Professional Documents
Culture Documents
In this chapter, let us understand in detail how to construct (draw) Bode plots.
Represent the open loop transfer function in the standard time constant form.
Substitute, s
s =
= j
jωω in the above equation.
Draw the magnitude plots for each term and combine these plots properly.
Draw the phase plots for each term and combine these plots properly.
Note − The corner frequency is the frequency at which there is a change in the slope of the magnitude plot.
Example
Consider the open loop transfer function of a closed loop control system
10
10ss
G
G((s
s))H
H((s
s)) =
=
(
(ss+
+22)
)((s
s++5
5))
Let us convert this open loop transfer function into standard time constant form.
10
10ss
G
G((s
s))H
H((s
s)) =
=
s
s s
s
2
2(( +
+11)
)55(
( +
+11)
)
2
2 5
5
s
s
⇒
⇒ G
G((s
s))H
H((s
s)) =
=
s
s s
s
(
(11+
+ )
)((1
1++ )
)
2
2 5
5
So, we can draw the Bode plot in semi log sheet using the rules mentioned earlier.
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/control_systems/control_systems_construction_bode_plots.htm 1/3
8/20/2020 Control Systems - Construction of Bode Plots - Tutorialspoint
The frequency at which the phase plot is having the phase of -1800 is known as phase cross over frequency. It is denoted
by ω
ωppc
c
. The unit of phase cross over frequency is rad/sec.
The stability of the control system based on the relation between the phase cross over frequency and the gain cross over
frequency is listed below.
system is stable.
marginally stable.
unstable.
Gain Margin
Gain margin G
GMM is equal to negative of the magnitude in dB at phase cross over frequency.
1
1
G
GMM =
= 20
20 log
log(( )
) =
= 20
20llo
oggM
Mppc
c
M
Mppc
c
Where, M
Mppc
c
is the magnitude at phase cross over frequency. The unit of gain margin (GM) is dB.
Phase Margin
0
0
P
PMM =
= 180
180 +
+ϕϕg
gcc
Where, ϕ
ϕggc
c
is the phase angle at gain cross over frequency. The unit of phase margin is degrees.
The stability of the control system based on the relation between gain margin and phase margin is listed below.
marginally stable.
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/control_systems/control_systems_construction_bode_plots.htm 2/3
8/20/2020 Control Systems - Construction of Bode Plots - Tutorialspoint
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/control_systems/control_systems_construction_bode_plots.htm 3/3