MEIOSIS

MEIOSIS
• Occurs in plants and
animals reproducing
sexually.
• In the course of
gametogenesis or
maturation of gametes.
• Reduction of
chromosomes to haploid
conditions.
• Two successive divisions
but chromosomes divides
only once.
Meiosis
• a type of cell division that occurs in specialized cells of the ovaries and testes
• at sexual maturity
– The ovaries and testes produce haploid gametes by meiosis
Key
Haploid gametes (n = 23)
Haploid (n)
Ovum (n)
Diploid (2n)

Sperm
Cell (n)

MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION

Ovary Testis Diploid

zygote
(2n = 46)

Mitosis and
development

Multicellular diploid
Figure 13.5 adults (2n = 46)
 MEIOSIS
• Consists of two successive nuclear divisions:
a. First meiotic division (Meiosis I)
- reduction division
- involved reduction in the number of chromosomes
- diploid to haploid
- 46 chromosomes – 23 chromosomes

b. Second meiotic division(MeiosisII)

- equational division
- no reduction in the number of chromosomes
Each of the two divisions has the same four stages:
prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
• In animals
– meiosis occurs during gamete formation
– gametes are the only haploid cells

Key
Haploid
Diploid

n n
Gametes
n

MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION

Zygote
2n 2n

Diploid Mitosis
multicellular
organism
Figure 13.6 A (a) Animals
Homologous Chromosomes
- carry genes for the same traits
- same length
- similar pattern
Meiosis
sexual reproduction
Figure 13.4 Describing chromosomes
haploid, diploid, gamete in a diploid cell at metaphase - in a
homologous chromosome eukaryote
two stages of meiosis
Key
independent assortment
crossing-over
Maternal set of
chromosomes (n = 3)
2n = 6
Paternal set of
chromosomes (n = 3)

Two sister chromatids

of one replicated
chromosome
Centromere

Two nonsister Pair of homologous

chromatids in chromosomes
a homologous pair (one from each set)
Synapsis
- a process where the
homologous chromosomes line
up side by side
- process of linking of
homologous chromosomes
Tetrad
- also called bivalent
- a thick (4) structure being
composed of (2) homologous
chromosomes
Crossing over
- nonsister chromatid of (2)
homologous chromosomes in a
tetrad exchange DNA segments
Chiasmata
- point at which 2 non-sister
chromatids intertwine
Meiosis
Figure 13.8 The Meiotic Division
two stages of meiosis
of an Animal Cell

INTERPHASE MEIOSIS I: Separates homologous chromosomes

PROPHASE I METAPHASE I ANAPHASE I

Centromere Sister chromatids

Centrosomes
(with kinetochore) remain attached
(with centriole pairs)
Chiasmata Metaphase
Sister
chromatids plate
Spindle

Nuclear
Microtubule Homologous
envelope
Tetrad attached to chromosomes
Chromatin separate
kinetochore
Chromosomes duplicate Homologous chromosomes Tetrads line up Pairs of homologous
(red and blue) pair and exchange chromosomes split up
segments; 2n = 6 in this example
Prophase I
• Nuclear membrane disintegrates or breaks up
• Synapsis
• Crossing over
Metaphase I
• Nuclear membrane disappeared
• Spindle apparatus is formed
• Homologous chromosomes line up at the center of the metaphase
plate
Anaphase I
• Homologoues separate and begin to move toward each pole
Telophase I
• similar with telophase in mitosis
• daughter cells have one chromosome from each homologous pair
• transition to the second nuclear division is called interkinesis
Meiosis
Figure 13.8 The Meiotic Division
two stages of meiosis
of an Animal Cell

MEIOSIS II: Separates sister chromatids

TELOPHASE I AND PROPHASE II METAPHASE II ANAPHASE II TELOPHASE II AND

CYTOKINESIS CYTOKINESIS

Cleavage Haploid daughter cells

furrow Sister chromatids forming
separate

Two haploid cells

form; chromosomes During another round of cell division, the sister chromatids finally separate;
are still double four haploid daughter cells result, containing single chromosomes
Meiosis II
• resemble an ordinary mitotic division except that the number of
chromosomes has been reduced by half
• Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II,Telophase II and
Cytokinesis
• 4 new cells with haploid chromosomes

Comparison between Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis
- Formation of two daughter
cells (2N)
- Cells divide only once for
every cell division
Meiosis
- formation of four daughter cells
(N)
- two nuclear divisions resulting
cells with haploid number of
chromosomes
- Chromosomes duplicate
but do not pair
- occurs in somatic/body cells
- chromosomes form pairs
which are segregated into (2)
daughter cells of the first
division
- in the second division
homologous chromosomes
split and form 4 haploid cells
- occurs in gametes
 Meiosis in relation to Gametogenesis
• Maturing gametes divide
by meiosis and undergo
series of development and
transformation
through“gametogenesis”
two types:
1. spermatogenesis
- male gametogenesis
- testis
2. oogenesis
- female
- ovary
 Spermatogenesis in frog’s testis

Cross-section of frog’s
testis Seminiferous tubules
showing spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
Oogonia
oogonium
Primary
oogonium/oocyte
Secondary oogonia
Spermatogenesis
spermatogonia
Primary spermatocytes
Secondary spermatocytes
Spermatozoa