EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY] 1

SUBJECT NAME: ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

SUBJECT CODE: EE 2202
BRANCH: EEE
SEMESTER: III

UNIT –III
CONTENTS:

1.Lorentz Law of force

2. Magnetic field intensity

3. Biot–savart Law

4. Ampere’ s Law

5. Magnetic field due to straight conductors

6. Magnetic flux density (B)

7. Magnetic materials

8. Boundary conditions

9. Scalar and vector potential

10. Torque

11. Magnetic circuits.

K.SRINIVASAN /EEE / VEC/ LECTURE NOTES-UNIT-III

 EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY] 2

1. FORCE ON A MOVING CHARGE:

• In electric field, force on a charged particle is

F=QE

• Force is in the same direction as the electric field intensity

(positive charge)

• A charged particle in motion in a magnetic field force

magnitude is proportional to the product of magnitudes of the
charge Q, its velocity V and the flux density B and to the sine
of the angle between the vectors V and B.

• The direction of force is perpendicular to both V and B and is

given by a unit vector in the direction of V x B.

• The force may therefore be expressed as

F=QV x B

• Force on a moving particle due to combined electric and

magnetic fields is obtained by superposition.

F=Q (E + V x B)

• This equation is known as Lorentz force equation.

1.1 FORCE ON A DIFFERENTIAL CURRENT ELEMENT:

• The force on a charged particle moving through a steady

magnetic field may be written as the differential; force
exerted on a differential element of charge.

dF = dQ

• Convection current density in terms of the velocity of the

volume charge density

• Differential element of charge may also be expressed in terms

of volume charge density.

dQ = ρ v dv
Thus,
dF = ρ v dvVxB

K.SRINIVASAN /EEE / VEC/ LECTURE NOTES-UNIT-III

 EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY] 3

dF = JxBdv

• JdV is the differential current element

Jdv = Kds = IdL

• Lorentz force equation may be applied to surface current

density.

dF = KxBds

• Differential current element

dF = IdLxB

• Integrating the above equations over a volume, surface open

or closed

F= ∫ JxBdv
vol

F = ∫ KxBds
s

• To a straight conductor in a uniform magnetic field

F= ∫ IdLxB = − I ∫ BxdL

F = ILxB

• The magnitude of the force is given by the familiar equation

F=BILsinθ

• Where θ is the angle between the vectors representing the

direction of the current flow and direction of the magnetic flux
density.

K.SRINIVASAN /EEE / VEC/ LECTURE NOTES-UNIT-III

 EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY] 4

2. MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY:

• The quantitative measure of strongness or weakness of the

magnetic field is given by magnetic field intensity or magnetic
field strength.

• The magnetic field intensity at any point in the magnetic field

is defined as the force experienced by a unit north pole of one
Weber strength, when placed at that point.

• The magnetic flux lines are measured in webers (wb) while

magnetic field intensity is measured in newtons/weber or
amperes per metre (AT/m)

• It is denoted as H.

• It is a vector quantity.

• This is similar to the electric field intensity E in electrostatics.

3. BIOT-SAVART LAW:

• The law of biot –savart then states that at any point P the
magnitude of the magnetic field intensity produced by the
differential element is proportional to the product of the
current, the magnitude of the differential length, and the sine
of the angle lying between the filament and a line connecting
the filament to the point P .the magnitude of the magnetic
field intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance from the differential element to the point P.

IdLxaR
dH =
4πR 2

• The unit of the magnetic field intensity H are ampere’ s per

meter (A/m)

Point 1
dL1
R12 P

I1 aR12
Point 2

K.SRINIVASAN /EEE / VEC/ LECTURE NOTES-UNIT-III

 EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY] 5

• The law of Biot –savart is sometimes called Ampere’ s law for

the current element.

I1dL1 xaR12
dH 2 =
4πR12
2

• The magnetic flux density at any point P due to current

element I dl is given by

µIdL
dB = a
4πr 2
• Where,

♦ µ=µ0µ r is permeability of the medium

♦ IdL is the current element

♦ r is the distance between the point P and current

element

♦ a is the unit vector

• Its magnitude is

µIdL sin θ
dB =
4πr 2

• The magnetic field intensity is given by

I1dL1 sin θ
dH 2 =
4πR12
2

• This is referred to as Ampere’ s law for current element

K.SRINIVASAN /EEE / VEC/ LECTURE NOTES-UNIT-III

 EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY] 6

4. AMPERE’ S CIRCUITAL LAW:

o The Ampere’ s circuital law states that,

• The line integral of magnetic field H around a closed

path is exactly equal to the direct current enclosed by
that path.

∫ H.dL = I
v In electrostatics, the gauss’ s law is useful to obtain the E in
case of complex problems.

v Similarly in the magnetostatics, the complex problems can

be solved using a law called Ampere’ s law or Ampere’ s work
law.

PROOF:
z
I

aφ

x
I
• Consider a long straight conductor carrying direct current I
placed along Z-axis.

• Consider a closed circular path of radius r which encloses

the straight conductor carrying direct current I.

• The point P is at a perpendicular distance r from the

conductor.

• Consider dL at point P, which is in aφ direction, tangential

to circular path at point P.

K.SRINIVASAN /EEE / VEC/ LECTURE NOTES-UNIT-III

 EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY] 7

dL = rdφaφ

• While H obtained at point P, from Biot-savart law due to

infinitely long conductor is,

I
H = aφ
2πr

I
H .dL = aφ .rdφaφ
2πr

I
= rdφ
2πr

I
= dφ
2π

• Integrating H.dL over the entire closed path,

2π
I
∫ H .dL = ∫
φ = 0 2π
dφ

=
I
[φ ]20π
2π

I 2π
=
2π

=I=current carried by conductor.

• This proves that the integral H. dL along the closed path

gives the direct current enclosed by that closed path.

K.SRINIVASAN /EEE / VEC/ LECTURE NOTES-UNIT-III

 EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY] 8

5. MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO STRAIGHT CONDUCTOR:

• Consider a infinitely straight conductor carrying a current I

and also consider a current element IdL.

• Let P be any point at which magnetic field intensity is to

be measured at a distance ‘ r’ from the current element Idl.

• According to Biot savart’ s law, the magnetic flux density at

any point P is given by

µ 0 I dL sin θ
4π ∫ r 2
B=

• From ∆ ABC

AC
= sin θ
AB

AC = dL sin θ
• But arc
AC =rdθ

dL sin θ = rdθ

dL sin θ
dθ =
r
µ 0 I dθ
4π ∫ r
B=

• Substitute the value of r in above equation

π
µ0 I
4πd ∫0
B= sin θ .dθ

µ I
B= 0 (− cosθ )π0
4πd
µ I
B= 0 .2
4πd
• The magnetic flux density due to infinite conductor
µ I
B= 0 wb / m 2
2πd

• The magnetic field intensity due to infinite conductor

I
H = a/m
2πd

K.SRINIVASAN /EEE / VEC/ LECTURE NOTES-UNIT-III

 EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY] 9

6. MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY:

• The total magnetic lines of force i.e. magnetic flux crossing a

unit area in a plane at right angles to the direction of flux is
called magnetic flux density.

• It is denoted as B and is a vector quantity.

• It is measured in Weber per square metre (wb/m2).

• Which is also called Tesla(T).

• This is similar to the electric flux density D in electrostatics.

B= µ 0 H free space only Wb/m2 (or) tesla (or) Gauss.

6.1 MAGNETIC FLUX:

• The magnetic flux through a surface area is the normal

component of magnetic field times µ over the area.

φ m = ∫∫ µHds

• Where µ is the permeability of the medium.(H/m)

7. MAGNETIC MATERIALS:
• All material shows some magnetic effects. In many
substances the effects are so weak that the materials are
often considered to be non magnetic.

• A vacuum is the truly nonmagnetic medium.

• Material can be classified according to their magnetic

behavior into
v Diamagnetic

v Paramagnetic

v Ferromagnetic

v Antiferromagnetic

v Ferromagnetic

v Super paramagnetic

K.SRINIVASAN /EEE / VEC/ LECTURE NOTES-UNIT-III

 EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY] 10

DIAMAGNETIC:

• In diamagnetic materials magnetic effects are weak.

• Atoms in which the small magnetic fields produced by the

motion of the electrons in their orbit and those produced
by the electron spin combine to produce a net field of
zero.

• The fields produced by the electron motion itself in the

absence of any external magnetic field.

• This material as one in which the permanent magnetic

moment m0 of each atom is zero. Such a material is
termed diamagnetic.

ANTIFERROMAGNETIC:

• In anti-ferromagnetic materials the magnetic moments of

adjacent atoms align in opposite directions so that the net
magnetic moment of a specimen is nil even in the
presence of applied field.

FERRIMAGNETIC:

• In ferromagnetic substance the magnetic moments of

adjacent atoms are also aligned opposite, but the
moments are not equal, so there is a net magnetic
moment.

• It is less than in ferromagnetic materials.

• The ferrites have a low electrical conductivity, which

makes them useful in the cores of ac inductors and
transformers.

• Since induced currents are less and ohmic losses are

reduced.

K.SRINIVASAN /EEE / VEC/ LECTURE NOTES-UNIT-III

 EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY] 11

8. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:

• A boundary between two isotropic homogeneous linear

materials with permeability µ11 and µ 2.

• The boundary condition on the normal components is

determined by allowing the surface to cut a small
cylindrical gaussian surface.

• Applying gauss’ s law for the magnetic field.

∫ B.ds = 0
s

• We find that

BN 1∆S − BN 2 ∆S = 0

BN 1 = BN 2

µ1
H N1 = H N 2
µ2

• The normal component of B is continuous, but the normal

µ
component of H is discontinuous by the ratio 1 .
µ2

• The relationship between the normal components of M,is

fixed once the relationship between the normal
components of H is known .

• For linear magnetic materials, the result is written simply

as

µ1 χ µ
M N 2 = χ m2 H N 1= m 2 1 M N 1
µ2 χ m2µ2

• Next, Ampere’ s circuital law

∫ H.dL = I
• Is applied about a small closed path in a plane normal to
the boundary surface.

• Taking trip around the path, we find that

K.SRINIVASAN /EEE / VEC/ LECTURE NOTES-UNIT-III

 EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY] 12

H t 1∆L − H t 2 ∆L = K∆L

• Boundary may carry a surface current K whose component

normal to the plane of the closed path is K.Thus

H t1 − H t 2 = K

• The direction are specified more exactly by using the cross

product to identify the tangential components,

( H1 − H 2 ) xaN 12 = K

• Where aN12 is the normal at the boundary directed from

region 1 to region 2.

• An equivalent formulation in term of the vector tangential

components may be more convenient for H:

H t1 − H t 2 = K x a N 12

• For tangential B, we have

Bt1 Bt 2
− =K
µ1 µ 2

• The boundary condition on the tangential component of

the magnetization for linear material is therefore

χ m 2m
Mt2 = M t1 − χ m 2 K
χ m1

• The last three boundary conditions on the tangential

components are much simpler, the current density is zero.

• This is a free current density, and it must be zero if

neither material is a conductor.

9. SCALAR AND VECTOR POTENTIAL:

9.1. SCALAR MAGNETIC POTENTIAL:

Ø Ampere’ s law stated that the line integral of the field H

around a closed path is equal to the current enclosed.

K.SRINIVASAN /EEE / VEC/ LECTURE NOTES-UNIT-III

 EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY] 13

∫ H.dL = I
Ø If no current is enclosed i.e.

J=0

∫ Hdl = 0
Ø Magnetic field H can be expressed as negative gradient
of a scalar function.

Vm = − ∫ H .dl

Ø This scalar potential also satisfies lapalace equation

Ø In free space

∆.B = 0

µ 0 ∆.H = 0

but

H = −∇Vm

µ 0∇.( −∇Vm) = 0

− µ 0∇ 2Vm = 0

∇ 2Vm = 0

K.SRINIVASAN /EEE / VEC/ LECTURE NOTES-UNIT-III

 EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY] 14

VECTOR MAGNETIC POTENTIAL:

Ø Scalar magnetic potential exists if there is no current

enclosed i.e. ∫ H .dL = 0 .

Ø If current is enclosed, the potential which depends upon

current element (vector quantity) is no more scalars but
it is vector quantity.

Ø Since the divergence of a vector is a scalar, vector

potential is expressed in curl.

∇.B = 0

B = ∇xA

Ø Where A is magnetic vector potential. Take curl on both

sides

∇xB = ∇x∇xA

Ø By the identity

∇x∇xA = ∇(∇. A) − ∇ 2 A

But ∇xB = µJ

∇(∇. A) − ∇ 2 A = µJ

For the steady dc

(∇. A) = 0

Then − ∇ 2 A = µJ

x∇ 2 Ax + y∇ 2 Ay + z∇ 2 Az = − µ ( xJx + yJy + zJz )

Ø Equating

∇ 2 Ax = − µJx

∇ 2 Ay = − µJy

∇ 2 Az = −µJz

K.SRINIVASAN /EEE / VEC/ LECTURE NOTES-UNIT-III

 EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY] 15

Ø They are in the form of Poisson’ s equation. from the

above equation ,magnetic vector potential can be written
as

µ Jx
Ax = ∫ ( )dv
4π v r

µ Jy
Ay = ∫ ( )dv
4π v r

µ Jz
Az = ∫ ( )dv
4π v r

Ø The general magnetic vector potential can be expressed

as

µ J
A=
4π ∫∫∫ r dv

K.SRINIVASAN /EEE / VEC/ LECTURE NOTES-UNIT-III

 EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY] 16

10. TORQUE:

Ø When a current loop is placed parallel to a magnetic

field, forces act on the loop that tends to rotate it.

Ø The tangential force multiplied by the radial distance at

which it acts is called torque or mechanical moment on
the loop.

Ø Consider the rectangular loop of ‘ l’ and breadth ‘ B’

carrying a current i in a uniform magnetic field of flux
density B.
F Ft
θ

Axis of rotation
θ

Axis of rotation
B

Ø The force on the loop Ft θ

F
F=Bil.
Ø If the loop plane is parallel to the magnetic field ,the
total torque on the loop

T=2 x torque on each side

= 2 xforce x distance

=2(Bil).b/2

=Bilb

=BIA

Ø Torque is given by

T=BIA

K.SRINIVASAN /EEE / VEC/ LECTURE NOTES-UNIT-III

 EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY] 17

Ø If loop plane makes an angle θ with respect to flux

intensity B, the tangential component of the force is

Fts = F cosθ

Ø The total torque on the loop T=BIA cos θ.

Ø The magnetic moment of loop is IA

m =IA

T=mBcosθ

Ø In vector form

T=m x B

M=T/B

Ø The magnetic moment is defined as the maximum torque

on loop per unit magnetic induction.

11. MAGNETIC CIRCUITS:

• In magnetic circuits are analogous to the electric circuits.

• The common examples of the magnetic circuits are

transformers, toroids motors, generators, relays and
magnetic recording devices.

• An electric circuit forms a circuit (i.e. closed path) through

which current flow.

• Similarly in magnetic circuits, magnetic lines of flux are

continuous and can form closed paths.

• A single magnetic line of flux or all parallel magnetic lines

of flux may be considered as magnetic circuits.

• Electromotive force in an electric circuit, in magnetic

circuit called magnetiomotive force (m.m.f.)

• The magnetomotive force (m.m.f.) is defined as,

em =NI= ∫ H.dL

K.SRINIVASAN /EEE / VEC/ LECTURE NOTES-UNIT-III

 EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY] 18

• The SI unit of m.m.f. is ampere(A)

• In electric circuit, resistance is defined as the ratio of

voltage to current given by

R=V/I

• In magnetic circuit, reluctance as the ratio of the

magnetomotive force to the total flux.

K.SRINIVASAN /EEE / VEC/ LECTURE NOTES-UNIT-III

 EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY] 19

IMPORTANT QUESTION

PART A

1. State Biot –Savart Law?

2. What is magnetic vector potential?

3. Name any two dielectric materials.

4. Name any two applications of Ampere’ s Law?

5. Define magnetic flux density?

6. What is the difference between scalar and vector magnetic potential?

7. Compare the usefulness of Ampere‘ s Circuital Law and Biot-Savart Law in

determining B of a current carrying circuit.

8. A conductor 1.5 m long carries a current of 50 A at right angles to a magnetic field of

density 1.2T. Calculate the force on the conductor.

9. What is the expression for the torque experienced by a current carrying loop, placed
in a magnetic field.

10. Define magnetic flux?

11. Define Amperes law?

12. Obtain H due to infinitely long, straight filament of current I.

PART B

1. State and explain ampere’ s Circuital Law for least two specific cases.

2. State and explain Biot savar’ s law.

3. Using the biot savart’ s law in H, find the magnetic field intensity at a point on the axis
of a circular loop of radius ‘ a’ carrying a current I. The point is at a distance (on the Z
axis) from the centre of the loop.

4. A steady direct current I amps flows in a wire bent in the form of a square of side a.
Assuming that the Z axis passing through the centre of the square is normal to the
plane of the square ,Find the magnetic field intensity H at any point on the axis.

5. Obtain the flux density produced by an infinitely long straight wire carrying a current I,
at any point distant ‘ a’ normal to the wire.

6. In a cable the solid inner conductor of radius ‘ a’ carries I amps.

K.SRINIVASAN /EEE / VEC/ LECTURE NOTES-UNIT-III