118  25) 
4(118)
L = 478.83 in. ≈ 479 in.
Using L = 134 in.; KL = 1.16

= (0.95)(1.16)(46.26 HP/belts)
Adj. HP = 45.61 HP/belts
Thus,
DesignHP 280 HP
No. of belts = 
Therefore,
Use 7 D280 V-belts with 25-in. diameter 118 in. sheave; C=118 in.
10. A 30-hp, 1160 rpm, squirrel gauge motor is to be used to drive a fan. During the summer,
the load is 29.3 hp at a fan speed of 280 rpm. During the winter it is 24 hp at 239 rpm, 44
< c < 50 in.; 20 hr/day operation with no overload decide upon the size and number of V-
belts, sheave sizes and belts length.
Given:
Driven (squirrel gauge motor)
HP = 29.3 HP
N1 = 1160 rpm
Driven (fan); 24-hr service
*Summer
HP = 29.3 HP
N2 = 280 rpm
PME 5072
*Winter
HP = 24 HP
N2 = 238 rpm
44in.  50in.
C=
2
C = D2 =47 in.
Required:
Size and no. of V-belts
Sheave sizes and belt length
Solution:
DesignHP 280 HP
No. of belts = 
Design HP = Nsf (Transmitted HP)
At Table 17.7, by Faires

Nsf = 1.6 + 0.2 = 1.8
Design HP = (1.8)(30 HP) = 54 HP
At Table 17.4, for a 54 HP and 1160 rpm

Use section C with bt = (7/8)(17/32)
Vm = ПD1N1 = ПD2N2
For summer,
( 47in.)( 280rpm)
D1 =  11in.
1160 rpm
For winter,
( 47in.)(234rpm)
D1 =  9.48in.
1160 rpm
Vm = ПD1N1 = П (11/12 ft)(1160 rpm) = 3340.56 fpm
  103  0.09 C Vm 2  Vm
Rated HP = a    
  Vm  KdD1 106  103

From Table 17.3; for C-section V-belts; by Faires:
a = 8.792 Є = 0.0416 C = 38.819
From Table 17.4; for Kd
D2 47
  4.27 Kd]4.27 = 1.14
D1 11
  10 3 
0.09
38.819 (3340.56) 2  3340.56
Rated HP = 8.792    0.0416 
  3340.56  (1.14)(11) 10 6  10
3
Rated HP = 15.79 HP
From Table 17.5; for Kθ

D2  D1 47  11
  0.77 ; Kθ]0.77 = 0.85
C 47
PME 5072
From Table 17.6; for KL
 D  D1  2
L  2C  1.57( D1  D2 )  2
4C
( 47  11) 2
L  2( 47)  1.57(47  11) 
4( 47)
L = 191.95 in.; Use L = 195 in.
KL]195 = 1.07
Adj. Rated HP = (0.85)(1.07)(15.79HP)

= 14.36 HP
54 HP
No. of belts =
14.36 HP / belts
Therefore,
Use 4C 195 V-belts with 11 in. and 47 in. sheaves; C = 47
Lesson 2 – Wire Ropes

Wire Ropes are made from cold-drawn wires that are first wrapped
into strands. The strands are then wrapped into helices about a core or
central elements, which usually a hemp or pulp. Often, the central element
is an independent wire ropes core (IWRC), which makes the rope much
more resistant to crushing.
All Wire Ropes was originally non-preformed, the wires and strands
being twisted and bent into place. At this time most wire ropes are
preformed, the individual strands having been mechanically shaped ahead
of time into configuration they have in the rope. Preformed ropes are more
flexible and spool easier.
The size of a wire rope, Dr is the diameter of the circle that just
contains the rope. In general the greater the number of wires in a strands,
the more flexible the rope, conversely, the fewer wire, the stiffer the rope.
Two numbers indicate the construction; a 16 x 19 wire has 6 strands and
19 wires.
6x7 made of heavy wire, provides maximum resistance,

and is one used for haulages, rigging, and guardrails.
6 x 19 a compromise of flexibility and wear resistance is one
of the most popular styles, a good general-purpose
rope.
6 x 37 an ultra-flexible rope and therefore useful when

abrasion is not severe and where relatively sharp
bends must be tolerated.
Regular materials for wire ropes are high carbon; IPS (Improved
Plow Steel) with Su between 240 to 280 ksi; MPS (Mild Plow Steel), Su
between 180 to 210 ksi; PS (Plow Steel), Su between 210 to 240 ksi.
The Roebling Handbook suggests minimum design factors of:

Guys, 3.5; Miscellaneous Hoisting Equipment, 5; Haulage Ropes Cranes
PME 5072
and Derricks, 6: Small Hoist, 7: Hot Ladle Cranes, 8: When the factor is
defined as N = Fu / Ft, where Fu is the breaking strength, table at 28 and
Ft is the maximum working load on the rope.
TRACTION DRIVES
The Friction between the sheave and rope is often used as driving
force. For example, shaft B is driven by a motor, W represents the load
and Cw represents the load, counterweight and if the load w is moving up
(not slowing down), then F1 is the “tight” tension and F2 < F1. The Driving
Frictional Force is F1 – F2, which can be computed from the power and
speed at B. The maximum value of the ratio of the force with negligible
centrifugal effects, as would be likely on hoist, elevators, etc is;
F1 / F2 = e f ø
Some values of f are:

- Iron or steel sheave: greasy rope, 0.07; wet rope, 0.085; dry
rope, 0.12
- Wood-lined sheave: greasy rope, 0.14; wet rope, 0.17; dry rope,
0.235
- Rubber or Leather-lined sheave: greasy rope, 0.205; wet rope,
0.40; dry rope, 0.495
USEFUL FORMULAS
Bending Stress; Sb, psi

Sb = Er Dw / Ds
Bending Load; Fb, lbs
Fb = Am Er Dw / Ds
Where:
Er = modulus of elasticity of the rope
3 x 104 ksi (for steel)
Dw = wire diameter; inches
Ds = diameter of the sheave; inches
Factor of Safety; N
N = Fu / Ft
N = (Fu – Fb )/ Ft with Fb
Where:
Fu = breaking or ultimate strength, lb
Fb = bending load, lb
Ft = tensile force in the rope, lb
Deformation; , inches
PME 5072
 = SL / Er
 = FL / Am Er
Where:
= deformation
L= length of rope
Am = area of the rope material
Er = modulus of elasticity of the rope
S= Stress
Problem on Wire Ropes

1. A hoist in a copper mine lifts ore a maximum of 2000 ft. The
weight of car, cage, and ore per trip is 10 kips, accelerated in 6
sec. to 2000 fpm, drum diameter is 6 ft use a 6X19 plow steel
rope. Determine the size a.) for a life of 200,000 cycles and
N=1.3 on the basis of fatigue, b.) for N=5 equation (v), 17.25,
text, c.) What is the expected life of the rope found in (b.) for
N=1.3 on the basis of fatigue? d.) if a loaded car weighing 7 kips
can be moved gradually onto the freely hanging cage, how
much would the rope stretch? e.) What total energy is stored in
the rope with full load at the bottom of the shaft? Neglect the
rope’s weight for this calculation. f.) Compute the pressure of
the rope on the cast-iron drum. Is it reasonable?
Given:
L = 2000 ft
W = 10 kips / trip
a = 2000 fpm / 6 sec (1 min / 60 sec)
= 5.55 fps2
Ds= 6 ft
6 x 19 Plow Steel
Required:
a) size for a life of 200000 cycles and N = 1.3
b) size if N = 5
c) expected life in (b) for N = 1.3
d) how much would the rope stretch
e) total energy
PME 5072
f) pressure
Solution:
a)
Dr Ds = 2 N Ft / ( P / Su ) Su
P / Su = 0.0028 (fig 17.30)
Ds = 6 x 12 = 72 in
ΣF = ma
Ft = [ 10000 + (1.6) Dr2 (2000 ft) ] + [ (10000 + 1.6 Dr2 )(5.55)) / 32.2 ]
Ft = 11.724 + 3.75 Dr2
Thus:
Dr = 2 (1.3) (11.724 + 3.75 Dr2) / (0.0028) (210) (72)
Dr = 0.72 + 0.23 Dr2
0.23 Dr2 – Dr + 0.72 = 0
Dr = -(-1) + (-1)2 – 4 (0.72) (0.23) / 2 (0.23)
Dr = 3.44 in
b)
Nu = (Fu – F b) / Ft ; N=5
2. For a mine hoist, the cage weighs 5900 lbs, the cars 2100 lbs,
and the load of coal in the car 2800 lbs, one car load at a time in
the hoist. The drum diameter is 5 ft, the maximum depth is 1500
ft. it takes 6 sec to accelerate the loaded cage to 3285 fpm.
Decide on a grade of wire and the kind and size of rope on the
basis of a.) a life of 2X10 5 cycles & N=1.3 against fatigue
failure, b.) static considerations, (but not omitting the inertia
effect) & N=5. c.) make the final recommendation. d.) if the
loaded cat can be moved gradually onto the freely hanging
cage. How much would the rope stretch? e.) What total energy
has the rope absorbed, fully loaded at the bottom of the shaft?
Neglect the rope’s weight for this calculation. f.) Compute the
pressure of the rope on the cast-iron drum is it all right?
3. The wire rope of a hoist with a short lift handles a total
maximum load of 14 kips each trip. It is estimated that the
maximum number of trips per week will be 1000. The rope is
PME 5072
6X37, ips, 1 3/8 in. in diameter, with steel core. a.) On the basis
of N=1, for fatigue, what size of drum should be used for a 6-yr.
Life? b.) Because of space limitations, the actual size used was
a 2.5 ft drum. What is the factor of safety on a static basis?
What life can be expected? (N=1)
4. A wire rope passes about a driving sheave making an angle of

contact of 540° as shown. A counterweight of 3220 lbs is
suspended from one side and acceleration is 4 fps 2. a.) if f=0.1,
what load may be raised without slipping on the rope? b.) if the
sheave is rubber lined and the rope is dry, what load may be
raised without slipping ? c.) Neglecting the stress caused by
bending about the sheave, find the size of a 6X19 mps rope
required for N=6 and for indefinite life with say N=1.1 on fatigue.
What changes could be made in the solution to allow the use of
a smaller sheave?
5. A traction elevator with a total weight of 8 kips has an

acceleration of 3 fps2; the 6 cables pass over the upper sheave
twice, the lower one once, as shown. Compute minimum weight
of counterweight to prevent slipping on the driving sheave if it is
a.) iron with greasy rope, b.) rope with a dry rope; c.) rubber
lined with a greasy rope. d.) Using mps and the combination in
(a), decide upon a rope and sheave size that will have indefinite
life (N=1 will do). e.) Compute the factor of safety defined in the
text. f.) if it were decided that 5X10 3 bending cycles would be
enough life, would there be a significance in the difference of
the results? (Refer to figure in Prob 4.)
6. A 5000 lbs elevator with a traction drive is supported by 6 wire

ropes, each passing over the driving sheave twice, the idler
once, as shown. Maximum values are 4500-lb load, 4 fps 2
accelerated during stopping. The brake is applied to a drum on
the motor shaft, so that whose maximum length will be 120 ft a.)
using the desirable Ds, decide in terms of diameter and type of
wire rope. b.) for this rope and N=1.05, compute for sheave
diameter that would be needed for indefinite life. Compute the
factor of safety defined in the text for the result in (b). d.)
PME 5072
Determine the minimum counterweight to prevent slipping with a
dry rope on an iron sheave. (e) Compute the probable life of the
rope on the sheave found in (a) and recommend a final choice.
7. A traction elevator has a maximum deceleration of 8.05 fps 2

when being brake on the downward motion with a total load of
10 kips. There are 5 cables that pass twice over the driving
sheave. The counterweight weighs 8 kips. a.) Compute the
minimum coefficient of friction needed between ropes and
sheaves for no slipping. Is a special sheave surface needed? b.)
What size 6X19 mps rope should be used for N=4, including the
bending effect? (Static approach). c.) What is the estimated life
of these ropes (N=1)?
Lesson 3 -Power Chains
Various types of chains are used for the transmission of power. For low
speeds where the loads are not great, detachable chain is used. The links are
usually made of malleable cast iron or manganese steel, cast in one piece with
no separate bushings or pins at the joints. Because of the open construction at
the joint, links are readily removed from, or added to, the chain. Detachable chain
is suitable for power transmission up to speeds of 350 fpm and 20hp.
When the chains are exposed to grit, closed-end pintle chains are
preferably to the detachable chains. The two-types are interchangeable. The pins
at the joints are either riveted over or made removable so that chain links may be
removed. Closed-end pintle chains are slightly stronger than detachable chains
and are suitable for speeds up to 450 fpm and 40hp.
Roller chain or bush roller chain is the type of chain most commonly used
for transmission of mechanical power on bicycles, motorcycles, and in industrial
and agricultural machinery. It is simple, reliable, and efficient (as much as 98%
efficient under ideal conditions), but requires more attention to maintenance than
may be desired by potential owners; therefore there has been of late a tendency
towards the use of other modes of power transmission
Roller chain is used in low- to mid-speed drives, up to 2,000 or 3,000 feet

per minute; at higher speeds, V-belts are quieter and wear better. A bicycle chain
is a form of roller chain; however a master link would interfere with the operation
of a derailleur bicycle gear system, therefore for removal or installation a chain
tool must be used. A similar but stronger chain was traditionally used on most
motorcycles but has been largely supplanted by either the cog belt or the shaft
drive, which offer lower noise level and lesser maintenance requirements. For
American automobile engines as well as others, roller chains would traditionally
drive the camshaft(s) of the crankshaft, generating less noise than a gear drive
as used in very high performance engines, and more durability than a timing belt
as is frequently used on more modern engines. Chains are also used in forklifts
using hydraulic rams as a pulley to raise and lower the carriage.
Silent Chain
PME 5072
A silent or inverted – tooth chain consists of a series of links and having
center plates located between the strands of roller link of the shape, which are
assembled over pins to form various widths of chain. The chain engages with the
sprocket. As the pitch lengthens, owing to wear, the links adjust themsleves to a
larger pitch circle.
Basic Equations
2/3
 900 
A.) P   
 N 
Where:
P = pitch, inches
N = rpm of the small sprocket
PTN
B.) V 
12
Where:
V = chain speed, fpm
T = no. of teeth of the sprocket
P = Pitch, in.
N = rpm of the sprocket
P
C.) D  sin(180 / T )
Where:
D = pitch diameter of sprocket, in.
P = Pitch, in.
 V [26  25 cos(180 / T )]V 1.41 

2
D.) HP/strand = P    - for roller chain
 23.7 1050 
only
Where:
P = Pitch, in.
PV  V 
E.) HP/in. of chain width = 1  425(T  8)  - for silent chain only
53  
Where:
P = Pitch, in.
F.) Maximum sprocket bore; roller chain sprocket

4d
Tmin = 5 for pitches to 1 in.
P
4d
Tmin = 4 for pitches to 1¼ in. to 2½ in.
P
Silent chain sprocket

4d
Tmin = 6 for pitches to 2 in.
P
PME 5072
G.) Length of Chain
T  T2 2C P (T1  T2 ) 2
L 1   (Approximate Length)
2 P 39.5C
T  T (T  T ) 2
L  2CP  1 2  2 1 (Exact Length)
2 40CP
Where:
Cp = C = Center distance in pitches
T1 = No. of teeth of small sprocket
T2 = No. of teeth of large sprocket
Lp = L = Length in pitches
P = Pitch, in.
Cmin = 1.5 D2
Cmin = 30P Higher value
Cmax = 50P
H.) Minimum teeth

Tmin = 12t
Low speed; Tmin = 17t
Med. speed; Tmin = 21t
High speed; Tmin = 25t
Speed increasing drives; Tmin = 23t
SOLVED PROBLEMS IN POWER CHAINS
1. A roller chain operating under steady-load conditions transmits 5 hp from a

shaft rotating at 600 rpm to one operating at 750 rpm. (a) Determine the chain
required using at least 15 teeth in the sprockets. (b) Determine the sprocket
pitch diameters. (c) Determine the shortest advisable center distance. (d)
Determine the number of links of chain required.
Given:
HP = 5 HP
N1 = 600 rpm
N2 = 750 rpm
Required:
(a) Chain to be used at least 15 teeth
(b) Pitch diameter of sprockets
(c) Center distance/advisable shortest distance
(d) Number of links
Solution:
2/3 2/3
900   900 
(a) P       1.3
 N   600 
P = 1 1/4
From Table 17.2, p.407 by Doughtie & Vallance

Chain no. 100; diamond no. 470
Pitch = 1 ¼ in.
PME 5072
T1 N1 15t (600)
N2T2 = N1T1; T2 = 
N2 750
T2 = 12t
DesignHP
No. of strands =
HP / strand
But Design HP = Nsf (HPinput)

4medium to heavy shock
Nsf = 1.5 -2.3] table17.4
Use Nsf = 1.9
Design HP = 1.9(5) = 9.5 HP
 V [26  25 cos(180 / T )]V 1.41 

2
HP/strand = P   
 23.7 1050 
But,
PTN 15t (600)(1.25)
V    937.5 fpm
12 12
2  937.5 [ 26  25 cos(180 / 15)](937.5)1.41 
HP/strand = 1. 25   
 23.7 1050 
HP/strand = 26.129 HP/strand
Therefore,
9.5 HP
No. of strands =  0.36
26.129 HP / strand
Use single strand
(b) Pitch Diameter
P
D1 
sin(180 / T )
1.25
D1 
sin(180 / 15)
D1 = 6 in.
1.25
D2 
sin(180 / 12)
D2 = 4.82 ≈ 5 in.
(c) No. of Links

T1  T2 2C P (T1  T2 ) 2
L  
2 P 39.5C
15  12 2(8.5) P(15  12) 2
L  
2 1.25 39.5(8.5)
L = 27.134 links
2. A 10-hp, 1,200-rpm motor drives a line shaft at 250 rpm. The shaft center
distance is to be approximately 2 ft. the motor shaft has a diameter of 1¼ in.
the starting torque of the motor is from 1.75 to 2.00 times the running torque.
The load is applied with moderate shock. (a) Select a roller chain for this
PME 5072
drive. (b) Determine the sprocket pitch diameters. (c) How many chain links
are required, and what is the exact center distance.
Given:
HP = 10 HP
N1 = 1200 rpm
N2 = 750 rpm
C = 2 ft
D1 = 1 ¼ in.
Ts = 1.75 to 2 Torque
Required:
a.)Roller Chain
b.)Pitch diameter of sprockets (D1 & D2)
c.)Chain Link/ No. of Links
d.)Exact Center Distance
Solution:
2/3 2/3
900   900 
(a) P       0.825in.
 N   1200 
P = ¾ in.

For Pitch = ¾ in.
Chain no. ASA 60; width = ½ in.
With N1 = 1200 rpm, T1 = 18 teeth
DesignHP
No. of strands =
HP / strand

4 light to medium shock
Nsf = 1.5-2.2] table17.4
Use Nsf = 1.9
Design HP = 1.9(10HP) = 19 HP
 V [26  25 cos(180 / T )]V 1.41 
2
 23.7 1050 
PTN (3 / 4in.)(18teeth)(1200rpm)
But, V    1350 fpm
12 12
1350 [ 26  25 cos(180 / 18)](1350)1.41 
2
HP/strand = 0.75   
 23.7 1050 
Therefore,
19 HP
No. of strands =  1.48
12.88HP / strand
Use single strand
(b) Pitch Diameter
PME 5072
P
D1 
sin(180 / T )
0.75
D1 
sin(180 / 18)
D1 = 4.32 in.  4 ½ in.
N2T2 = N1T1;
T1 N 1 18teeth(1200)
T2 = 
N2 250
T2 = 86.4  86 teeth
0.75
D2 
sin(180 / 86)
D2 = 20.53 ≈ 20 5/8 in.
(c) No. of Links

T  T ( N  N1 ) 2
L  2C  1 2  2
2 40C
Where:
41
C = 20 5  2  22.875in.
8 2
18  86 (86  18) 2
L  2(22.875in)  
2 40(22.875)
L = 102.8  103 links
3. A roller chain is used to drive the camshaft of an internal-combustion engine.

Both shafts rotate at 325 rpm and the center distance is approximately 21 in.
The crankshaft is 5 in. in diameter, and the root spaces of the sprockets must
clear the shaft by at least 5/8 in. Three horsepower is required to drive the
shaft. Determine all necessary dimensions for the chain and sprockets and
show by calculations that it is safe in every way.
Given:
N1 = N2 = 325 rpm for shafts
C = 21 in.
DCRANKSHAFT = 5 in.
Root space = 5/8 in.
P = 3 hp
Required:
All necessary dimensions
Solution:
2/3 2/3
 900   900 
P     1.97in.
 N   325 
P = ¾ in.

For Pitch = ¾ in., N1 = 325 rpm, T1 = 12 teeth
Chain No. ASA 60; Width = ½ in.
Design HP = Nsf (HP)
PME 5072
cams
Nsf = 1.1] table17.7 ,byDOME
Design HP = 1.1(3HP) = 3.3 HP
 V [26  25 cos(180 / T )]V 1.41 
2
 23.7 1050 
But,
PTN (3 / 4in.)(12teeth)(325rpm)
V    243.75 fpm
12 12
2  243.75 [ 26  25 cos(180 / 12)](243.75)1.41 
HP/strand = 0. 75   
 23.7 1050 
Diameter of Sprockets
P
D1  D2 
sin(180 / T )
0.75
D1  D2 
sin(180 / 12)
D1 = 2.89 in.  3 in.
Exact Center Distance

3
C = 3  4.5in.
2
No. of Links
T1  T2 ( N 2  N 1 ) 2
L  2C  
2 40C
12  12
L  2( 4.5in)   0 = 24 links
2
4. A truck equipped with a 50-hp engine uses a roller chain as the final drive to
the rear axle. The driving sprocket runs at 225 rpm and the driven sprocket at
100 rpm with a center distance of approximately 3 ft. The chain speed is to be
approximately 500 fpm. The transmission efficiency between the engine and the
driving sprocket is 85 per cent. (a) Determine the pitch and width of chain to
be used. (b) Determine the number of teeth in each sprocket and the pitch
diameters.
Given:
HP = 50 HP
N1 = 225 rpm
N2 = 100 rpm
C = 3 ft
V = 400 fpm
e = 85%
Required:
(a) Pitch and width
(b) No. of teeth and pitch diameters
Solution:
2/3 2/3
 900   900 
(a) P       2.52in.
 N   225 
P = 2 ½ in.
PME 5072
From Table 15-2, p.305 by Black & Adams
For Pitch = 2 ½ in.
Chain no. 200
From Table 17-1, p.403 by Doughtie & Vallance
For Chain no. 200; width = 1 ½ in.
No. of Sprockets
PTN
V 
12
V (12) (500)(12)
T    10.67  12teeth
PN (2.5)( 225)
N2T2 = N1T1;
T1 N 1 12teeth(225)
T2 = 
N2 100
T2 = 27 teeth
Pitch Diameter
P
D1 
sin(180 / T )
2 .5
D1 
sin(180 / 12)
D1 = 9.65 in.  9 5/8 in.
2 .5
D2  = 21.5 in.
sin(180 / 27)
5. A rotary engine driving a wire-line reel on an oil-well rig develops 250 hp at

1,000 rpm. The reel runs at 50 rpm maximum. The engine may be slowed
down to 200 rpm, the torque remaining constant. This is severe service for
the chain drive between the engine and reel. (a) Select a suitable roller chain.
(b) Determine the number of teeth and the pitch diameter of each sprocket.
Given:
HP = 250 HP
N1 = 1000 rpm
N2 = 50 rpm
N3 = 200 rpm
Required:
(a) Selection of a suitable roller chain
(b) No. of teeth and pitch diameters of sprockets
Solution:
(a) Constant Torque
33,000( HP ) 33,000(250)
Torque    1313.028 ft.  lb.
2N 2 (1000)
Transmitted HP @ 200 rpm
2TN 2 (1313.028)(200)
HPtrans .    50 hp
33,000 33,000
PME 5072
Solving for Design HP
Nsf = 1.2; from table 17.7, by DOME
DHP = Nsf (HPtrans) = (1.2)(50 hp) = 60 hp
Solving for Pitch

2/3 2/3
 900   900 
P     2.73in.
 N   200 
P = 2 ½ in.

For Pitch = 2 ½ in.
Chain no. ASA 200
T1 = 9 teeth
Width = 1 ½ in.
HP/strand = 0.004T 1.08 N 0.09 P 3-0.07P

= 0.004(9) 1.08(200) 0.09(2.5) 3-0.07(2.5)
= 667.26 hp
N2T2 = N1T1;
T1 N 1 9teeth( 250)
T2 = 
N2 50
T2 = 36 teeth
Pitch Diameter
P
D1 
sin(180 / T )
2.5
D1 
sin(180 / 9)
D1 = 7.31 in.
2.5
D2 
sin(180 / 36)
D2 = 28.68 in.
6. A silent chain operating under good service conditions transmits 100 hp from
a 600-rpm motor to a shaft running at 167 rpm. (a) Determine a suitable
number of teeth for each sprocket. (b) Determine the pitch and width of chain
required for this drive.
Given:
HP = 100 Hp
N1 = 600 rpm
N2 = 167 rpm
Required:
(a) No. of teeth (T1 & T2)
(b) Pitch & width
Solution:
4 D1
(a) Tmin = T1 =  6 (For Pitches up to 2 in.)
P
PME 5072
Solving for D1,
16 KsT
D1  3

Where:
 = 6000 psi with keyway
Ks = 1 (from p.279,by DOME)
33,000(110 hp )
T   10504.326in.  lb.
2 (6000)
16(1)(10504.326)
D1  3  2.074in.
 (6000)
Solving for P,
2/3 2/3
 900   900 
P     1.31in.
 N   600 
P =1 in.
Therefore,
4( 2.074)
T1 =  6 = 14.29  15 teeth
1
b) N2T2 = N1T1;
T1 N 1 15teeth(1150 )
T2 = 
N2 400
T2 = 43.125  43 teeth
Pitch Diameter
P
D1 
sin(180 / T )
1
D1 
sin(180 / 15)
D1 = 4.81 in.
D2 = 13.70 in.
7. A 25-hp squirrel-cage induction motor running at 1,150 rpm is to be

connected to a centrifugal pump by means of a roller chain. The pump
operates at a speed of approximately 400 rpm and is located 30+ in., center
to center, from the motor. A service factor 1.2 may be assumed. Determine
the pitch, width, and length of the chain you would recommend, and also the
pitch diameters of the sprockets.
Given:
Motor (Driver)
P = 25 HP
N1 = 1150 rpm
Driven (Blower)
N2 = 400 rpm
C = 30+ in.
PME 5072
Nsf = 1.2 (assumed)
Required:
(a) Pitch
(b) Width of chain
(c) Length of chain
(d) D1 & D2
Solution:
2/3 2/3
 900   900 
(a) P       0.849inches
 N   1150 
From Fig. 15.6 p. 306 by Black & Adams

HP = 25 HP; Ns = 1150 rpm
Recommend no. of chain

Chain No. = 60
P = 3/4 in.
DesignHP
(b) Chain width = HP / in.ofchainwidth
63,000(25)
Transmitted Torque =  1369.565in.  lb.
1150
Solving for shaft diameter,

16 KsT
Ds  3

From Faires,
table 91., p. 279
Ks]suddenly applied minor shock =1.5
16(1.5)(1369.565)
Ds  3  1.09in.
 (8000)
From Table 25.2, p. 518 by Black and Adams
Recommended shaft dia. For 25 HP = 1 5/8 in. with keyway
Solving for minimum hub diameter:
MHD = shaft dia. + 4 (depth of keyways)
From Table at 19, by Faires

t = 3/8 in.
depth of keyway = ½ t = ½ (3/8) = 3/16 in. 0.1875 in.
min. hub dia. = (1 5/8) + 4 (0.1875) = 2.375 in.
solving for min. pitch dia.,
min. pitch dia = min. hub dia. + P

= 2.375 + 0.75
= 3.125 in.
Solving for no. of teeth of small sprocket,
PME 5072
min . pitch dia.( ) 3.125
NTS =   13teeth
pitch 0.75
For larger sprocket,

N N 13(1150 )
N TD  TS s   37.375  38teeth
ND 400
Based on link plate fatigue,
HP/strand = 0.004 (13) 1.08 (150) 0.9 (0.75) 3-0.07(0.75)
HP/strand = 15.54 hp/ strand
Thus,
DesignHP 30
No. of strand =   1.9  2 strands
HP / strand 15.54
T1  T2 2C P (T1  T2 ) 2
(c) L   
2 P 39.5C
35  13 2(30) 0.75(38  13) 2
L  
2 0.75 ( 4)(30)
L = 105.89 in.
P
(d) D  sin(180 / T )
0.75
D  3.13in.
sin(180 / 13)
P
D2 
sin(180 / T2 )
0.75
D2   9.08in.
sin(180 / 38)
8. A 10-hp motor running at 1,150 rpm is to drive a compressor through the

medium of a roller chain. The compressor runs at approximately 300 rpm and
is to be located 20+ in. from the motor shaft. Determine the following: (a) pitch
of chain; (b) number of strands; (c) number of links; (d) pitch diameters of
sprockets.
Given:
Motor (Driver)
P = 10 HP
N1 = 1150 rpm
Driven (Blower)
N2 = 300 rpm
C = 20 in.
Required:
(e) Pitch of chain
(f) No. of strand
(g) Length of chain
(h) D1 & D2
Solution:
2/3 2/3
900   900 
(a) P       0.849inches
 N   1150 
P = 3/4 in.
PME 5072
DesignHP
Design HP = Nsf (HPtrans)

Nsf ]table 17.7 by faires =1.2
Design HP = (1.2)(10 hp) = 12 hp
 V 
26  25 cos 180
T
  
HP/strand = P  2
 23.7 1050 
 
Where:
PTN
V=
12
Solving for shaft diameter,

16 KsT
Ds  3

where:
63,000(10)
Transmitted Torque =  547.83in.  lb.
1150
From Faires,
table 91., p. 279
Ks]suddenly applied minor shock = 1.5 (for fatigue factor)
 = 6000 psi ( for commercial and keyway)
16(1.5)(547.83)
Ds  3  0.887in.  7 in.
 (6000) 8
From Table 25.2, p. 518 by Black and Adams
Recommended shaft dia. For 25 HP = 1 5/8 in. with keyway
Solving for no. of teeth of small sprocket,
Ts 
 8  .  5  13.7  14teeth
4 15
3/ 4
Solving for V,
(3 / 4)(14)(1150 )
V=  934.375 fpm
12
 934.375 26  25 cos 180

  2 
14
  
HP/strand = 3 4   = 7.9hp/strand
 23.7 1050 
 
Thus,
DesignHP 12
No. of strand =   1.5  2 strands
HP / strand 7.9
T1  T2 2C P (T1  T2 ) 2
(c) L   
2 P 39.5C
PME 5072
T1 N 1 (1150 )(14)
T2    53.67  54teeth
N2 300
54  14 2(20) 0.75(54  14) 2

L  
2 0.75 (39.5)(20)
L = 379.63 in.
P
(d) D  sin(180 / T )
0.75
D  3.37in.
sin(180 / 14)
P
D2 
sin(180 / T2 )
0.75
D2   12.89in.
sin(180 / 54)
15.3 It is desired to transmit 40 hp by means of a roller chain at a motor sprocket

speed of 720 rpm. The pitch diameter of the motor sprocket not exceeds 6 ¾ in.
Assuming uniform service 24 hr per day, determine the pitch and number of
strands required for the chain.
Given:
P = 40 HP
N1 = 720 rpm
D1 = ≤6 3/4
24-hr of operation
Required:
(a) Pitch
(b) No. of strands
Solution:
2/3 2/3
 900   900 
(a) P     
 N   720 
P ≤ 1.16; use 1 in.
DesignHP
(b) No. of strands =
HP / strand

Nsf = 1.2 ---- Continuous 24-hr/day; Table 17.4, p.413,
by Doughtie & Vallance
 V [26  25 cos(180 / T )]V 1.41 

2
 23.7 1050 
But,
P
D1 
sin(180 / T )
PME 5072
180
T  1
sin ( P / D )
15.4 A 10-hp motor running at 1750 rpm is to drive a blower through the medium of a
silent chain. The blower runs at approximately 600 rpm and is to be located 28+
in. from the motor shaft. Determine the following: (a) pitch of chain; (b) width of
chain; (c) no. of links; (d) pitch diameter of sprockets.
Given:
Motor (Driver)
P = 10 HP
N = 1750 rpm
Driven (Blower)
N = 600 rpm
C = 28 in.
Required:
(i) Pitch
(j) Width of chain
(k) No. of links
(l) D1 & D2
Solution:
2/3 2/3
 900   900 
(a) P       0.64inches
 N   1750 
Use P = 5/8 in. and T1 = 17t
T1 N 1 17t (1750)
N2T2 = N1T1; T2 =   50t
N2 600
DesignHP
But Design HP = Nsf (HPinput); Nsf = 1.2
PV  V 
HP/in. of chain width =
53 1  425(T  8) 
 
But,
5 in.(17t )(1750)
PT1 N1
V  8  1550 fpm
12 12
( 5 )(1550)  1550 
HP/in. of chain width = 8 1
 
53  425(17  8) 
= 10.9 HP/in. of chain width
Therefore,
12 HP
Chain width = 10.9 HP / in.ofchainwidth
= 1.1 in. ; use 1 1/8 in.
T1  T2 2C P (T1  T2 ) 2
(c) L   
2 P 39.5C
PME 5072
5
17  50 2(28) 8 (50  17)
2
L  
2 5 39.5(28)
8
L = 124.1 links
P
(d) D  sin(180 / T )
5
D 8  3.4in.
sin(180 / 17)
P
D2 
sin(180 / T2 )
5
D2  8  9.95in.
sin(180 / 50)
15.5 A ventilating fan having a delivery of 18,000 cfm when operating at 298 rpm
requires 2.84 hp under these rated conditions. The fan is to be installed in a
hospital where quietness of operation is essential.
The fan is to be connected to a squirrel-cage induction motor by means of a

chain drive.
Assumptions:
Motor speed 1,160 rpm

Minimum number of teeth on small sprocket 19
Efficiency of drive chain drive 95 percent
Determine the following: (a) horsepower of motor required; (b) type of chain; (c)
pitch and width of chain; (d) number of teeth and diameters for sprockets; (e)
length of chain.
Given:
N2 = 298 rpm
Rated HP = 2.84 HP
N1 = 1160 rpm
T1 = 19 teeth
e = 95 %
Required:
(a) HPmotor
(b) Type of chain
(c) P & width of chain
(d) T1 & T2; D1 & D2
(e) L
Solution:
RatedHP 2.94 HP
(a) HPmotor    3HP
e 0.95
2/3 2/3
 900   900 
(b) P       0.844in.
 N   1160 
P = ¾ in.
PME 5072
Since fan is to be installed in a hospital where quietness of operation is
essential, use a silent type of chain.
(c) From the solution above, P = ¾ in.

For Pitch = ¾ in.
Width = ½ in.
(d) N2T2 = N1T1

T1 N 1 19teeth(1160 )
T2 = 
N2 298
T2 = 73.95  74 teeth
Pitch Diameter
P
D1 
sin(180 / T )
0.75
D1 
sin(180 / 19)
D1 = 4.56 in.
0.75
D2 
sin(180 / 74)
D2 = 17.67 in.
15.6 A silent chain drive, as specified below, is to be replaced by a V-belt drive.

Assuming that 6-in. sheaves are to be used, determine the number of B-section
V-belts required for the replacement drive.
Pitch ¾ in.
Width 1 ¼ in.
Sprockets 21 teeth
Speed 1,120 rpm
Velocity Ratio 1:1
Required:
No. of B-section V-belts
Solution:
PME 5072
Design HP
No. of Belt 
Adjusted Rated HP
Design HP
Chain Widt h 
HP / chain width
DesignHP  (chain width)(HP/chain width)
Chain width  1 1 in.
4
PVc  Vc 
HP / chain width  1  
53  425( N TB  8) 
P  3 in.
4
VC 
PN TS N s
 4
 
3 (21)(1120)
 1470 fpm
12 12
sin ce V : R  1 : 1
Vs  V B ; Ns  N B
 Ds  D B
D B  6in.
N TB  N TS  21teeth
HP / chain width 
 3 4 (1470) 1 
1470 
   15.27hp / in.
53  425( 21  8) 
 
DesignHP  1 1 (15.27hp / in.)  19.09hp  20hp
4
Adjusted Rated HP  K  K L ( RatedHP)
  10 3 
0.09
13.962 V2 V
Rated HP  4.737   0.0234 m6  m3

  Vm KdD1
 10  10

 6 
Vm  Dn    (1120 )  1759.3 fpm
 12 
from table 17.4 by Faires; D 2  6  1, Kd  1.00
Ds 6
  10 3 
0.09
13.962 1759.3 2  1759.3  3.4hp
Rated HP  4.737    0.0234
  1759.3  (1)(6) 10 6  10
3
D  D2 66
C 1  D1   6  12in.
2 2
D  D1 6  6
From table 17.5 by Faires; 2   0, K   1(VV )
C 12
From table 17.6 byFaires, K L  ?
 D  D1 
L  2C  1.57( D2  D1 )   2 
 4C 
L  2(12)  1.57(6  6)  0
L  42.84  43in.
L  46, K l  0.87
Adjusted Rated HP  (1)(0.87)(3.4)  2.907  3 hp
20
no. of Belts   6.67  7 belts
3
PME 5072
15.7 An 1,160 rpm motor is to be used to drive an oil-field pumping unit that requires
280 lb-ft torque at approximately 320 rpm. Assuming that a roller chain drive is to
be used and that there is an efficiency of 95 percent and a service factor of 1.5,
determine the following: size of motor, number of sprocket teeth, and pitch and
number of strands of chain you would recommend.
Given:
Ns = 1160 rpm
T = 280 lb-ft.
Nb = 320 rpm
e = 95 %
Service factor = 1.5
Required:
Size of motor, no. of sprocket teeth, and pitch and no. of strands
Solution:
Size of motor
2TN 2 ( 280)(320)
HP    17.06hp
33,000 33,000
HPoutput
e
HPinput
17.06hp
HPinput   18hp
0.95
teeth of sprocket
4d
N TS  5
P
2/3
 900  7
P   0.84  ; P  1 inch (standard)
 1160  8
d 1 5 ; for 18 hp motor; table 25 - 2 by Black and Adams
8
PME 5072
N TS 

4 15 
8  5  12.43  13teeth
7
8
N N (13)(1160 )
N TB  TS S   47.125  47teeth
Nb (320)
DesignHP
no. of strands 
HP / strand
DesignHP  17.06(1.5)  25.59 hp
for link plate fatigue

HP / strand  0.004(13)1.08 1160 
0 .9
1( 3 0.07 )(1)  30.57 hp
for rolling bushing impact

1 .5
100(13) 
HP/strand  K r  (1) 0.8  20.17 hp
 1160 
use the smaller one, which is 20.17 hp
25.59
no. of strands   1.27  1strand
20.17
15.8 In a roller-chain drive arranged, a chemical processing unit is connected to each

of the two sprockets B. each of the units requires 250 in.-lb torque. The driving
sprocket at A rotates at 100 rpm and has 11 teeth, and the sprockets at B have
33 teeth each. The chain is one-strand no. 41 chain. Determine the service factor
for the drive.
Given:
Tb = 250 in.-lb
NA = 100 rpm
TA = 11 teeth
TB = 33 teeth
Type of chain
No. 41 chain, single strand
Required:
Service factor; Nsf
Solution:
Design HP = Nsf (HP transmitted)
2 TN
HPtrans = 63,000
For No. 41 chain, single strand
(Table 15-2)
Pitch = ½ inches
Chain Velocity:
PME 5072
1 (11t )(100rpm)
PTN
Vm   2  45.83 fpm
12 12
T A N A 11t (100)
NATA = NBTB; NB =   33.33rpm
TB 33t
2 TN
HPtrans = 63,000
2 (250in.  lb)(33.33rpm)
=
63,000
= 0.83 HP
 V [26  25 cos(180 / T )]V 1.41 
2
 23.7 1050 
 45.83 [26  25 cos(180 / 33)]( 45.83)1.41 
2
= (0.5)   
 23.7 1050 
= 0.43
DesignHP
No. of strands =
HP / strand
Design HP = (No. of strand)(HP/strand)
= 0.43 HP
DesignHP
Nsf =
HPtrans
0.43HP
= =0.52
0.83HP
PME 5072

Me 145 - Machine Design 2: Engr - Harrison R. Flores PME 5072

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ME 145 – MACHINE DESIGN 2

Module 1- Flexible Power-Transmitting Elements

Lesson 1 – Design of Belts

Belts are flexible band used to connect pulley or to convey materials by

Types of Belt connections

Types of Transmission Belt

1. Less expensive than other forms of power transmission

V-Belts work using the principle of the ”wedge”

• V-Belts are available in

Basic Equations on the Design of flat belts

Open type – to induce the same rotation

B. Crossed Belt Installation

Crossed type – to induce opposite rotation

Angle of Wrap or Arc of Contact; 

General Belt Equation

Belt size if power transmitting capacity of belt is known or power transmitting

ENG’G UNITS ONLY

746 HP e f 1000 KW e f

1. vs = belt speed ……… ft/sec ………… m/sec

If: not directly given

  D DRIVER  nDRIVER 1  %SLIP 

  D DRIVEN  nDRIVEN 1  %SLIP

  D DRIVER  nDRIVER    D DRIVEN  nDRIVEN 

2. d = Design stress of belt ……… lb/in2 ………… MPa

3.  = mass density of belt ……. lb/in3 ……….. kg/mm3

Rated Capacity of Belts

For leather belts:

HP = (HP/in) (b) CmCpCf

For rubber belts:

F1 - F2 = 13.75 Np; lbs

b ---- belt width

Power transmitted in terms of belt velocity

Power transmitted in terms of RPM

Tension ratio of belt

Centrifugal force considered:

Fc = mv2 = (w/g) v2 ………… lb ….. N

Centrifugal force neglected:

Design at belt joint: Tensile Failure

Fiber stress: tensile stress; t

Computing the design stress is not directly given:

Allowing for weakening of belt strength due to joints:

Design stress; d = d’ x joint factor

(a) Arc of contact to be used

1. If the pulleys are made of the same material, f is the same

2. If the pulleys are made of different materials, f is the same

Crossed belt installation

1. Crossed belts wider than 8 in. (203 mm) should be avoided.

Installation Schemes – Nomenclatures

1.0 Choose the type of belt section (A,B,C,D,E)

2.0 Solve for the number of belts required

No. of belts = (Design HP)/(Kɵ)(KL)(Rated HP/belt)

  103  0.09 C eVm2  Vm

BELTS (Another literature regarding Belts)

Belt is a flexible band used to connect pulley or to convey materials by

Types of Belt connections

Types of Transmission Belt

Procedure for V-Belt calculations

Belt Tension ratio

Effective Belt Pull

Open belt connection

Cross belt connection

S1 = R1θ1 for small pulley

S1 = R1θ1 for small pulley