Earth and environment

One of the most important question of today’s society is identification of alternate sources of
energy what kind of energy sources could that can substitute or replace the shortage caused by
fossil fuels reserves reduction, and as well as how could be reduce the environmental pollution
caused by them. The last years of the 20th century, which were characterized by throughout and
increaseding researches in the area of renewable energy resources. There , there were such some
research estimates available, which indicated that after the depletion of fossil reserves the
shortage could mostly be replaced by renewable energy sources. In theDuring the early part of
2010s, many prognosis came out that the so-called “Ggreen Eenergy”can only be used as
complementary resources (Lázár, 2011).

Due to the increaseding specific energy demand, it’sit is getting harder to meet the population
needs. Failures of the continuous supply can lead to consumersconsumers’ dissatisfaction and
rising energy prices as. This accelerated process caused by the rising energy prices can be
observed in recent years. The use of household scale renewable energy installations have gained
are more and much more perspective. The energy stored in such systems (capacitors,
accumulators) not only reduces the overhead costs of a given household but also make it partially
independent of the supplier.

The profitable conditions of the wind generators planted on the roof level are to achieved by their
the utmost working hours. The direct and indirect impacts on meteorological parameters of
different urban built-up zones are separately various (Stewart - Oke 2010).

Wind climatology studies that referring to Hungary covers a wide spectrum.

, since Ccomprehensive description of the issue can be given by complex statistical analysis (Tar,
1983; Wágner - Papp, 1984; Tar, 1991; Tar, 1999; Makra et. al 2000a), by modelling (Radics,
2003; Radics - Bartholy, 2005)
and by remote sensing techniques (Varga - Németh, 2005; Varga - Németh - Dobi, 2006). In this
study, the effect of urban environment on wind system is examined.

Test Passages
Engineering

Energy harvesting, which capturescollects useful energy from wasted energy sources, is the most
promising technology to provide solutions for the shortage of a fossil fuel, various environmental
problems, and the improvement of energy efficiency in smart grids. The basic concept of energy
harvesting technology is to obtain the electrical energy by an energy conversion from a wasted
heat, a vibration, a mechanical deformation, a potential energy, etc. The driving force for the
piezoelectric energy harvesting is also the energy conversion effect using piezoelectricity. Up to
now, the piezoelectric effect, which is an energy conversion phenomena leading to the electrical
energy generated by an applied force and a mechanical deformation by an applied electric field,
have been extensively utilized to demonstrate various devices, such as transducers [1,2], sensors
[3,4,5], actuators [6, 7], surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices [8,9], and frequency control, etc
[10].

The piezoelectric energy harvesting technologies can be utilized for the self-power sources in
battery-less devices operated by small power at the mW-μW level, and power sources in portable
systems, wireless sensor systems, health monitoring systems, and the military and vehicle
industry.[10, 11] Recently, the piezoelectric energy harvesters with unique structures and
fabrication methods have been significantly developed, which can be classified with bulk type,
micro electromechanical systems, and flexible energy harvesters.

In this paper, we have reviewed recent progress on the PZT based piezoelectric materials and the
devices for the energy harvesting. In recent years, a large amount of the considerable technical
approaches regarding the PZT based piezoelectric energy harvesting have been reported. The
piezoelectric material included bulks, thin films, and nanostructured materials with various
composition and morphologies, and unique designs to improve the energy
conversion efficiency of the piezoelectric energy harvesting, and desirable applications using
bulk type, MEMS, and flexible piezoelectric harvesters have been suggested.
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Source: Recent Progress on PZT Based Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Technologies by M.-G. Kang
et al., used under CC-BY/ Sentences modified