AC Circuit (Part-3)

Prepared by
Md. Shazid Islam Araf
Lecturer, Dept. of EECE, MIST

Type-12: Real power, Reactive Power, Apparent Power,

Complex Power
Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NF4VRKa7LSM
Complex Power:
1 2 1 2
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃 + 𝑗𝑄 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑍 = 𝐼𝑚 (𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋)
2 2
Real Power=Real part of Complex Power
Reactive Power=Imaginary part of Complex Power
𝟐
𝑽 𝒓𝒎𝒔
𝑺 = 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 ∗ = 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝟐 𝒁 =
𝒁∗
Be very Careful about peak value and RMS value
Real Power
Unit-Watt
𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚
1. 𝑃 = cos(𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝑖 ) = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 cos(𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝑖 )
2
2.

1 2
3. 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑅
2
Reactive Power:
𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚
1. 𝑄 = sin(𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝑖 ) = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 sin(𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝑖 )
2
1
2. 𝑄 = 𝐼𝑚 2 𝑋
2
Unit- Var
Apparent Power:
|𝑆| = √(𝑃2 + 𝑄 2 )
Power Triangle:

Unit: Volt Ampere (VA)

** What is the difference between Instantaneous power and Average
Power
*Significance of RMS in Power calculation
**Derive The Expression of Average Real Power Consumption of a
Resistor , a Capacitor and an Inductor
 Note that P->average Power
p- Instantaneous Power

Again,
Real Power Consumption of Capacitor and Inductor is Zero

Example-1
Determine
a. Real Power
b. Reactive Power
c. Complex power
d. Apparent power

By Z1 & Z2 individually & the whole impedance

Note that

Example 2:
Determine Real power, Reactive Power absorbed by the
R,L,C
 Type-13: Maximum Average Power Transfer

For maximum Power Transfer

Condition:
𝒁𝑳 = 𝒁∗ 𝒕𝒉
Maximum power:
Example:
 Type-14: Power Factor
𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽𝒗 − 𝜽𝒊 )
𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
2 triangles:
 Power triangle
 Impedance Triangle

Power Triangle

Try to write Power Factor from this figure

Impedance Triangle

Try to write Power Factor from this figure

What is Leading and Lagging Power Factor?
1. In Power Triangle
 If Q<0 -leading PF
 IF Q>0-Lagging PF

2. In Impedance Triangle
 If X<0 -leading PF (Z=5-3j)
 IF X>0-Lagging PF (Z=5+3j)

3.
 If Current Leads(Capacitor/RC) –Leading PF
 If Current Lags(Inductor/RL)-Lagging PF
Example:

(using both Power triangle and Impedance Method)

I. What is the Power Factor of Branch -1
II. What is the Power Factor of Branch -2
III. What is the Power Factor of the whole circuit
**You must specify whether the PF is lagging or leading
 Type-15:Power Factor Correction
 Explain How Real Power changes with Power Factor
 Which one is Good Low PF or High PF
 In our Industry Maximum elements are RL (Lagging PF)
 So by using Leading element we can improve PF
Draw Phasor Diagram:

Draw Phasor Diagram:

Power Triangle:
Example:

Draw the power triangle first

Assignment-3
1. From the figure-

A. Find Real power & Reactive Power Consumed by each element.

B. Using Power triangle and Impedance Triangle-
I. Find the Power Factor of the First Branch
II. Find the Power Factor of the Second Branch
III. Find the Power Factor of whole circuit.
**You must specify whether the PF is lagging or leading
2.

a. What is the Power Factor of the system initially.

b. What we need to do if we want to make the power factor of the system
 0.9 lagging
 0.9 leading
 0.2 lagging

**You must draw Power triangle to solve this problem

**You must specify the value of the inductor of capacitor that is needed
to be added in parallel

3.

a. What is the Power Factor of the system initially.

b. What we need to do if we want to make the power factor of the system
 0.9 lagging
  0.9 leading
 0.2 lagging

**You must draw Power triangle to solve this problem

**You must specify the value of the inductor of capacitor that is needed
to be added in parallel

4.