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KODE : TK184304
NAMA : TRANSFER MOMENTUM
SUGENG WINARDI
KUSDIANTO
MADE INTAN SUARI
1
MODUL 2
FLUIDA
2
TRANSFER MOMENTUM .. ?
Momentum Transfer :
The Study of Force and Motion of Fluids
Sir Isaac Newton
1642-1727
4
MECHANICS AND GRAVITATION
According to the well-known story, it was on seeing an apple fall in his orchard at
some time during 1665 or 1666 that Newton conceived that the same force
governed the motion of the Moon and the apple. He calculated the force needed to
hold the Moon in its orbit, as compared with the force pulling an object to the
ground. He also calculated the centripetal force needed to hold a stone in a sling, and
the relation between the length of a pendulum and the time of its swing. These early
explorations were not soon exploited by Newton, though he studied astronomy and
the problems of planetary motion.
Correspondence with Hooke (1679-1680) redirected Newton to the problem of the
path of a body subjected to a centrally directed force that varies as the inverse
square of the distance; he determined it to be an ellipse, so informing Edmond Halley
in August 1684. Halley's interest led Newton to demonstrate the relationship afresh,
to compose a brief tract on mechanics, and finally to write the
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MECHANICS AND GRAVITATION
Principia
Book I of the Principia states the foundations of the science of mechanics,
developing upon them the mathematics of orbital motion round centres of force.
Newton identified gravitation as the fundamental force controlling the motions of
the celestial bodies. He never found its cause. To contemporaries who found the idea
of attractions across empty space unintelligible, he conceded that they might prove
to be caused by the impacts of unseen particles.
Book II inaugurates the theory of fluids: Newton solves problems of fluids in
movement and of motion through fluids. From the density of air he calculated the
speed of sound waves.
Book III shows the law of gravitation at work in the universe: Newton demonstrates it
from the revolutions of the six known planets, including the Earth, and their
satellites. However, he could never quite perfect the difficult theory of the Moon's
motion. Comets were shown to obey the same law.
6
MECHANICS AND GRAVITATION
7
TYPE OF FLUIDS
• FLUIDA IDEAL :
• Viskositas = 0 (Fluida Inviscid)
• Gaya Geser (Shear Force) = 0
• Incompressible
• Distribusi (Kecepatan) Aliran Seragam
• FLUIDA NYATA :
• Viskositas ≠ 0
• Distribusi Aliran Tidak Seragam
TYPE OF FLUIDS
• COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS:
• SANGAT DIPENGARUHI OLEH PERUBAHAN DALAM TEKANAN
• GASES (MOLEKUL2 RELATIF BERJAUHAN DENGAN FORCE
ATTRACTION RENDAH)
• PADA SUHU DAN TEKANAN KRITIS : SIFAT GAS IDENTIK
DENGAN SIFAT LIQUID
• INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS:
• TIDAK DIPENGARUHI OLEH PERUBAHAN DALAM TEKANAN
• LIQUIDS
• FLUIDA AKAN MENGISI PISTON
FLUID
SEMUA RUANG BILA GAS
FLUIDA BERDASARKAN EFEK SHEAR STRESS
•NEWTONIAN FLUIDS:
• FLUIDA YANG MENGIKUTI NEWTONS LAW OF VISCOSITY
• GASES & LIQUIDS YANG MEMPUNYAI SIMPLE CHEMICAL
FORMULA
• CONTOH : AIR, ALKOHOL, DLL DAN LARUTAN ENCER
•NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS:
• FLUIDA YANG TIDAK MENGIKUTI NEWTONS LAW OF VISCOSITY
• COMPLEX MIXTURES & DISUSUN OLEH MOLEKUL2 PARTIKEL
YANG LEBIH BESAR DARIPADA AIR
• CONTOH : PASTA GIGI, JELLY, SLURRIES, STARCH SUSPENSION,
DLL.
FLUID versus SOLID
Fluids : Solids:
air, water, gasoline, steel, diamond,
lubricating oil, milk, wood, paper,
etc. stone, etc
Intermediate:
jelly, butter, cold
cream, toothpaste,
mayonnaise,
etc
FLUID ... ?
Compared with
Shear Stress Idea tensile stress and
compressive stress
WHAT IS A FLUID ?
MACAM-MACAM STRESS ?
100
lb
100 100
lb lb
GLUE
TENSILE STRESS
COMPRESSIVE STRESS
SHEAR STRESS
TENSILE STRESS
100
• KOLOM MENAHAN BERAT BENDA
lb • BERAT MEMBERIKAN GAYA YANG CENDERUNG
MERUSAK KOLOM COMPRESSIVE FORCE
• STRESS DALAM KOLOM = GAYA YANG
DIBERIKAN BENDA DIBAGI LUAS PENAMPANG
COMPRESSIVE STRESS
SHEAR STRESS
• ILUSTRASI ......?
AIR MADU
sulit
mudah menyebar
menyebar
VISCOSITY ?
• EKSPERIMEN ?
y
MOVING PLATE 𝑣=𝑣0
y=yo
x FILM FLUIDA
y=0
STATIONARY PLATE
𝑣=0
STATIONARY PLATE
VISCOSITAS & TM
dV
dy
dV dy
VISCOSITY or COEfFICIENT
OF VISCOSITY
BINGHAM FLUIDS
RHEOPETIC
TIME INDEPENDENT
THIXOTROPIC
dV/dy
TIME DEPENDENT FLUID
Thixotropic Fluid
• Viskositas mengecil dengan
RHEOPETIC
waktu bila dikenai gaya shear
TIME INDEPENDENT • Contoh: cat dan jelly
Rheopetic Fluid :
THIXOTROPIC • Viskositas naik dengan
waktu bila dikenai gaya
shear
• Contoh: suspensi gipsum
dalam air
VISCO-ELASTIC FLUID
KONTRAKSI
• Fenomena tegangan permukaan
adalah kecenderungan permukaan
liquida berkelakuan seperti
membran elastis yang mudah
kontraksi
LIQUID DROP
• Secara alamiah butiran liquida
cenderung untuk meminimalkan
luas permukaannya butiran
liquid cenderung berbentuk bola
SURFACE TENSION
Liquid (drop)
surface Gas
SURFACE TENSION MEASUREMENT
Weight
Gaya yang diperlukan untuk menahan
gerakan dapat diukur dengan pemberat
Force of film
Surface tension =
Length of wire
FLUID FLOW BEHAVIOR
REYNOLDS EXPERIMENTS
FLUID FLOW BEHAVIOR
LAMINAR FLOW
TRANSITION FLOW
TURBULENT FLOW
FLUID FLOW BEHAVIOR
𝒗Τ𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙
FLUID FLOW BEHAVIOR
𝜋𝐷2 Τ4
𝐷𝑒𝑞 =4× =𝐷
𝜋𝐷
Deq 4
D
1
2
4 D22 4
D1 D2
𝐷2 D1 D2
𝐷1
DIAMETER EQUIVALENT
Deq 4
ab
2ab
a 2a 2b ab
b
• Untuk rectangular duct terisi fluida sebagian (dengan tinggi
liquid y dan lebar b):
Deq 4
by
b 2y
y
b 50
DIAMETER EQUIVALENT
Deq 4 y
51
OWARI DESU