2020 KSSM

CHAPTER 4 – 6
MENGIKUT SUKATAN
LEMBAGA PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIA

Copyright © ANDREW CHOO Exam Tips

All rights reserved.

For 100% Real Exam Tips,

Pre-order the Exam Tips Book which is
more details with questions and
answers before the price going up.
www.andrewchoo.edu.my 012-3260392

1 WWW.ANDREWCHOO.EDU.MY
FORM 4 SCIENCE
CHAPTER 4 GREEN TECHNOLOGY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

4.1 Environmental Sustainability c. Social – Improve quality of life, noble

1. Socio-scientific issues are open
problems that are controversial social
issues related to science.
Green Technology Concept
1. Green Technology is the development
and application of products, equipment
and systems to sustain the environment
and nature and reduce or minimize the
negative effects from human activities.
2. Main Pillars of National Green
Technology
a. Energy – Promote energy efficiency
to minimise wastage of energy and
achieve energy autonomy.
b. Environment – Minimise negative
effects to the environment from
human activities and restore nature.
values, harmony, moral values and
cooperation among the people in
Malaysia.
d. Economy – Increase economic
development in Malaysia by using
Green Technology products,
equipment and systems.
3. Sectors in Green Technology
a. Energy
b. Waste and wastewater management
c. Building
d. Transportation
e. Information and communications
technology(ICT)
f. Agriculture and forestry
g. Industrial and manufacturing

4.2 Energy Sector

1. Things to consider:
a. The way that energy is generated or supplied.
b. The way that energy produced is distributed or efficiently used without waste.
2. Socio-scientific Issues of burning of fossil fuels produce greenhouse gases that cause
global warming and extreme climate changes.
3. Source of energy
Non-renewable Renewable / Alternative
- fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas, - hydro
coal) - solar(located in equatorial and receive dam #HE
- Nuclear energy maximum sunshine throughout the year)
- wind
- geothermal
- wave
Disadvantages Advantages
Disadvantage
}
- supply become scarce - clean energy
Expensive
-

✗ pollution
- environmental pollution (carbon - green energy
monoxide & carbon dioxide) - pollution free
I
2 WWW.ANDREWCHOO.EDU.MY
0209C
become thin

4. Application of Green Technology
a. Using energy efficient electrical appliances etc LED bulb \ ✗ pollution
b. Using renewable energy sources to generate electricity etc solar
c. Achieving national power autonomy. →
f¥
4.3 Waste and Wastewater
Management Sector
1. Socio-scientific Issues
a. Emission of greenhouse gases
cause climate changes and global
warming.
b. Chemical wastes cause water
pollution.
2 a. Waste is any excess, unwanted or
material that need to be disposed
such as construction or industrial
waste.
b. Wastewater is water that has been
used including material such as
human waste, food scraps, oil, soaps
or chemicals such as domestic or
industrial waste.
c. Special waste is controlled waste
that is hazard and way effect health.
3. Application of Green Technology
a. Prevention and reduction
i. Avoid using one-use containers.
ii. reduce food waste.
b. Treatment and processing
i. convert waste into energy and
fertiliser through biological
processes
ii. Degradation of waste by
F "
☒At l. Obtain supply of wood in forest farms.
microorganism biodegradable
c. Separate and recycle
i. separating the waste that can be
reused or recycled.
d. 5R concepts
i. reduction, reuse, refuse, recycle
and recovery.
3 WWW.ANDREWCHOO.EDU.MY
energy → reduce waste
✓
saving
4.4 Agriculture and Forestry Sector
1. The socio-scientific issue is the
conversion of forests into agricultural
areas through deforestation causing
global warming and extreme climate
changes.
2. Application of Green Technology
a. Increase the quality and quantity of
agricultural products through genetic
engineering.
b. Use agricultural waste and domestic
animal faeces as biomass energy.
c. Use harvested rainwater to water
plants to save water.
d. Use natural fertiliser or compost to
increase nutrients in the soil.
e. Practice planting with minimum use
of fertiliser and pesticides.
f. Use biological control to control plant
pests.
g. Introduce and invent modern and
effective agriculture methods such as
vertical farming and organic farming.
h. Use soilless methods of farming such
as aeroponics and aquaponics.
i. Reduce logging and increase
reforestation / tree replanting.
j. Proclaim forest reserves.
k. Control illegal logging activities.
3. Compost fertiliser - is organic materials
that decomposed by microbe to
increase the soil nutrient.
4. Special waste refers to controlled waste
that needs to be disposed of using a
specific method because of its hazard
characteristic or may affect the health
4.5 Transportation Sector
Socio-scientific 5. The importance green transportation
1. Greenhouse gases (GHG) that are a. reduce air pollution
released from burning of oil fuels in b. increase the quality of health and
motor vehicles are largest contributor to lifestyle
global warming and extreme climate c. reduce heavy traffic
changes in the world. d. reduce usage of petroleum
Application of Green Technology e. saves money
1. Green transportation
a. has a minimum impact on the 4.6 Green Technology and Life
environment or vehicles that emit low 1. Carbon footprint is the amount of
greenhouse gas emission greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide)
b. example vehicles using renewable released as a result of human activities.
energy / alternative energy source. 2. Global warming occurs due to
2. Mode of green transportation greenhouse gases that trapped the
a. individual’s vehicle heat on the earth’s surface.
b. carpool 3. Long term global warming lead to
c. taxi climate change.
d. service vehicle 4. Global warming and climate change
e. public transport increase the carbon footprint.
f. bicycle
g. walking Managing Global Warming and Climate
3. Alternative fuels Change
a. Compressed natural gas (CNG) a. Use green transportation modes of high
b. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) energy efficiency such as walking,
c. Biodiesel taking public transport or carpooling to
d. Electrical energy a destination.
e. Hydrogen b. Switch off the lights or remove electrical
f. Dimethyl ether (DME) equipment plugs when not in use.
4. Natural Gas c. Practice saving water and fuels.
- burn cleaner / environmental friendly d. Reuse and recycle materials.
- produce less carbon dioxide / e. Build a green building
greenhouse gases f. Use bioenergy

F4 SCIENCE NOTE CHAPTER 5 GENETICS

5.1 Cell Division 2. Chromosomes are long molecules of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which is
made up of genes. (Thread-like structure)
3. DNA is genes which carry genetic or
hereditary information which determine
the traits of an individual.

4. Gender Autosome + sex chromosomes

Male 44 + xy
1. Nucleus of human cell contains 46 (23
karyotype
pairs of) chromosomes. Female 44 + xx
karyotype

4 WWW.ANDREWCHOO.EDU.MY
Mitosis / Meiosis occurs.
1. Mitosis process
- Chromosome with
two chromatids Anaphase I - Homologous
joined at the
chromosomes
centromere
separate and
move to
Prophase i. Replication of opposite poles.
chromosome Telophase I - Cytoplasm
occurs divides
ii. chromosomes
shorten and
thicken.
iii. Spindle fibres Prophase II - Two daughter
begin to form. cells are
Metaphase - Chromosomes formed
arrange at the
equatorial plate of
the cell. Metaphase II - Pairs of
chromatids
separate and
move to
Anaphase - Pairs of opposite poles.
chromatids Anaphase II - Cytoplasm
separate and divides
move to the
opposite poles of
the cells. Telophase II - Four daughter
Telophase - Cytoplasm cells are
divides formed
- Halve number
of chromosome
of parent
- Two daughter
cells are formed.
Same number of
2. During meiosis (Metaphase)
chromosomes as
parent.

2. Meiosis process
- Parent cells Crossing over to produce variation
with two pairs
of 3a. Similarities of mitosis and meiosis
chromosomes. - a process of cell division.
Prophase I - Replication of - ensure sustainability of living
chromosome organisms.
occurs - transfer of genetic material
- both process involve duplication of
chromosome.
Metaphase I - Crossing over

5 WWW.ANDREWCHOO.EDU.MY
b. Differences
Aspect Mitosis Meiosis
Definition Cell division in which a cell Cell division in which a cell
divides into two cells, each has divides into four cells, each cell
same number of chromosomes has half the number of
chromosomes of the parent cell.
Location of Plants: Meristem cells of plants Plants: Reproductory organs
occurrence (shoot tip) (anther. ovary)
Animals: Somatic cells / Body Animals: testis, ovary
cells of animals (skin)
Number of
daughter cells 2 4
formed in one Haploid (1/2) diploid
division
Genetic make-up of Identical Different
daughter cells
Produce Gamete Variation
Importance a. For growth a. Produces gametes
b. tissue repair b. Halve chromosome number
c. Asexual reproduction c. produce variation.
d. maintenance and continuity of
life.

5.2 Inheritance
1. T: dominant alleles t: recessive alleles
2. Genotypes Pairs of alleles which determine a characteristic
a. Homozygous dominant TT (normal trait e.g. curly hair or black iris)
b. Homozygous recessive tt (very rare trait e.g. brown hair or left-handed)
c. Heterozygous Tt (normal trait)

3. Schematic diagram of Mendel’s First Law

a.Parent Phenotype c. Parent Phenotype

Parent Genotype Parent Genotype
Meosis Meosis
Gamete Gamete
Fertilisation Fertilisation
F1 Genotype F1 Genotype
F1 Phenotype F1 Phenotype

Ratio

6 WWW.ANDREWCHOO.EDU.MY
b.Parent Phenotype
Parent Genotype
Meosis
Gamete

Fertilisation

F1 Genotype
F1 Phenotype

Ratio

4a. Schematic diagram of sex determination

Parent Phenotype
Parent Genotype
Meosis
Gamete

Fertilisation

F1 Genotype
F1 Phenotype

Ratio

b. The probability of getting a boy or a girl is 50% or 1:1

c. The father (chromosome sex in the sperm) determines the gender of the off spring
because:
i. The sperm carrying chromosome sex x and y while the ovum only carrying
chromosome sex x.
ii. If the sperm carrying chromosome sex y fertilise the ovum, the child is girl.
iii. If the sperm carrying chromosome sex x fertilise the ovum, the child is boy.

5. Inheritance of colour blindness

Result : 2 children colour blind

2 children are not colour blind

7 WWW.ANDREWCHOO.EDU.MY
5.3 Mutation
1. is spontaneous and random change to the structure of the gene or number of
chromosome.
2. caused by mutagens such as:
i. Radioactive rays
ii. Chemical substances
iii. Environmental changes

3. Type of Mutations
Similarity : Both can be inherited from parents / hereditary disease
Differences : Gene mutation Chromosome mutation
Structure of the gene change number of chromosome change

Gene Disorder Diseases

Gene mutation Chromosome mutation
Colour blindness Down Syndrome (three chromosome 21)
Sickle cell anaemia Turner syndrome (44 + xo)
Thalassemia Klinefelter syndrome (44 + xxy)
Haemophillia
Albinism
Note: Men are proned to get gene disorder diseases
i. the gene of gene disorder disease is only carried by x chromosomes.
ii. male only have one x chromosome

4. Gene mutation diseases

Disease Characteristics
Colour - Patient cannot differentiate between red and green colours.
blindness
Sickle cell - Red blood cells are crescent shaped which cause function of
anaemia transportation of oxygen to be imperfect.
- Patient often feels fatigue, looks pale and weak.
Thalassemia - Lack of haemoglobin in small red blood cells with shorter lifespan
reduces oxygen supply to the body.
- Symptoms of minor thalassemia resemble that of long term
anaemia.
- Symptoms of major thalassemia are jaundice, pale face and
swollen internal organs such as heart and liver.
8 WWW.ANDREWCHOO.EDU.MY
 Haemophilia - Patient's blood unable to clot
- causing patient to experience extensive blood loss when injured
Albinism - Disruption in the production of melanin pigment in the body.
- The individual has light skin, pink iris and white hair.

5.Chromosome mutation diseases

Disease Characteristics
Down syndrome - Patient has 47 chromosomes, that is three chromosomes at the
(45 + xy) or (45 + 21st chromosome.
xx) - Patient experiences mental and physical retardation, weak
cardiovascular system and has slant eyes, flat face, short neck,
small nose and mouth, tongue sticking out and short stocky
body as well as short palm and fingers.
Turner syndrome - Females who have the disease have 45 chromosomes, that is
(44 + xo) 44 autosomes and one X chromosome (absence of one X
chromosome).
- Growth of patient is retarded, short body, barren, lacking in
female secondary sex characteristics.
Klinefelter - Males who have Klinefelter syndrome have 47 chromosomes,
syndrome that is 44 autosomes, two X chromosomes and one Y
(44 + xxy) chromosome (one extra X chromosome at the sex
chromosome).
- Male secondary sex characteristics not developed,
development of testes inhibited, sterile, has female
characteristics such as large breasts, high pitch voice and
lacking in body hair.

6. Karyotype of Down syndrome

7. Type of Genetic Screening to detect Gene disorder disease

a. Karyototyping is to test the number, size and shape of chromosomes in the nucleus
of a cell.
b. Amniocentesis is a prenatal test to identify abnormalities in foetal cells.

8. Genetic screening able to predict diseases, to plan future children and reveal genetic
information.

9 WWW.ANDREWCHOO.EDU.MY
9. Genetic Research to Increase Living Quality
Field Application Description
a. Medical a. Bacteria and yeast - produce insulin to treat diabetes mellites
b. Bacteria culture - treat cancer
- protect body from virus / bacteria attack
c. Genetic content of - produce milk to treat haemophilia
sheep
d. Gene therapy - to treat or replace gene disorder disease with
healthy gene
b. Agriculture a. Selective breeding - select valuable breeds
- produce new species, improve nutritional value
and resistance to diseases.
b. Cloning (copy or - to produce offspring through asexual
tissue culture) (single parent reproductory)
c. Genetic food - produce crops and livestock that mature quickly
modification - high quality and bountiful of yield
- high resistance towards disease and extreme
weather changes.
c. Forensic DNA test for genetic - to solve criminal case
Science genealogy

5.4 Genetic Engineering Technology

1.Genetic engineering involves applying technology to replace, transfer or modify genes
from one organism into another organism to obtain the desired characteristic of
organism.
2. Examples of genetic engineering include:
a. gene therapy
b. recombinant DNA (the use of plasmids)
c. genetically modified organism (GMO)

3. Genetic Engineering Technology

Field Advantages
a. Medical - treat and identify hereditary
diseases
- use bacteria produce
insulin, hormones,
enzymes, interferons and
antibiotics in large scale
b. Agriculture - Produce new species
- increase crop yield
-resistance to pest
- increase the quality and
quantity of food
Disadvantages
- produce bacteria which are
resistant to antibiotic
- may have side effect
- cloning of human
- may cause unknown
harmful to health
- extinction of original
species
- cause allergy

10 WWW.ANDREWCHOO.EDU.MY
5.5 Variation

1. Continuous
- variation that does not show significant
differences with intermediate
- can be measured / quantilative
- e.g. mass / weight or height / length,
intelligence, skin or hair colour
- show in histogram / normal distribution
Discontinuous
- variation that show significant and distinct
characteristic without intermediate
- cant be measured / quantilative
- e.g. earlobe, ability to roll tongue, blood
group, finger print, gender
- show by bar graph / discrete distribution

- can be changed - permanent / cant be changed

- caused by environment factors such as - caused by inherited genetic factors only
nutrition, climate, adaptation, water, PH, - can be inherited
sunlight and genetic factors
- not inherited

2. Important of variation
- produce new species
- increase value and help organisms to camouflage
- enable human evolution through the process of natural selection of variation
- to differentiate organisms in the same species

F4 SCIENCE NOTE CHAPTER 6 SUPPORT, MOVEMENT AND GROWTH

6.2 Human Movement and Growth

Structure Function
a. Ligament - connect two bones together
- tough, strong and elastic
- prevent sprained or dislocated
b. Synovial fluid - as lubricant secreted by synovial membrane.
- reduce friction between two bones
c. Cartilage - as absorber
d. Tendon - connect bone and muscle
- strong and not elastic
11 WWW.ANDREWCHOO.EDU.MY
e. Antagonistic - two sets of muscles.
muscles - biceps and triceps muscles
- working in pairs in opposite direction
- when one set contracts, the other set relaxes

2. Problem related to joint that cause pain.

Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis

- Degeneration of cartilage due to aging or - Body immune system damaging the
injury synovial membrane, bones and cartilage
joint

3. Movement of arm

Bending Arm Straightening Arm

i. Contraction of the biceps.

ii. the biceps muscle pulls the radius i. Contraction of the triceps
upwards ii. the triceps muscle pulls the ulna
iii. The arm is bent downwards
iii. The arm is straightened

Human Growth Pattern

1. Human growth involves
a. a permanent process, non-reversible and happens at varying rates
b. increase in height and body mass
c. changes in body shape and system functions in the body such as skeletal, muscular
and reproductive systems

12 WWW.ANDREWCHOO.EDU.MY
2. Stages of Human growth

3. Age Growth rate

Infant stage - Rapid
(< 3 years of age) - Cell divisions occur actively
Childhood stage - Slower
( 3 to 13 years)
Adolescence stage - Rapid
(13 to 20 years) - Growth of female teenagers more rapid in the beginning as
female reaches puberty earlier.
- The growth of male teenagers more rapid at the end as male
reaches puberty later
Adulthood stage - Minimum
(20 to 65 years) - Zero growth
Old age stage - Negative
( > 65 years old) - Reduction in height
- Drop in overall function of the body system.

13 WWW.ANDREWCHOO.EDU.MY
4. Growth Patterns Between Male and Female (Sigmoid curve)

5.
Age Comparison of males and females growth rate
From birth until Same for males and females
about 4 years
Child stage Growth rate of males is faster than the growth rate of females
(4 to 12 years)
Youth stage Growth rate of females is faster than the growth rate of males
(12 to 14 years)
Youth stage Minimum. Both males and females reach almost maximum
(14 to 18 years) height at the age of 18

6. However, the growth pattern can be affected by genetic factors that inherited from
parents.

6.3 Support, Growth and Stability in Plants

- support system in plants enable the plants to grow upwards to get sunlight to carry out
photosynthesis process.

1. Terrestrial Plants
a. Woody plants b. Herbal plants
i. Have secondary xylem woody tissues i. without woody tissues
which is hard to give support. ii. depend on turgidity of cells for support
ii. Additional support: iii. Additional support:
a. Thorns of rose plant a. Tendrils of cucumber plants
b. Buttress roots of angsana tree b. Twining stems of morning glory
c. Prop roots of banyan tree plants
d. Stilts roots of mangrove tree c. Clasping roots of money plants

14 WWW.ANDREWCHOO.EDU.MY
2. Aquatic Plants – supported by water buoyancy force or up thrust force
a. Submerged Plants b. Floating plants
i. e.g. Hydrilla, Calomba i. e.g. water lily, lotus, hyacinth
ii. fine and thin structure of leaves to ii. Fibrous foots trap air bubbles.
reduce water resistance iii. Air spaces in the leaves, roots and
iii. soft and thin stem stems reduces the density and enable
iv. Air spaces in the stems and leaves to the plants to float.
give support

3. The age of plants can be determined by the number of growth rings.

For 100% Real Exam Tips,

Pre-order the Exam Tips Book which is
more details with questions and
answers before the price going up.
www.andrewchoo.edu.my 012-3260392

15 WWW.ANDREWCHOO.EDU.MY