SUBJECT

Hydraulics in pipeline
transport logistics
1 LECTURE

TEACHER: PhD HAJIYEVA I.Y

 Hydraulics is an applied technical science that
studies the laws of equilibrium and motion of
liquids, methods of applying these laws in
various fields of engineering practice.
The word "hydraulics" comes from the fusion of
two Greek words "hudor" - water and "aulos" - a
pipe, a channel, a stream.
 The basic principles
of hydraulics are:

•the continuity equation;

•the momentum principle;
•the energy equation.
 WHAT IS A FLUID?

• Fluids undergo continuous

deformation, i.e. fluids
always flowing. Fluid is a
substance that does not
possess a definite shape and
easily yields to external
pressure.
 WHAT IS A FLUID?

Fluid is any liquid or gas or any

material that is unable to withstand
a shearing or tangential force, when
at rest. When the said forces are
applied to the fluid, it goes through
a continuous change in shape.
 Difference between Liquids and Fluids

• Fluids are substances that are • Liquids are substances that

in a physical state of being
solid, liquid, or gaseous and it
is possible for the substance
to flow from one place to
another.
have no definite shape and
take the shape of their
container.
Properties
of liquids
 Main properties of liquids
1. Density
2. Bulk density (volume weight, specific
gravity)
3. Compressibility
4. Temperature expansion
5. Fluid viscosity
 DENSITY
𝑚 𝑘𝑞
𝜌= 𝑉 𝑚3
m – mass, kq
V – volume, m 3
DENSITY OF LIQUIDS
HYDROMETER
 Hydrometer
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9XAiRbL7t4
 Pycnometer
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5w3IKnovlng
 BULK DENSITY
𝐺 𝑁
𝛾=
𝑉 𝑚3
G – weight, N
V – volume, m 3
 Relationship between
density and bulk density

𝐺 = 𝑚𝑔
𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉
𝑔𝜌𝑉
𝛾= = 𝜌𝑔
𝑉
 COEFFICIENT OF
VOLUMETRIC COMPRESSION

𝑑𝑉 1
𝛽𝑝 = − ,
𝑉𝑜 𝑑𝑝 𝑃𝑎
Vo – the initial volume, m3
dV – elementary change of volume, m3
dp – elementary change of pressure, N/m2
 COEFFICIENT OF
THERMAL EXPANSION

𝑑𝑉 1
𝛽𝑡 = , 𝑜𝐶
𝑉𝑜 𝑑𝑡

Vo – is the initial volume, m3

dV – elementary change of volume, m3
dt – elementary change of temperature, 𝑜𝐶
 𝐅𝐥𝐮𝐢𝐝 𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲

2
𝜇 𝑠𝑚
𝜗= , , 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑘𝑠
𝜌 𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝜗 – kinematic viscosity
𝜇 – dynamic viscosity, 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐
 Viscometer
(also called viscosimeter)
Engler viscometer
Geppler viscometer
 Other properties of liquids
1. Fluidity
2. Retains volume
3. Free surface formation and surface tension
4. Evaporation and condensation
5. Boiling
6.Wetting
7. Miscibility
 1. FLUIDITY
The ability of a substance to
flow is known as fluidity. The
substances which show fluidity are
called fluids. Liquid and gas are
examples of fluids. Fluidity is a
characteristic that allows a
molecule to move around in space.
 2. RETAIN VOLUME
The ability of liquids
to retain their volume is
explained by the fact that
the liquid molecules are
located close to each
other and do not diverge
over long distances.
3. LIQUID SURFACE TENSION

Surface tension could be

defined as the property of the
surface of a liquid that allows
it to resist an external force,
due to the cohesive nature of
the water molecules.
4. FLUID EVAPORATION

Evaporation is the
process that changes
liquid water to gaseous
water (water vapor).
 5. BOILING WATER

Boiling is the rapid phase

transition from liquid to gas or
vapor; the reverse of boiling is
condensation. Boiling occurs
when a liquid is heated to its
boiling point.
 6. WETTING
Wetting is the ability
of a liquid to contact a
solid surface resulting
from intermolecular
interactions when they
are joined together.
 7. MISCIBILITY
The tendency of
some liquids to
form homogeneous
mixtures is called
their miscibility.