Lipids and Proteins

Exam Questions
1.5, 2.6
Q1.
 
Triglycerides and polynucleotides are molecules found in organisms.
(a)  Put a cross in the box to complete each of the following statements.
(i)  Triglycerides are composed of
(1)
   A    one fatty acid and one glycerol molecule
   B    one fatty acid and three glycerol molecules
   C    three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule
   D    three fatty acids and three glycerol molecules

(ii)  The bond between a fatty acid molecule and a glycerol molecule is

(1)
   A    a hydrogen bond
   B    a phosphodiester bond
   C    an ester bond
   D    an ionic bond

(iii)  The base that is found in DNA but not in RNA is

(1)
   A    adenine
   B    cytosine
   C    thymine
   D    uracil

(iv)  30% of the mononucleotides in the DNA found in a skin cell contain thymine.
In the same sample of DNA, the percentage of mononucleotides containing cytosine would be
(1)
   A    10%
   B    20%
   C    30%
   D    40%

(b)  There are differences between the bases present in DNA and in RNA.
State two other differences between the structure of DNA and the structure of RNA.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(c)  Fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated.
The table below gives information about the fatty acids present in coconut oil.

(i)  One coconut contains 70 g of coconut oil.

Using the information in the table, calculate the mass of fatty acids with carbon-carbon double bonds
present in this coconut.
Show your working.
(3)

........................................................... g
(ii)  Suggest two reasons why the percentage of each fatty acid may vary between different batches of
coconut oil.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
 
(Total for question = 11 marks)
 
Q2.
 
There is a variety of organic molecules in living organisms.
(a)  Put a cross ( ) in the box to complete each of the following statements.
(i)  Monosaccharides form disaccharides by the formation of
(1)
   A    a glycosidic bond
   B    a hydrogen bond
   C    an ester bond
   D    an ionic bond

(ii)  Glycogen can be converted to glucose.

The type of reaction taking place is
(1)
   A    condensation
   B    esterification
   C    hydrolysis
   D    replication

(b)  The diagram below shows the structure of the amino acid glycine.

(i)  Draw a diagram to show the structure of the molecules produced when two molecules of glycine are
joined together.
(3)

(ii)  Name the type of molecule produced when several amino acids are joined together.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(c)  Explain how water is involved in the transport of molecules in living organisms.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
 
(Total for question = 9 marks)
 

Q3.
 
Lipids such as triglycerides and polysaccharides such as glycogen are energy storage molecules. These
molecules can be used during exercise.
(a)  Triglycerides are a type of lipid formed when three fatty acid chains combine with a glycerol molecule.
(i)  Put a cross in the box that completes the following statement. Each fatty acid chain is joined to
glycerol by
(1)
   A    an ester bond formed by a condensation reaction
   B    an ester bond formed during hydrolysis
   C    a peptide bond formed by a condensation reaction
   D    a peptide bond formed during hydrolysis

(ii)  Describe how the structure of a saturated lipid differs from that of an unsaturated lipid.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b)  Describe the structure of glycogen.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(c)  The table below shows the effect of the intensity of exercise on the percentage of energy obtained from
lipids and carbohydrates.

Using the information in the table, describe the effect of the intensity of exercise on the percentage of
energy obtained from lipids and carbohydrates.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
 
(Total for question = 9 marks)
 

Q4.
 
Triglycerides are synthesised from glycerol and fatty acids.
(a)  The diagrams below show the structures of three fatty acids and their melting temperatures.

(i)  Using the diagrams above, describe the structure of oleic acid.
(2)

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(ii)  Using the information in the diagrams, explain why these fatty acids have different melting
temperatures.
(3)

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b)  The diagrams below show the simplified structures of a fatty acid molecule and a glycerol molecule.

(i)  Use these diagrams to show the products formed from a reaction between one fatty acid molecule and
the glycerol molecule.
(2)

(ii)  Name this type of reaction.

(1)

.............................................................................................................................................

 
(Total for question = 8 marks)
 

Q5.
 
Collagen is a fibrous protein. Prolidase is an enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of collagen.
(a)  Which one of the following bonds is hydrolysed by prolidase?
(1)
   A    ester
   B    glycosidic
   C    peptide
   D    phosphodiester
(b)  Mutations in the gene for prolidase result in an enzyme that cannot hydrolyse collagen.
* (i)   Describe the process of transcription in the synthesis of prolidase.
(5)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii)  Prolidase hydrolyses the bonds that join hydroxyproline to adjacent amino acids in collagen.
Explain how a mutation could result in prolidase that is unable to hydrolyse collagen.
(4)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
 
 (Total for question = 10 marks)
 Q6.
 
Triglycerides are synthesised from fatty acids and glycerol.
One of the reactions involved in the synthesis of triglycerides is shown below.

(a)  Diglyceride acyltransferase (DGAT) is the enzyme that completes the synthesis of a triglyceride by joining
a fatty acid onto a diglyceride.
(i)  Name the bond that links fatty acids to glycerol.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii)  Which of the following arrangements of atoms links a glycerol molecule to a fatty acid?
(1)
 (iii)  Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated.
Distinguish between the structure of a saturated fatty acid and the structure of an unsaturated fatty acid.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(iv)  The enzyme DGAT attaches the third fatty acid to a diglyceride. Other enzymes are involved with the
synthesis of the diglyceride.
Suggest why the enzyme DGAT can only catalyse the addition of the third fatty acid to the diglyceride.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b)  The effect of DGAT concentration on the synthesis of triglycerides was investigated.
The graph below shows the results of this investigation.
 (i)  Explain why the initial rate of reaction was measured in this investigation.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii)  Explain why a buffer solution should be used in this investigation.
(4)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
 
(Total for question = 13 marks)
 
Q7.
 
Blood plasma contains many different proteins.
The table below shows information about proteins found in blood plasma.

(a)  Describe how amino acids join together to form proteins.

(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b)  Fibrinogen is the third most abundant type of protein in blood plasma.
(i)  Using the information in the table, calculate the percentage of blood plasma protein that is fibrinogen.
Show your working.
(2)

........................................................... %
(ii)  Describe the role of fibrinogen in the blood clotting process.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
 .............................................................................................................................................
(c)  Albumin is a soluble protein.
Describe how this property is related to the primary structure of albumin.
(4)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................