ELECTROSTATICS

How does lightning occur?

Lightning is the result of clouds charging and positive and

negative strike lightning is a result of grounding that
charge.
 FUNDAMENTAL FORCES OF NATURE
Gravitational Weak Nuclear Electromagnetic Strong
Force Force Force Nuclear Force
Acts between Governs particle Acts between Keeps nuclei and
objects with mass decay electrically charged quarks together
particles

Relative strength
Much weaker Much stronger
Electrostatics
• Is the physics that deals with the interactions of

static (non-moving) charges.

• Electricity at rest involves electric charges, the
force between them, the field that surrounds
them and their behavior in materials.
 Static Electricity Current
• It involves charged objects that are • Flow of electrons
static, which means not moving. • When there is a consistent supply of
• Static (Non-Moving) Charges Creates electrons (negative terminal) and
an Electric Field. another area for those electrons to
flow (positive terminal)
• Current (Moving) Charges Create a
Magnetic Field
 Experiments in Electrostatics

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/balloons-and-static-electricity/latest/balloons-and-static-electricity_en.html
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/balloons-and-static-electricity/latest/balloons-and-static-electricity_en.html
CHARGE
A fundamental quantity in electricity

Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)

He suggested calling these two kinds of charge
negative and positive
Triboelectric Series

Object Charge
Fur +
Plastic -

https://javalab.org/en/triboelectricity_en/
Triboelectric Series

Object Charge
Glass +

Silk -
 PROPERTIES OF CHARGE
1. FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF ELECTROSTATIC (LAW
OF CHARGE)
Like charges repel
Unlike charges attract

2. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF CHARGE

Charge is neither created nor destroyed, it can
only be transferred from one system to another.
 Atomic Particles
Sub-atomic Symbol Mass Charge
Particles

Electron e- 9.11 x 10-31kg -1.6 x 10-19 C

Proton p+ 1.67 x 10-27 kg 1.6 x 10-19 C
Neutron n0 1.67 x 10-27 kg None
Ionization
The process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a
negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons.

Ion
The resulting electrically charged atom
 Negative lithium atom
Neutral lithium atom (Li) Positive lithium atom (Li)
(Li)
3 protons (3+) 3 protons (3+) 3 protons (3+)
4 neutrons 4 neutrons 4 neutrons
3 electrons (3-) 2 electrons (2-) 4 electrons (4-)
+3 + -3 = 0 +3 + -2 = +1 +3 + -4 = -1
Fewer electrons that More electrons than
Electrons equal protons
protons protons
Positive net charge Negative net charge
Zero net charge (neutral)
(positive ion) (negative ion)
CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRIC MATERIALS

https://javalab.org/en/conductor_and_insulator_en/
WAYS OF CHARGING BODY
1. CHARGING BY RUBBING
(FRICTION)
• Useful for charging insulators
• Results in a transfer of electrons
between the two objects that are
rubbed together.
Objects involved Positive Negative
Hair and rubber
balloon
Amber and Fur
2. CHARGING BY INDUCTION
• Useful for charging metals and other conductors.
• A method used to charge an object without actually
touching the object to any other charged object.
• The conductor will have a charge opposite in sign to
that of charged object.
A. Charging a Two-Sphere System Using a
Negatively Charged Object

https://javalab.org/en/electroscope_en/
B. Charging a Two-Sphere System Using a
Positively Charged Object
C. Charging a Single Sphere by Induction
(Negatively charged object)
D. Charging a Single Sphere by Induction
(Positively charged object)
 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF CHARGING BY
INDUCTION
• The charged object is never touched to the object being charged by
induction.
• The charged object does not transfer electrons to or receive electrons
from the object being charged.
• The charged object serves to polarize the object being charged.
• The object being charged is touched by a ground; electrons are
transferred between the ground and the object being charged (either
into the object or out of it).
• The object being charged ultimately receives a charge that is opposite
that of the charged object that is used to polarize it.
2. CHARGING BY CONDUCTION

• Useful for charging metals and other

conductors.
• It involves the contact of a charged object to a
neutral object.
• The conductor will have a charge the same in
sign to that of charged object.
A. Charging by Conduction Using a Negatively
Charged Object
B. Charging by Conduction Using a Positively
Charged Object
Charge Polarization in insulators
 Charge Quantization
The charged of the body is expressed as an integral
amount of a fundamental charge.
Formula:
Q = ne Q = charge of the body in Coulomb (C)
n = integer (1,2,3,4….)
e = fundamental charge (1.6 x 10 -19 C)
Keyword Charge of Particle
Added electrons
Negatively Charged Particle
Gain electrons
Removed electrons
Positively Charged Particle
Loose electrons
Sample Problem 1
How many electrons must be added to a body to give it a
net charge of - 1 C?
Given: Equation:
Q = -1 C Q = ne
e = 1.6 x 10 -19 C n = Q/e
Unknown: Substitution/Solution:
n=? n= -1C
1.6 x 10 -19 C
n = 6.25 x 1018 electrons must be
added to a body
Sample Problem 2
What is the charge of a body that gains 1 million electrons

Given: Equation:
n = 1 x 10 6 Q = ne
e = 1.6 x 10 -19 C
Unknown: Substitution/Solution:
Q=? Q = (1 x 10 6) (1.6 x 10 -19 C)
Q = -1.6 x 10 -13 C
Sample Problem 3
What is the charge of a body that has 3 million electrons, 5
million protons and 1 million neutrons