LEARNING

MODULE 1 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

SECOND QUARTER

Subject Teacher PRINCES ANN P. MONJE Date of Distribution October 18, 2021
Contact Number 09566176144 Date of Submission November 5, 2021
Email/Gmail account princesannpaleracio91@gmail.com Grade &Section STEM11

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Topic
Content Standard
Performance Standard
Learning Competencies
PVGMO/Core Values Integration
CELL CYCLE
CELL CYCLE
The learners demonstrate understanding of...
Cell Cycle
b. Meiosis
The learners should be able to...
- illustrate a model of Meiosis
-Characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their control points
-Describe the stages of meiosis given 2n=6 A review of this competency could be done since it
has been taught in Grade 8 (S8LT-IVd-16 Compare mitosis and meiosis, and their role in the cell-
division cycle)
-Explain the significance or applications of meiosis
-Identify disorders and diseases that result from the malfunction of the cell during the cell cycle

LESSON
MEIOSIS: TURNING DIPLOID CELLS TO HAPLOID
Imagine if a human sperm and egg have 46 chromosomes each. The chromosome number of the zygote will be 92
chromosomes. If this zygote will produce a new set of sperm and egg which will be united, the chromosome number of the next
generation of zygotes will be 184. A chromosome difference of one from the original set number of 46 already has adverse effects.
What more if there is an excess set?
This is where meiosis makes its most important contribution in reproduction. Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes of
the diploid cell into halves: one half for the sperm and the other half for the egg, turning them into haploid cells. So when the sperm and
the egg unite, the normal number of 46 chromosomes will be restored. In reproductive or sex cells (i.e., the egg and the sperm), only
half of the 46 are needed, which are 23 chromosomes. It is also during meiosis where genetic variations take place, because of a
process called genetic recombination. This will be discussed later.
Before meiosis starts, there is still the interphase stage just like in mitosis. Unlike mitosis, however, meiosis has two divisions.
The first division in meiosis (meiosis I) is called reductional division, whereas the second division (meiosis Il) is called equational
division. In reductional division, the diploid cell is reduced to haploid. In equational division, sister chromatids separate, which is a
process similar to mitosis.
It will be easier for you to understand the process of meiosis if you are familiar with the concept of homologous chromosomes.
Homologous chromosomes are paired chromosomes that came from the parents during fertilization. The sister chromatids make up the
homologous chromosomes.
EXTEND YOUR KNOWLEDGE: Homologous chromosomes and their sister chromatids
http://i.stack.imgur.com/FT2vx.jpg

MEIOSIS I
Prophase I
Prophase I is further divided into five stages, namely, leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, and diakinesis.
In the leptotene stage, chromatins condense and chromosomes appear.
In the zygotene stage, synapsis starts. Synapsis is the close pairing ofthe homologous chromosomes. Synapsis is possible
because of the initial formation of the synaptonemal Complex, a highly organized protein structure that connects the two homologous
chromosomes together. This structure is speculated to mediate the chromosomes' successful COndensation, pairing, and
recombination, and may play a role during crossing-over.
EXTEND YOUR KNOWLEDGE: The synaptonemal complex stabilizes the pairing of homologous chromosomes.
http://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/meiosis-and-sexual-
reproduction-11/the-process-of-meiosis-92/meiosis-i-404-11631

In the pachytene stage, synapsis is complete. At this point, crossing-over can take place. In crossing-over non sister
chromatids in the homologous chromosomes exchange their segtnents. This process increases genetic variations of the organism
because different eotubinations of exchanged genetic tnaterials are allowed to happen.
EXTEND YOUR KNOWLEDGE: Non sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchanging segments during crossing-over
http://27.109.7.67:1111/econtent/animal-cell/meiosis.php

In the diplotene stage, the synaptonemal complex starts to dissolve, and the homologous chromosomes start to separate in a process
called tcrrninalimtion. Terminalimtion is the separation from the centrmnere toward the ends. Ilowcvcr, strands of DNA are still
connected at the site of exchange, forining an X-shapcd structure called the chiasma (plural: chiasmata)
EXTEND YOUR KNOWLEDGE: Chiasma formation during the diplotene stage
http:// 27.109.7.67:1111/econtent/animal-cell/meiosis.php

In diakinesis, the homologous chromosomes continue to separate and the chiasmata undergo terminalization. The
homologous chromosomes are condensed and shortened. Just like in mitosis, the nucleolus and nuclear membrane also disappear.
EXTEND YOUR KNOWLEDGE: The cell, undergoing diakinesis is now ready for metaphase I.
http:// 27.109.7.67:1111/econtent/animal-cell/meiosis.php

Metaphase I
 Homologous chromosomes move to the metaphase plate or equatorial plate. Some of the paternal chromosomes are oriented
toward one pole, while others are oriented toward the other pole. The same is true for the maternal chromosomes. This random
orientation of the chromosomes is the basis of the principle of independent assortment in genetics.
EXTEND YOUR KNOWLEDGE: Mataphase I
http://www.quia.com/jg/1294967list.html

Anaphase I
The homologous chromosomes separate in anaphase I. Each chromosome still holds the sister chromatids. Some of these
chromatids now contain segments of exchanged DNA from the crossing-over.
EXTEND YOUR KNOWLEDGE: Anaphase I
http://www.quia.com/jg/1294967list.html

Telophase I
At this stage, homologous chromosomes have reached the poles. The resulting cells have only half the number of chromosomes.
Chromosomes still have pairs of attached chromatids. The nuclear membrane starts to reappear. Cytokinesis completes the creation of the
two haploid daughter cells.
EXTEND YOUR KNOWLEDGE: Telophase I
http://www.quia.com/jg/1294967list.html
There is a brief resting period between telophase I and prophase Il. This is called interkinesis. No duplication of chromosomes
happens in interkinesis.

MEIOSIS II
Note that the following events will be similar to mitosis, except that the daughter cells produced will have only half oftheir parent's
genetic material.
Prophase Il
In this process, the chromosomes begin to condense again. The nuclear membrane and the nucleolus disappear. Spindle fibers
begin to form.
EXTEND YOUR KNOWLEDGE: Prophase II
http://www.quia.com/jg/1294967list.html

Metaphase Il
The chromosomes align at the equatorial plate. The kinetochores are then attached to the centromere of each sister chromatid.
These sister chromatids prepare themselves to move at opposite poles.
EXTEND YOUR KNOWLEDGE: Metaphase II
http://www.quia.com/jg/1294967list.html

Anaphase Il
The sister chromatids begin to separate. Each sister chromatid moves to the opposite poles.
EXTEND YOUR KNOWLEDGE: Anaphase II
http://www.quia.com/jg/1294967list.html

Anaphase I or Il may not correctly separate the homologous chromosormes and their sister chromatids, respectively. The failure
to separate the hornologous chromosomes called nondisjunction. This may have adverse effects depending on the chromosomes
affected. In humans, when chromososme 21 experiences nondisjunction, the resulting consequence IS person with Down syndrome.
People with down syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21 instead of just two. The three copies occur when one sex cell (either
sperm or egg) with two copies of chromosome 21 (due to nondisjunction) meets a normal sex celi Bith only copy of chromosome 21.
Sex chromosomes (i.e., the X and the Y chromosomes) may also experience nondisjunction. These may result in Klinefelter
syndrome or Turner syndrome. A normal male has XY chromosome, whereas a normal female has XX chromosomes.
Klinefelter syndrome is caused by an extra sex chromosome—one extra copy of the X chromosorne in each cell XXY. Turner syndrome is
caused by the absence of one complete or partial copy of the X chromosome in some or all of the cells.
For further reading on the cryopreservation of embryos, eggs, and sperm, go to
www.pamf.org/fertility/treatments/cryopreservation/.

Telophase Il
In telophase Il, the chromosomes uncoil. The nuclear membrane and the nucleolus reappear.
At this point, cytokinesis finally splits the cells, producing four haploid cells. Thus, keep in mind that the products of meiosis
are four haploid daughter cells, whereas the products of mitosis are two diploid daughter cells.
EXTEND YOUR KNOWLEDGE: Telophase II
http://www.quia.com/jg/1294967list.html

Gametogenesis
In humans, gametogenesis is the process of producing gametes, or sex cells. There are two types, depending on the sex cells involved.
Spermatogenesis is the process of producing sperm cells in males, whereas oogenesis is the process of producing egg cells in females.
Spermatogenesis and oogenesis both involve meiosis.

Spermatogenesis
In spermatogenesis, the spermatogonium (plural: spermatogonia) forms into the primary spermatocyte. The primary spermatocyte enters
meiosis I to produce two secondary spermatocytes. The secondary spermatocytes enter meiosis Il to produce four haploid spermatids.
Spermatids undergo spermiogenesis, wherein spermatids mature into motile spermatozoa, which are the sperm cells. Thus, each cycle of
spermatogenesis produces four sperm cells from one spermatogonium.
EXTEND YOUR KNOWLEDGE: Spermatogenesis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatogenesis

Oogenesis
Oogenesis starts with the oogonium (plural: oogonia). The oogonium becomes the primary oocyte which will enter meiosis I.
The result is one secondary oocyte and one polar body. The secondary oocyte will then enter meiosis Il to produce one egg cell and
another polar body. The first polar body divides to form two polar bodies. Polar bodies cannot be fertilized by a sperm. Thus, each cycle
of oogenesis produces one egg cell and three polar bodies, all from one oogonium.

EXTEND YOUR KNOWLEDGE: Oogenesis

 http://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Biology-Concepts/section/13.63/

The haploid sperm and egg produced in meiosis will meet during fertilization. The resulting fertilized egg is diploid, with half of
the chromosomes coming from each parent. Thus, it is in fertilization where the original diploid number of chromosomes in a species is
restored.

WRITTEN WORK
A. ESSAY
1. Do you have siblings? Do you all look like one another? Do you look like your parents? What are the reasons for the differences in
appearance among immediate family members?
2. Scientist have developed methods to help prevent genetic disorders carried by sex chromosomes. The sperm and the egg cells
that carry desired chromosomes are subjected to in vitro fertilization. Also, because of cryogenic technology, it is now possible to
freeze sex cells so that they can used many years into the future. Would you like to have your sex cells preserved? Why or why
not?

PERFOMANCE TASK
You are a medical geneticist. You have been invited by the dean of the college of medicine to discuss the process of genetic testing to the medical
students. You need to prepare a 30-minute slideshow and video presentation that must cover the following questions that will be possibly raised by the
students:
-What is genetic testing?
-What are the types of genetic testing?
-How is this process done?
-How is the result of genetic testing interpreted?
-What are the benefits, risks, and limitations of genetic testing?
-How accurate are the procedure and results of genetic testing?

1. Group per barangay

2. Follow the covid protocols
3. No need to go outside, just make a group chat.
4. Send thru my email: princesannpaleracio91@gmail.com

Prepared by: Checked by:

PRINCES ANN P. MONJE ELSA T. BALANAY, MAEng

Subject Teacher School Principal