Ứng dụng LED thông minh trong

Nông nghiệp và Khoa học Sức khoẻ

TS. Nguyễn Phạm Trung Hiếu, Assistant Professor
Viện Công nghệ New Jersey (NJIT, USA)
hieu.p.nguyen@njit.edu

TS. Phạm Tấn Thi

Trường Đại học Bách Khoa, Đại học Quốc gia TP.HCM
ptthi@hcmut.edu.vn
 Chemical Bondings to Hold Atoms together
✍ Atoms are glued together through chemical bonds. The bound
state implies a net attractive force between the atoms:

✍ There are 3 types of chemical bonds:

• Ionic bond: electrostatic forces that hold ions together

- Example: Na+Cl-; K+Br-

• Covalent bond: sharing electrons between atoms

- Example: H2; NH3

• Metallic bond: floating in a sea of electrons (refers to metal)

- Example: Gold; Copper

Sub-category: Hydrogen bond, Van der Waals bond

 Ionic Bond
✍ Atoms can either transfer or share their valence electrons. In the
extreme case where one or more atoms lose electrons and other atoms
gain them in order to produce a noble gas electron configuration, the
bond is called an ionic bond.
• Typical of ionic bonds are those in the alkali halides such as NaCl,
CaCl, MgO
 Covalent Bond
✍ Covalent chemical bonds are formed by the sharing of a pair of
valence electrons between atoms.
• Hydrogen gas forms the simplest covalent bond in the diatomic
hydrogen molecule.

• Chlorine also exist as diatomic gases by forming covalent bonds.

 Metallic Bond
✍ Metallic bond is the force of attraction between valence electrons
and the metal atoms. It is the sharing of many detached electrons
between many positive ions, where the electrons act as a “glue” giving
the substance into a definite structure.
Van der Waals bond

Hydrogen bond: a partially electrostatic

attraction between a Hydrogen (H) with a more
electronegative atom such as nitrogen (N),
oxygen (O) or fluorine (F)
 Types of Crystals

Intermolecular
Crystal Type Properties Example
forces

Hard, High
Dispersion forces
Melting point, KCl, CaCl2, NaF,
Ionic
Coulomb attractions Poor conductivity MgO, Al2O3
of electricity, heat

Hard, High
Melting point, C(diamond), SiO2,
Covalent Covalent bond
Poor conductivity Si
of electricity, heat

High Melting
point, Poor Na, Ni, Fe, Al, W,
Metallic Metallic bond
conductivity of Cu
electricity, heat
 Crystal Lattices are Formed by a Group of Atoms
• Ionic or covalent or metallic bonds can occur to hold atoms together
and form crystals.

• A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points, as

shown in figure below.
 Crystal Lattice
• A regular three dimensional arrangement of points in space is called
a crystal lattice.

Graphite
Hydrogen Atom
Sodium Atom
Formation of Energy Band
 Formation of Energy Band
• When atoms are close enough
together so that the split energy
levels form a set of bands of very
closely spaced levels with forbidden
energy gaps between them.

• There are two energy bands called

valence and conduction bands.
The band corresponding to the
outermost gaps between these two
allowed bands is called forbidden
energy gap or band gap because
electrons cannot have energy values
within the forbidden band gap.

• The valence electrons are occupied

in the valence band, because they
are responsible for electrical, thermal
and optical properties of solids.
 Energy Bands
A semiconductor has
the same band
At absolute zero,
structure as an
there are no
insulator but a
electrons in the
smaller gap between
conduction band
the valence and A conductor has a
conduction bands partially filled
conduction band
 Semiconductors

• A semiconductor has an electrical resistivity that is intermediate

between those of good conductors and good insulators.
 Holes
• A hole is a vacancy in a semiconductor.

• A hole in the valence band behaves like a positively charged particle.

• Figure shows the motions of electrons in the conduction band and

holes in valence band with an applied electric field.
 Impurities
• Doping is the deliberate addition of impurity elements.

• In an n-type semiconductor, the conductivity is due mostly to

negative charge (electron) motion.

• In a p-type semiconductor, the conductivity is due mostly to

positive charge (hole) motion.
n-type and p-type Semiconductors
 p-n Junction
• A p-n junction is the boundary in a semiconductor between a region
containing p-type impurities and another region containing n-type
impurities.

• The behavior of a semiconductor p-n junction in a circuit is shows in

Figure below.
Currents Through a p-n Junction
Forward and Reverse Bias at a p-n Junction
Reverse Bias

Forward Bias
Solar Cell
 Superconductivity
• Superconductivity is a phenomenon
of exactly zero electrical resistance
and expulsion of magnetic fields
occurring in certain materials when
cooled below a characteristic
critical temperature.
Light Emitting Diode
 Current Lighting Technologies

Ø~22% of electricity consumption is for general illumination

7
 Lighting Developing Road

Opt. Express 16, 21835 (2008)

Ø US DOE targets to achieve 50% efficient lighting in 2030.

Edison National Historical Park

http://www.dealathons.com/ca
d/blog/2011/05/09/10-
canadian-inventors-who-
changed-the-world

Thomas Edison Henry Woodward and the best light bulb in 1874
History of LEDs
 First LED – SiC – Round, 1907

• Henry Joseph Round (1881 – 1966)

• 1907: First observation of electroluminescence in
yellow color
• 1907: First LED (SiC)
• SiC, carborundum, an abrasive material

Henry Joseph Round

10
 LED – SiC – Lossev, 1924

• Oleg V. Lossev (1903 – 1942)

• Brilliant scientist who published his first paper at age of 20 years
• First detailed study of electroluminescence in SiC

Oleg V. Lossev

11
 1951 Kurt Lehovec 1958 Otto Folberth
1962 Nick Holonyak
• Kurt Lehovec: p-n electroluminescence
• Otto Folberth: Inventor of GaAsP pn-junction devices
• Nick Holonyak: First coherent (visible) light from GaPAs junctions

Kurt Lehovec Otto Folberth Nick Holonyak Jr.

First correct explanation of light emission from LEDs (Lehovec

et al., 1951) 12
1972 GaPAs yellow LEDs 1980s HB AlGaInP LEDs
• GaPAs Yellow and red LEDs
• AlGaInP: First high-brightness LED material system
• Suited for outdoor applications

13
1989: Blue LEDs
• Blue: The elusive color
• Without blue: No white
• Without blue: No displays (TV and cell phones)
• Isamu Akasaki, Meijo University, Japan; Hiroshi
Amano, Nagoya University, Japan, and Shuji
Nakamura, Nichia Japan

Isamu Akasaki

14
1996: White LEDs
• Japanese Nikkei Newspaper
• September 13, 1996
• “White LED lamp”
• Lifespan 50 000 hrs predicted,
10 x longer than fluorescent
lamps and 100 x longer than
incandescent lamps

è Shuji Nakamura
15
2000: Vision for solid-state lighting
§ Jeffrey Tsao and colleagues of US Sandia Narukawa, 2004
National Laboratories
§ Vision for solid-state lighting:
Very large energy savings are possible by
LED lighting (Solid-state lighting)

Jeff Tsao

Multiple light-emitting diodes 16

 Additional milestones in LED technology development
• 1994: Candela-class InGaN/AlGaN blue LEDs (Nakamura et al.)
• 1995: High-brightness InGaN green LEDs (Nakamura et al.)
• 1996: First white LED; 5 lm/W; 50 000 hours lifetime (Nichia Company)
• 1997: Polarization fields in GaN and related materials (Bernardini et al.)
• 1998: Crystallographic wet chemical etching of GaN (Stocker at al.)
• 1999: Fabrication of thin-film InGaN light-emitting diode membranes by laser lift-off
(Wong et al.)
• 2000: Nitride semiconductors free of electrostatic fields for efficient white light-
emitting diodes (Waltereit et al.)
• 2000: Vision for Solid-State Lighting (Tsao et al.)
• 2004: Increase in the extraction efficiency of GaN-based light-emitting
diodes via surface roughening (Fujii et al.)
• 2005: Introduction of the concept of “Smart Lighting” (Schubert and Kim)
• 2005: Remote phosphor configuration (Kim et al.)
• 2010: Retrofit lamps based on LEDs (all major LED manufacturers)
• 2011: 100 lm/W efficiency at high currents (XM-L XLamp, Cree Company)
• 2010: Phosphor-free nanowire LEDs

17
 Current LED Market $33.1B in 2017

Traffic signals
Large Displays Uses Blue, Green,
(Gelcore)
Red LEDs
(NASDAQ)

Streetlights TVs (LED DLPtm) Automobile 18

CellPhone Camera Flash (samsung) Pictures downloaded from Internet
LEDs: Materials
 Materials

• Direct RT bandgaps: ~0.7-6.2 eV

• InGaN à blue, green
• Solid alloy system (tuneable
• AlInGaP à red,
bandgaps)
yellow
• Radiation resistant and
chemically inert
• InGaN covers entire visible &
bulk of solar spectrum Pictures downloaded from Internet
20
 Approaches for White LEDs

Ø Requires high power

blue or UV LEDs
Ø Inherent losses (>30%)
due to Stokes shift and Ø Direct emission from
phosphor conversion LEDs
efficiency Ø Higher efficiency
Ø Color tuneability is Ø Color tuneability
difficult. possible
Ø Device reliability is a Ø Long-term reliability
major concern
H. Li et. al, Appl. Phys. Express 6 (10), 102103 (2013) 21

Y. F. Cheung et al, IEEE Trans. Electr. Dev. 60 (1), 6384727 (2013).

 Color Rendition

Incandescent CFL MHL LED

lamp

Ø Color rendering index (CRI) is

a measure to define how closely
a light source can replicate the
true color of an object.
Low CRI illumination source High CRI
Higher CRI, colors appear more natural 22
Pictures downloaded from Internet
 Components of White LED Efficiency

Current production white LED efficiency is ~ 80 – 120 lm/W.

J. Perkins, DOE Workshop
LEDs: Fabrication
Top-down III-Nitride Nanowires

Bottom-up III-Nitride Nanowires

30
 InGaN/GaN Nanowire LEDs
Top-down approach

Ø A planar LED wafer covered with a

monolayer of self-assembled silica
Ø Room temperature PL spectra of the
spheres, (b) tapered nanorod LEDs
as-grown five period In0.18Ga0.82N/GaN
created by plasma etch, and (c)
MQW sample; the same sample after
“flashlight” shaped nanorod LEDs
stripe fabrication, and annealing of the
array following wet etch. (d) A STEM
stripe array for 30 min at 900 °C.
image of nanorod “flashlight” LEDs.
31
Keller et al. J. App. Phys. 100, 054314, 2006 Li et al., Opt. Express 10, 25528, 2011
 InGaN/GaN Dot-in-a-Wire White LEDs

ØIntrinsic white light emission is achieved by modulating the

indium compostions in the quantum dots.

Nguyen et al., Nano technol., 22, 445202, 2011.

 Controlled Emission Wavelengths

Ø By varying the In compositions in the InGaN dots, the

emission wavelengths can be controllably tuned from blue,
green, yellow to red wavelength range.
34
Nguyen et al., Nanotechnol., 22, 445202, 2011 Nguyen et al., IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett., 24, 321, 2012
Selective Area Growth of Single InGaN
Nanowires

By varying the nanowire diameters, the optical emission can

be controllably varied from red to blue wavelength range.
 Device Fabrication of Nanowire LEDs
Molecular Beam Epitaxy System
at NJIT

Molecular Beam Epitaxy System

at NJIT
LEDs: Applications
The Bright Future of LED Lighting

56
Pictures downloaded from Internet
LED lighting for a comfortable
atmosphere

http://www.gelighting.com/LightingWeb
LED lighting for a comfortable atmosphere

potential

http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/application_areas/
LED Applications in Agriculture

Panasonic Ventures Into Vertical Farming

http://uponics.com/panasonic-vertical-farming/

Mẫu thử trong điều kiện tố và Mẫu thử trong điều kiện 70%Red + 30%Blue
sử dụng đèn hùynh quang (Neno) và 50%Red + 50%Blue

Vertical Farming LED Grow Light Full Spectrum 50W Panel

LED Grow Lights
Mẫu thử trong điều kiện 100%Blue và Mẫu thử trong điều kiện 90%Red +
100%Red 10%Blue và 80%Red + 20%Blue
LED Applications in Medicine