The three forms of discourse in health literacy

3 forms of discourse

Argument

- Aform of communication meant to convince an audience that the writer or speaker is correct
using evidence and reason.

Narration

- This form of communication tells a story, often with emotion and empaty invole.

Description

- A form of communication that relies on the five senses to help the audience visualize something.

Exposition

- Is used to inform the audience of something with relatively neutral language, its npt meant to
persuade or evoke emotion.

Health literacy

- Defined as the cognitive and social skills which determine the motivation and ability of
individuals to gain acess to understand and use information in ways which promote and
maintain good health.

For example:

It include the ability to understand instruction or prescription appointment slips, consent form and the
ability to negotiate complex health care system.
 WHAT IS THE INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING?

- Inductive and deductive reasoning is both strive to construct a valid argument. Therefore,
inductive reasoning moves from generalized conclusion, While deductive reasoning moves from
generalizes principles that are known to be true a true and specific conclusion.

- The main difference between Inductive and deductive reasoning is that inductive reasoning aims
at developing a theory while deductive reasoning aims at testing an existing theory. Inductive
reasoning move from specific observation to broad generations, and deductive reasoning the
another way around.

WHAT IS INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING EXAMPLES?

- An Example of inductive logic is “ The coin I pulled from the bag is a penny. Inductiver reasoning
has its place in the scientists use it to form hyphoteses and theories. Deductive reasoning allows
them to apply the theories and specific situation.

HOW CAN INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING BE USED TOGERTHER?

- The deductive approach begins with a theory developing hyphotheses from that theory, and the
collecting and analysing data to test those hyphotheses. Inductive and deductive approaches to
research can be employed together for a more complete understanding of the topic researcher
is studying.

WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF DEDUCTIVE REASONING?

- Deductive Reasoning never leads to new information .

- Basically a deductive argument has three parts: a major premise, a minor premise, and a
conclusion. These different parts can, theoretically, come in any order. The major premise is a
statement of general truth dealing with categories rather than individual cases.
 UNDERSTANDING OF DIFFERENT FALLACIES

WHAT IS LOGICAL FALLACY?

- Fallacies are common errors in reasoning that will determine the logic of your arguments. It can
be either illegitimate arguments or irrelevant points, and are often identified beacause they lack
evidence to support their claim

2 Majors Categories of Logical Fallacies

Formal Fallacy - is a breakdown in how you say something and the ideas are sequenced incorrectly.

Informal Fallacy – denotes an error of what you are saying, the ideas might be arranged but something
you said is not quite right.

1. Hasty Generalization
- making assumption about a whole group or range of cases based on a sample that is inadequate
and stereotyping about people.
Example: 1. Librarians are shy and smart.
2 Wealthy people are snobs.

2 . Missing the point

- The premise of an argument do support a particular conclusion, but not the conclusion that the
arguer actually draws.

1. Post hoc / False cause

- Assuming that because of B comes after A, so A caused B. It is about false accusation.
Example: President Jones raised taxex, and then the rate of violent crime went up. Jones is
responsible for the rise in crime.

2. Slippery Slope
- The arguer claims that a sort of chain reaction, usually ends in some dire consequence will take
place, but there is really not enough evidence for that assumption.

3. Weak analogy
- Many arguments rely on an analogy between two or more objects, ideas, or situations. If two
things that are being compared are not alike in the relevant respect, the analogy is weak one,
and the argument that relies on it commits the fallacy of weak analogy.
 4. Appeal to authority
- Adding strength to argument by rederring to respected source or authorities and explaining
their position on the issues being dicussed.

5. Ad populum
- It is Latin phrase means “to the people” The arguer tries to convince the audience to do or
believe something because everyone else does.

Example: Gay marriages are just normal and 70% of Americans think so.

6. Ad Hominem Fallacy (against the man)

- It is likely a personal attack. It is more than just an insult, it is fallacy of relevance where
someone rejects or criticizes another persons view on the basis of personal charactiristics
physical appearance.

Example: Andrea Dworkin has written several books arguing that pornography harms women, but
Dworkin is just ugly and bitter, so why should we listen to her?

7. Appeal to pity
- It takes place when an arguer tries to get people to accept a conclusion by making them feel
sorry for someone.

Example: I know the exam is graded based on performance, but you should give me an A. my cat has
been sick, my car broke down, and I had a cold, so it was really hard for me to study!

8. Appeal to ignorance
- The arguer basically says “look, there is no conclusive evidence on the issue at hand, therefore,
you should accept my conclusion on this issue.

Example: People have been trying for centuries to prove that God exists, but no one has yet been
able to prove it. Therefore, God does not exists.

9. Strawman argument
- It is to demonizing the opponents and discrediting their views. It is a cheap and easy way to ack
someone that attact does’nt really hold.

10. Red Herring

- The arguer goes off on tangent, raising a side issue that distracts the audience from what is
really att stake. Often, the arguer never returns to the original issue.

11. False dichotomy

- The arguer sets up the situation so it looks like there are only two choices.

12. Begging the question

- It is a complicated fallacy. An argument that begs the question asks the reader to simply accept
the conclusion without providing real evidences.
13. Equivocation
- It is sliding between two or more different meanings of a single word or phrase that is important
to the argument

THE DIFFERENT METHODS OF EXPOSITION

WHAT ARE THE FIVE TYPE OF EXPOSITION WRITING

 Description
 Compare and contrast
 Cause and effect
 Problem and solution
 Sequence
DESCRIPTION
Descriptive writing
*Describes a particular person, place or event in great detail.
*Uses a lot of adjectives and adverbs to something appears.
* Using adjectives that describe the five senses.
*adds imagery to ur writing.
COMPARE AND CONTRAST
*Comparing ( similarities)
When one compares two or more things, person, or situation, and identify the
similarities which exist between them.
*Contrasting ( Difference)
When one contrast two or more things, persons or situations, and identify the
differences which exist between them.
CAUSE AND EFFECT
*A cause and/or effect pattern show the relationship between events.
*A cause essay usually discusses the reasons why something happened.
*A cause effect essay discusses what happens after a specific event or circumstances.
PROBLEM AND SOLUTION
*Present an issue and propose a possible solution.
*is extremely helpful when writing about a current event or a pervasive problem.
*Sequenticl writing emphasizes the order or events.
Cue word:
The promlem is: the dilemma is: puzzle is solved: questions……answer
SEQUENCES
*Sequences: tell the order in which thingd occur.
*Sequence also refer to steps in a process.
*Sequence vocabulary include words like: First, Next, Then, Alterward, and finally.
Time order words and phrases include dates, days, and months.
IMPORTANT NOTE
Variations of these patterns are sometimes used, as well as a combination of patterns to
create a expository essay.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES

Communication strategies are the blueprints for how this information will be
exchanged.
Communication strategies can be verval nonverbal, or visual.
Verbal communication strategies can be broken down into the two categories of written
and oral ommunication. Written strategies consist of avenues such as e-mail, text, and
chat, Examples that fall into the oral category are phone calls, video chat, and face to
face conversation.
Nonverbal communication strategies consist of mostly visual cues, such as body
language, facial expressions, physical distance between communicators, or the tone or
your voice.
Visual communication strategies can be seen through signs, webpages, and illustration.
These strategies are used in the workplace to draw attention and provide
documentation.
 CATEGORIES OF AUDIENCE

The “lay” audience

- Has no special or expert knowledge. They connect with the human Interest aspect of
articles. They usually need backround information; they expect more definition and
description; and they may want attractive graphics or visual.

The “managerial” audience

- May or may not have more knowledge than the lay audience about the subjects, but
they need knowledge so they can make a decision about the issues. Any backround
information, facts, or statistics needed to make a decision should be highlighted.

The “experts”
- May be the most demanding audience in terms of knowledge, presentation, and
graphics or visuals. Experts are often “theorists” or “practitioners” for the “expert”
audience, document formats are often elaborate and technical, style and vocabulary
may be specialized or technical, source citations are reliable and up to date and
documentation is accurate.