1electric Charge PDF

ELECTROSTATICS
Historical Background
Electric Charges
Charging Processes
Coulomb's Law of
Electrostatics
Electric Field & Test Charge
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Page 1
Learning Competencies
1) Describe using a diagram charging by
rubbing and charging by induction.
2) Explain the role of electron transfer in

electrostatic charging by rubbing.
3) Describe experiments to show

electrostatic charging by induction.
4) State that there are positive and

negative charges, and that charge is
measured in coulombs.
Page 2
Objectives
Discuss the origin of electricity and the
electrical nature of matter.
Explain why charged objects exert
attractive and repulsive forces.
Discuss the different ways of charging
a body.
Calculate the electric force using
Coulomb's Law.
Describe the nature and
characteristics of electric field.
Page 3
A Glimpse
of Electrostatics
Page 4
Electrostatics
 the study of
electricity at rest
 it is the body that
carries electrons that
are usually fixed

Page 5
Electrostatics
 "static electricity"
involves electric
charges, the forces
between them and
their behavior in
materials
Page 6
Let's trace
the beginnings!

Page 7
600 B.C. - THALES OF
MILETUS
found out that when
amber is rubbed with
fur, it had an
interesting ability to
attract light materials
Page 8
1600 - WILLIAM GILBERT
pointed out in his work
entitled De Magnete that
aside from amber, there
are many other
substances that if rubbed
together, possessed
similar property
Page 9
1730 - STEPHEN GRAY
found out that the ability
to attract light objects
could be transferred
from one piece of amber
to another by connecting
a metal wire between the
amber pieces
Page 10
The word electricity was
derived from the Greek
word elektron which
means "amber"

Page 11
 "Electricity" is a
property of some
material to attract
light objects.
 The “amber effect” is
what we call static
electricity.
Page 12
1733 - CHARLES-
FRANCOIS DE
CISTERNAY DU FAY
discovered that
electrified bodies
could either attract or
repel
Page 13
1747 - BENJAMIN
FRANKLIN
Electricity is
actally
transferred by
the exchange
of electrons
Page 14
Ben Franklin
made the
arbitrary choice
of calling one of
the demo
situations
positive and one
negative.

Page 15
1785 - CHARLES
AUGUSTIN DE
COULOMB
discovered and
formulated a law
that describes the
electric force
between charged
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Templates
Page 16
Electrostatic Painting

Page 17
Page 18
What are
electric charges?

Page 19
Electric Charges Defined...

Page 20
 arise from particles

of atoms
 charge is a property
with attracting or
repelling behavior

Page 21
 charges of particles
contribute to the
overall charge of the
object that contains
them

Page 22
NEUTRAL CHARGE

Page 23
POSITIVE CHARGE

Page 24
NEGATIVE CHARGE

Page 25
Facts about Atoms
 every atom has a positively

charged nucleus
 all electrons are identical
 nucleus is composed of
protons and neutrons
 atoms usually have as many
electrons as protons

Page 26
Electroscope

Page 27
Page 28
Types of Charges
Positive Charge Negative Charge

Page 29
Electric Charge (ex. 1.1)

Page 30
Electric Charge (ex. 1.2)

Page 31
Facts about Atoms
 IONS - charged
atoms
a. positive ions - lost one
or more electrons
b. negative ions - gained

one or more electrons
Page 32
Law of Electric Charges

Page 33
Conservation of Charge
 Charge is neither
created or destroyed.
 What we call charging is
either
–Transfer of charges, or
–Internal rearrangement
of charge carrying units
Page 34
Conservation of Charge
 Uncharged objects have equal
amounts of positive and
negative charge
 An object with unequal
number of electrons and
protons is electrically charged
– Negative – Electrons > Protons
– Positive – Protons > Electrons

Page 35
Types of Materials
Conductors Insulators
electric charges are electric charges are

free to move within not free to move
within
Page 36
Ceramic Copper Oxide

Page 37
Types of Materials

Page 38
Charging
Processes
Page 39
Conduction
 transfer of electrons
from a charged object
to another object by
direct contact
 a body with one type
of charge produces the
same type of charge on
a conductor
Page 40
Conduction

Page 41
Page 42
Induction
 the movement of
electrons to one part
of an object by the
electric field of
another object
 the opposite type of
charge is induced
Page 43
Induction

Page 44
Induction

Page 45
Page 46
Which one is
conduction? induction?
A B
Page 47
Polarization
Electrons
surrounding
nucleus may be
thought of as a
cloud in which
the total negative
charged is
smeared out.
Page 48
Unpolarized atom
Put negatively
charged rod on the
right side...
Center of electron
cloud shifts to the
left.
Page 49
Polarization
 the electric charges
shift slightly to one
side when there is a
charge nearby

Page 50
Neutral Objects are Attracted to
Charged Objects
Charged comb attracts neutral

bits of paper
Page 51
Page 52
Page 53
Lightning
Becomes
very
“negative”
Becomes
very
“positive”

Page 54
Lightning
 As the negative charges
collect at the bottom of the
cloud it forces the negative
charges in the ground to be
forced away from the
surface. This leaves the
ground positive.

Page 55
Lightning
 A streamer of negative
charges is repelled by the
bottom of the cloud and
attracted by the ground.

Page 56
Lightning
 As this streamer of
negative charges
approaches the ground,
a streamer of positive
charges is repelled by
the ground and attracted
to the negative streamer.
Page 57
Lightning
 When the two
streamers connect, they
have created a fairly
conductive path which
allows a sudden down
surge of electrons to
jump to the
ground. This is the
lightning.
Page 58
Lightning
The rapidly moving
electrons excite the air
along the path so much
that it emits light. It
also heats the air so
intensely that it rapidly
expands creating
thunder.
Page 59
Lightning
 One thing to notice is that the
positive charges that make up
both the cloud and the ground
do not move. Even the positive
streamer launched by the
ground is really only made up
of positively charged air
particles because the
electron(s) left the particle.
Page 60

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ELECTROSTATICS

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2) Explain the role of electron transfer in

3) Describe experiments to show

4) State that there are positive and

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 arise from particles

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 every atom has a positively

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Positive Charge Negative Charge

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b. negative ions - gained

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electric charges are electric charges are

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Charged comb attracts neutral

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