GENERAL QUESTIONS

1. Modern approaches to the interpretation of "country studies" and "regional geography". 

There are many approaches to studying world. Country studies is one of them.

Tourism country studies takes a regional approach and focuses on themes that illustrate the globalization process.

Country studies helps us make sense of the world through four historical traditions:

 Spatial analysis of natural and human cultures

 Earth science
 Area studies
 Human-landscape  interactions

Geographic space is the three-dimensional space that encompasses the livable surface of the earth.

The difference between a region and a place is dependent on scale and perception. A metropolitan area (comprising many cities that grow into one
another) can be considered a place, at a national or international scale, or a region, at a local scale.

Regional geography is a branch of geography that studies the world's regions.

2. The functions and tasks of country studies

Country studies have the following functions:

1. Gnoseological (epistemological) function. Country has a great cognitive, educational value. It makes a significant contribution to a geographical
picture of the world.

2. Axiological (evaluative) function. The estimation of the country or region (natural, economic, tourism, etc.).

3. Information function. It consists of collecting, storing and providing information about the country and its regions (geography, nature, culture, history,
etc.).
The task of Country studies:

 constructive comprehensive geographic study for needs of regional policy, planning, sustainable development
 analytical work aimed at ensuring the foreign economic relations and geopolitical programs related with the national interests of a country
 country studies information development, related with the needs of domestic and international tourism

3. The interdisciplinary nature of country studies.

Country studies are interdisciplinary fields of research and scholarship pertaining to particular geographical, national/federal, or cultural regions.

Typical area study programs involve history, political science, sociology, cultural studies, languages, geography, literature, and related disciplines.

4. The evolution of geographic science and country studies.

At the earliest stages of the development of human society, information about neighboring tribes and the geography of the places they inhabited was
transmitted verbally in the form of stories, legends, through drawings, primitive maps and diagrams. about what they saw in these countries. In the
XVII century. Bernhard Waren's work, General Geography, was published. It can be considered not only the beginning, but also a major achievement
of geographic classics.

5. Scientific schools of country studies.

The German school of descriptive regional studies originated in German universities in the XVII-XVIII centuries.

At the university, all students had to memorize numerous information about countries and cities, territories, population, economy, government, army,
finance, etc. the characteristic features of this trend were the overload of facts and the weakness of the spatial analysis of the connections between
them.

The French school of human geography of the end of the XIX - the beginning of the XX century is characterized by a pronounced ethnographic
orientation.

The first distinguishing feature of the French school – humanistic approach. The second feature is the great art of description. In French local lore
there was no rigid and reasonable scheme of characterization of the territory.

6. Objects and subjects of country studies.

The object of country studies: the country as the basic elements of the structure svitosystemy developing in a certain space and time, and their parts
(areas) and regional groups.

Object of country studies has 3 main levels:

 Macro-
 Mezo-
 Micro-

Macro level regions or global regions: Western Europe or Caribbean America. Mezo level regions or countries:Burkina-Faso, Honduras, Tonga, etc. 
Micro level regions or regions of the country:Atoll Funafuti of Tuvalu, Greenland, etc.

The subject of country studies are regions and countries as a system consisting of a diverse but interrelated elements that act as one on the
international political arena.

Region is an area of land that is larger than a place and which contains a common characteristic,  such  as  the  growing  of  a  particular crop or the
market area of a product. There are many ways in which space can be regionalized in this way.

Examples include political regions, economic regions, physical regions and cultural regions.

7. Methods of country studies.

Methods of regional studies - a set of techniques and operations, different ways of conducting research in regional studies.

There are different approaches to the selection and grouping of local lore methods.

Conditionally, we can distinguish several main groups:

1) general - analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, modeling, abstraction, generalization;

2) theoretical - experiment, hypothetical transition from abstraction to concreteness;

3) sociological - socio-political experiment, content analysis, questionnaires, interviews;

4) socio-psychological - socio-psychological experiment, observation, testing;

5) comparative - comparative-geographical and comparative-historical, specific analysis, periodization, chronological, retrospective, prognostic,
consecutive comparisons;

6) system-functional - system, institutional, functional, structural-functional analysis, composition, decomposition;

8. Scientific concepts of country studies: problematic concept.

Developed in the 60's and 70's of the XX century. at the Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Moscow). One of its founders
proposed a problem-based approach to economic and geographical local lore, combining all the issues into three groups:

1) problems that are important in the study of all countries and regions;

2) problems that are important for countries of a certain type and level of development;

3) problems specific to a particular country (region).

9. Scientific concepts of country studies: the concept of cultural and literary country studies.

Literary study of local lore is a specific cultural knowledge that establishes a connection between the literary history of the region and cultural creativity
in it. The extension of the theoretical foundation is provided by literary criticism, history, and cultural studies, which make it possible to identify the
sociocultural functions of literary studies of local lore: literary education, the transfer of cultural traditions, patriotic and moral-aesthetic education of the
population.

10. The source base of geographic research

The source base of geographic research can be divided by:

Types:
 Maps and atlases
  Gazetteers
  Guidebooks

Maps - graphic representation on a flat surface of certain boundaries of the earth, as well as the moon, the planets and the solar system.

Atlases - systematic collection of maps.

A gazetteer is a geographical dictionary or directory used in conjunction with a map or atlas. They typically contain information concerning the
geographical makeup, social statistics and physical features of a country, region, or continent.

A guide book or travel guide is "a book of information about a place, designed for the use of visitors or tourists".Travel guides can also take the form
of travel websites such as the free and open Wikivoyage.

Online Geographic Resources is also a great source base.

11. Methods and search technology, storage and processing of geographic information

A geographic information system or geographical information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and
present all types of spatial or geographical data.

In a general sense, the term describes any information system that integrates, stores, edits, analyzes, shares, and displays geographic information.
GIS applications are tools that allow users to create interactive queries (user-created searches), analyze spatial information, edit data in maps, and
present the results of all these operations.

12. A typical program of country studies in tourism business

The country studies research program is usually consists of the following  9 items:

1. Short and full name (Great Britain / United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)

2. Geographical position: natural, economical,  geopolitical position

3. General characteristics of the natural environment and resources:; Relief; Inland waters Climate,etc.

4. Population and demography:

 5. Political structure:(government;administrative - territorial system;)

 6. Economy:
7. Foreign Economic Relations
8. Membership in international organizations

9. Other information
When we talk about the tourist country studies, besides the typical plan, important points are:

  tourism resources;
  tourist centers and other elements of the spatial structure;
 Also, texts from books, blogs or travel writer's texts can be added. It will be literary country studies.

13. The concept of the region

A region is a basic unit of study in geography—a unit of space characterized by a feature such as a common government, language, political situation,
or landform. A region can be a formal country governed by political boundaries, such as France or Canada; a region can be defined by a landform,
such as the drainage basin of all the water that flows into the Mississippi River; and a region can even be defined by the area served by a shopping
mall. Cultural regions can be defined by similarities in human activities, traditions, or cultural attributes. Geographers use the regional unit to map
features of particular interest, and data can be compared between regions to help understand trends, identify patterns, or assist in explaining a
particular phenomenon.Regions are traditionally defined by internal characteristics that provide a sense of place.

14. Approaches to determine regions

A formal region has a governmental, administrative, or political boundary and can have political as well as geographic boundaries that are not open to
dispute or debate.

Functional regions have boundaries related to a practical function within a given area. For example, a functional region can be defined by a
newspaper service or delivery area.Church parishes, shopping malls, and business service areas are other examples of functional regions. They
function to serve a region and may have established boundaries for limits of the area to which they will provide service. An example of a common
service area—that is, a functional region—is the region to which a local pizza shop will deliver.

Vernacular regions have loosely defined boundaries based on people’s perceptions or thoughts. Vernacular regions can be fluid—that is, different
people may have different opinions about the limits of the regions. Vernacular regions include concepts such as the region called the “Middle East.”

15. The scale of a region: supermakroregion, macro-region, subregion, mezo-region, micro-region

A leading specialist in recreational zoning A. Beydyk based recreation and tourism zoning on four hierarchical levels of taxonomic units:

 macroregion
 mezoregion
 subregion
  microregion

Each subsequent taxonomic region is included as a part of the previous.

Macroregions of the world:

 Europe;
 Asia;
 North America;
 South America;
 Central America and the Caribbean;
 Africa;
 Australia and Oceania;
 Antarctica.

The European macroregion, for example, consists of 13 mezoregions:

1) Baltic (Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia);

2) Central (Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary);

3) Black Sea (Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine and Moldova);

7) Greece;

8) France and Monaco;

9) Germany and the Benelux (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg);

10) Alpine (Switzerland, Austria, Liechtenstein);

11) United Kingdom and Ireland;

12) North European countries (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Iceland);

13) Belarus and European part of Russia.

Cardinal directions, such as south or southern, are commonly used to define a subregion. (Central Asia,Eastern Asia ,Southern Asia)
A microregion is a geographic region of a size between that of a community and that of a district.

16. Historical and geographical regions

World regional geography studies various world regions as they compare with the rest of the world.

Historical and geographical regions:

 Europe (Eastern Europe and Western Europe)

 The Russian Realm (Russian republic of the former Soviet Union)
 North America (United States and Canada)
 Middle America (Caribbean, Mexico, Central America)
 South America
 North Africa, the Middle East and central Asia
 Subsaharan Africa (Africa south of the Sahara Desert)
 Southern Asia (India and its neighbors)
 Eastern Asia (China, Mongolia, Japan, and the Koreas)
 Southeast Asia (mainland region and the islands region)
 Australia and the Pacific (including New Zealand)

17. Tourist zoning of the world according to UNWTO

According to UNWTO there are 6 main tourist regions:

 Europe
 Americas
 Africa
 East Asia and Pacific
 South Asia
  Middle East

The main difference of this classification is that the Middle East - a region that includes African and Asian countries.

Australia, Oceania and East Asia united in one region .

18. Typology of countries

Five main types of touristic types of countries have been identified. The following indicators were used for characterization of the countries and their
comparison: the size of the territory, and the population size; the general level of socioeconomic development; the level and character of development
of international touris
The first type includes the economically highly developed countries with mature national systems of international tourism forming the center of the
world’s touristic space.( A special place is occupied by the main countries, the so-called "big seven" - the United States, Japan, Germany, France,
Great Britain, Italy and Canada.)
The second type is represented by countries belonging to the semi-periphery of the world’s touristic space with an intensely forming state-supported
polyfunctional system of international tourism. (Spain,Portugal)
The third type includes moderately developed countries of the semi-periphery of the world’s touristic space with a polyfunctional system of
international tourism in the stage of transformation and formation of a civilized travel market.(Urkaine)
The fourth type comprises small island states of the Caribbean Basin which belong to the semi-periphery and, in part, to the “advanced” periphery of
the world’s touristic space.
The fifth type combines developing countries belonging to the periphery of the world’s touristic space, with a weakly developed market of international
tourism.

19. The role of historical information in enhancing tourism attractiveness

Historical and cultural potential of the country is one of the main factors of tourism, because:
1) It is important means for involvement of tourists as acquaintance to historical and cultural heritage is a strongest incentive tourist motive;
2) Objects of cultural and historical heritage are an important asset of the modern cities which can make profit and significantly influence their
economic development;
3) It is of great importance in the social sphere, leveling seasonal fluctuations and evenly distributing tourist streams on the territory;
4) It creates favorable image of the region, "branding" of historical and cultural heritage which is used as the effective tool of the adoption of leadership
on the tourist arena.

20. Civilization approach in tourism country studies

 Civilization is the level of social development, material and spiritual culture. Now many ancient civilizations are left with only ruins, but they also
impress with their grandeur. One of the oldest civilizations in the world - the Trypillia civilization-culture - appeared 7.5 thousand years ago on the
Right Bank of Ukraine. Archaeologists have found a large number of household items that indicate a high level of development of Trypillia. The
civilizational approach to the study of countries and regions has a number of advantages: universality of methodology, focus on specifics, anticipation
of the unity of human history, evaluation of civilization through religion, culture and mentality.

21. Special tourist characteristics of the country

  tourism resources;
  tourist centers and other elements of the spatial structure;
 the level of infrastructure development;
 region-based differences. Information on the resort areas important both for tourists and for the manager
 Characterization of travel formalities. These include: visas, rules of behavior in the country, the time zones difference, currency and customs
regulations, types of accommodation, shopping, etc.
 Also, texts from books, blogs or travel writer's texts can be added. It will be literary country studies.
SWOT analysis is also often used for the consideration of the tourist features of the country.

Country Capital Largest Cities| Form of Government Currency Tourist and Objects of UNESCO
Tourist Recreation World Heritage Site
Centers Resources
Republic of Minsk Minsk, Belarusian Brest Augustow Canal (2004),
Belarus Homyel, Unitary presidential republic ruble (BYN) Fortress, Holy Transfiguration Church
Mogilev, Naroch and St Sophia Cathedral
Vitebsk, National Park, (2004),
Boris and Gleb’s (Kolozha)
Hrodna, Nesvizh and
Church in Grodno (2004),
Brest Nesvizh Religious military objects in
Castle, Belarus, Poland, (2004),
Chalk Pits Polesie wooden
churches(2004)
Republic of Sofia Sofia, Unitary presidential republi Krushuna Ancient City of Nessebar
Bulgaria Plovdiv, c Lev (BGN) Waterfalls, (1983),
Varna, Sunny Beach, Boyana Church (1979),
Burgas , Pirin National Madara Rider (1979),
Rila Monastery (1983),
Rousse Park,
Rock-Hewn Churches of
Ivanovo (1979),

Republic of Zagreb Zagreb, Unitary parliamentary cons Kuna (HRK) Hvar Town, Episcopal Complex of the
Croatia Rijek, titutional republic Plitvice Lakes Euphrasian Basilica in the
Osijek, National Park, Historic Centre of Poreč (1997),
Zadar Zagreb's Historic City of Trogir (1997),
Historical Complex of Split with
Gornji Grad,
the Palace of Diocletian (1979),
Sailing around Old City of Dubrovnik
Kornati (1979,1994),
National Park Stari Grad Plain (2008)
French Republic Paris Paris, Euro (€) Eiffel Tower,  Abbey Church of Saint-
Marseille, Unitary semi-presidential con Louvre Savin sur Gartempe (1983)
(EUR) CFP
Lyon , stitutional republic Museum,  Amiens
franc (XPF) Cathedral (1981)
Toulouse Provence,
Alsace  Arles, Roman and
Villages, Romanesque
Monuments (1981)
Prehistoric
 Belfries of Belgium and
Cave France (1999,2005)
Paintings in  Bordeaux, Port of the
Lascaux Moon (2007)
Federal Berlin Berlin, Federal parliamentary rep The Black  Aachen
Republic of Hamburg, ublic Euro (€) (EUR) Forest, Cathedral (1978)
Germany Munich, The Rhine  Abbey and
Cologne, Valley, Altenmünster of
Frankfurt am Insel Mainau: Lorsch (1991)
Main The Flower  Archaeological Border
complex of Hedeby and the
Island of Lake
Danevirke (2018)
Constance,  Bauhaus and its Sites
The Berlin in Weimar, Dessau and
 Wall, Bernau (1996,2017)
October fest  Bergpark
Wilhelmshöhe (2013)
Hellenic Athens Athens, Euro (€) (EUR) Myrtos Beach,  Acropolis,
Republic| Thessaloniki, Unitary parliamentary Delphi Athens (1987)
Greece Pátrai, republic Theatre,  Archaeological Site of
Piraeus Parthenon, Aigai (modern name
Santorini, Vergina) (1996)
Mediterranean  Archaeological Site of
Delphi (1987)
Sea, Ionian
 Archaeological Site of
Sea
Mystras (1989)
 Archaeological Site of
Olympia (1989)
Republic of Dublin Dublin Euro (€) (EUR) Killarney  Brú na Bóinne -
Ireland Belfast, Unitary parliamentary National Park Archaeological Ensemble
Cork, republic and Muckross of the Bend of the
Derry House & Boyne (1993)
Gardens,  Sceilg Mhichíl (1996)
The Ring of
Kerry,
The Rock of
Cashel
Italian Republic Rome Rome, Euro (€) (EUR) Colosseum,  Sacri Monti of
Milan, Unitary parliamentary Venice Piedmont and
Naples, constitutional republic Canals, Lombardy (2003)
Turin, Pompeii,  18th-Century Royal
Palermo Lake Como, Palace at Caserta with the
Park, the Aqueduct of
Vatican City,
Vanvitelli, and the San
Mediterranean Leucio Complex (1997)
Sea  Arab-Norman Palermo
and the Cathedral
Churches of Cefalú and
Monreale (2015)
 Archaeological Area
and the Patriarchal Basilica
 of Aquileia (1998)
 Archaeological Area of
Agrigento (1997)

Kingdom of Oslo Oslo, Norwegian Scenic Rail  Bryggen (1979)

Norway Bergen, Unitary parliamentary krone (NOK) Routes,  Rjukan-Notodden
Trondheim, constitutional monarchy Atlantic Ocean Industrial Heritage
Stavanger Road, Site (2015)
Tromsø,  Rock Art of Alta (1985)
Sognefjord  Røros Mining Town
and the
Circumference (1980,2010)
 Struve Geodetic
Arc (2005)

Republic of Warsaw Warsaw, Unitary semi-presidential c Warsaw Old  Castle of the Teutonic

Poland Łódź, onstitutional republic Polish złoty (PLN) Market Place, Order in Malbork (1997)
Krakow, Warsaw,  Centennial Hall in
Wrocław, Crooked Wrocław (2006)
Poznan Forest,  Churches of Peace in
Gryfino, Jawor and Świdnica (2001)
Morskie Oko  Historic Centre of
Kraków (1978)
Lake, Tatra
 Historic Centre of
National Park Warsaw (1980)
Portuguese Lisbon Lisbon, Unitary semi-presidential c Euro (€) (EUR) Litoral Norte  Alto Douro Wine
Republic Porto, onstitutional republic Natural Park, Region (2001)
Amadora, Peneda-Geres  Central Zone of the
Braga National Park, Town of Angra do
Sé (cathedral) Heroismo in the
Azores (1983)
and Roman
 Convent of Christ in
Temple,
Tomar (1983)
Évora,  Cultural Landscape of
Bom Jesus do Sintra (1995)
Monte, Braga  Garrison Border Town
of Elvas and its
 Fortifications (2012)
Romania Bucharest Bucharest, Unitary semi-presidential Vaser Valley  Churches of
Iasi, republic Romanian Forestry Moldavia (1993,2010)
Cluj-Napoca, leu (RON) Railway,  Dacian Fortresses of
Timișoara, Danube Delta, the Orastie
Craiova Transylvanian Mountains (1999)
Alps,  Historic Centre of
Sighişoara (1999)
 Monastery of
Horezu (1993)
 Villages with Fortified
Churches in
Transylvania (1993,1999)
Kingdom of Madrid Madrid, Unitary parliamentary Euro (€) (EUR) The Prado  Alhambra, Generalife
Spain Barcelona, constitutional monarchy and Paseo del and Albayzín,
Valencia, Artes, Madrid, Granada (1984,1994)
Seville, Guggenheim  Antequera Dolmens
Zaragoza Museum, Site (2016)
Bilbao,  Aranjuez Cultural
Landscape (2001)
Santiago de
 Archaeological
Compostela
Ensemble of Mérida (1993)
Cathedral,  Archaeological
Costa del Sol Ensemble of
Beaches, Tárraco (2000)
Kingdom of Stockholm Stockholm, Unitary parliamentary The Göta  Agricultural Landscape
Sweden Gothenburg, constitutional monarchy Swedish Canal, of Southern Öland (2000)
Malmo, krona (SEK) Liseberg  Birka and
Uppsala, Theme Park, Hovgården (1993)
Sollentuna Gothenburg,  Church Town of
Abisko Gammelstad, Luleå (1996)
National Park,  Decorated Farmhouses
of Hälsingland (2012)
Lapland
 Engelsberg
Ironworks (1993)
The Netherlands Amsterdam Amsterdam Unitary parliamentary Jordaan and  Defence Line of
Rotterdam, constitutional monarchy Euro (€, EUR) US Amsterdam's Amsterdam (1996)
 The Hague, dollar ($, USD) Canals,  Droogmakerij de
Utrecht, De Hoge Beemster (Beemster
Eindhoven Veluwe Polder) (1999)
National Park,  Historic Area of
Historic Willemstad, Inner City and
Harbour, Curaçao (1997)
Valkenburg
 Ir.D.F. Woudagemaal
(D.F. Wouda Steam
Pumping Station) (1998)
 Mill Network at
Kinderdijk-Elshout (1997)
United London Manchest Unitary parliamentary Stonehenge,  Blaenavon Industrial
Kingdom of er, constitutional monarchy Pound sterling York Minster Landscape (2000)
Great Britain (GBP) and Historic  Blenheim
Glasgow,
and Northern Yorkshire, Palace (1987)
Newcastl  Canterbury Cathedral,
Ireland Lake District
e, St Augustine's Abbey, and
National Park,
Sheffield, St Martin's Church (1988)
Warwick
 Castles and Town
Liverpool Castle, Walls of King Edward in
Gwynedd (1986)
 City of Bath (1987)
Republic of Ankara Istanbul, Unitary presidential Patara Beach,  Archaeological Site of
Turkey Ankara, constitutional republic Turkish Lira (₺) Blue Mosque, Ani (2016)
Bursa, (TRY) Pamukkale,  Archaeological Site of
Adana Black Sea, Troy (1998)
Mediterranean  Bursa and Cumalıkızık:
Sea the Birth of the Ottoman
Empire (2014)
 City of
Safranbolu (1994)
Commonwealth Canberra Sydney, Federal parliamentary Great Barrier  Australian Convict
of Australia Melbourne, constitutional monarchy Australian Dollar Reef Marine Sites (2010)
Brisbane, (AUD) Park,  Budj Bim Cultural
Perth, Uluru-Kata Landscape (2019)
Adelaide Tjuta National  Royal Exhibition
Park, Building and Carlton
 Blue Gardens (2004)
Mountains  Sydney Opera
National Park, House (2007)
Melbourne,
Bondi Beach,
People's Beijing Shanghai Unitary Marxist-Leninist Renminbi (CNY) The Great  Ancient Building
Republic of , one-party socialist republic Wall of China, Complex in the Wudang
China the Li River, Mountains (1994)
Beijing,
Zhangjiajie  Ancient City of Ping
Tianjin, Yao (1997)
National
Shenzhe Forest Park  Ancient Villages in
n, Southern Anhui – Xidi and
Hongcun (2000)
Guangzh
 Archaeological Ruins of
ou Liangzhu City (2019)
 Capital Cities and
Tombs of the Ancient
Koguryo Kingdom (2004)
Republic of New Delhi Mumbai, Federal parliamentary Indian rupee (₹) The Taj  Agra Fort (1983)
India Delhi, constitutional republic (INR) Mahal, Agra,  Ajanta Caves (1983)
Bengaluru, The Golden  Archaeological Site of
Kolkata, City: Nalanda Mahavihara at
Chennai Jaisalmer, Nalanda, Bihar (2016)
Periyar  Buddhist Monuments at
National Park Sanchi (1989)
 Champaner-Pavagadh
and Wildlife
Archaeological Park (2004)
Sanctuary,
Madurai
Republic of Jakarta Jakarta, Unitary presidential Indonesian Beaches of  Borobudur Temple
Indonesia Surabaya, constitutional republic Rupiah (Rp) Bali, Compounds (1991)
Bandung, (IDR) Gili Islands,  Cultural Landscape of
Bekasi Komodo Bali Province:
National Park, the Subak System as a
Manifestation of the Tri
Lake Toba
Hita
Karana Philosophy (2012)
 Ombilin Coal Mining
 Heritage of
Sawahlunto (2019)
 Prambanan Temple
Compounds (1991)
 Sangiran Early Man
Site (1996)
Islamic Tehran Tehran, Unitary Khomeinist Rial (IRL) Lut Desert,  Armenian Monastic
Republic of Iran Mashhad, presidential Islamic Isfahan, Imam Ensembles of Iran (2008)
Isfahan, republic Square,  Bam and its Cultural
Karaj, The Azadi Tower Landscape (2004)
Tabriz  Bisotun (2006)
 Cultural Landscape of
Maymand (2015)
 Golestan Palace (2013)
Japan Tokyo Tokyo Unitary parliamentary Japanese yen Fuji-Hakone-  Buddhist Monuments in
Yokohama, constitutional monarchy (¥) (JPY) Izu National the Horyu-ji Area (1993)
Osaka, Park,  Fujisan, sacred place
Nagoya, Imperial and source of artistic
Sapporo Tokyo, inspiration (2013)
Chūbu-  Gusuku Sites and
Related Properties of the
Sangaku
Kingdom of Ryukyu (2000)
National Park  Hidden Christian Sites
and the in the Nagasaki
Japanese Region (2018)
Alps,  Himeji-jo (1993)
Fukuoka
Castle and the
City's Ancient
Festivals
Federal Kathmandu Kathmandu, Federal parliamentary Nepalese rupee Bhaktapur,  Kathmandu
Democratic Pokhara, republic (Rs, रू) (NPR) Pokhara, Valley (1979)
Republic of Patan, Chitwan  Lumbini, the Birthplace
Nepal Biratnagar, National Park, of the Lord Buddha (1997)
Birgunj Swayambhun  Chitwan National
ath (Monkey Park (1984)
Temple),  Sagarmatha National
 Everest Park (1979)
New Zealand Wellington Auckland, Unitary parliamentary New Zealand Fiordland  New Zealand Sub-
Wellington, constitutional monarchy Dollar ($) (NZD) National Park Antarctic Islands (1998)
Christchurch, and Milford  Te Wahipounamu –
Manukau, Sound, South West New
Hamilton Queenstown, Zealand (1990)
Lake Taupo  Tongariro National
Park (1990,1993)
and Tongariro
National Park,
Fox and Franz
Josef
Glaciers,
Auckland
Kingdom of Bangkok Bangkok, Unitary parliamentary Baht (฿) (THB) Wild  Ban Chiang
Thailand Samut Prakan, constitutional monarchy Elephants at Archaeological Site (1992)
Nonthaburi, Khao Yai  Historic City of
Udon Thani, National Park, Ayutthaya (1991)
Chon Buri Waterfalls at  Historic Town of
Erawan Sukhothai and Associated
Historic Towns (1991)
National Park,
 Dong Phayayen-Khao
Khao Sok
Yai Forest Complex (2005)
National Park  Thungyai-Huai Kha
Khaeng Wildlife
Sanctuaries (1991)
Argentine Buenos Buenos Aires, Federal presidential Peso ($) (ARS) Iguazú Falls,  Qhapaq Ñan, Andean
Republic Aires Córdoba, constitutional republic Perito Moreno Road System (2014)
Rosario, Glacier,  Quebrada de
Mendoza, Tierra del Humahuaca (2003)
Tucumán Fuego  The Architectural Work
National Park, of Le Corbusier, an
Outstanding Contribution to
Bariloche and
the Modern
Argentina's Movement (2016)
Lake District,  Iguazu National
Park (1984)
 Ischigualasto /
 Talampaya Natural
Parks (2000)
Federative Brasilia São Paulo, Federal presidential Real (R $) (BRL) Amazon Rain  Brasilia (1987)
Republic of Rio de constitutional republic Forests,  Historic Centre of
Brazil Janeiro, Brasília's Salvador de Bahia (1985)
Brasília, Modernist  Historic Centre of São
Salvador, Architecture, Luís (1997)
Fortaleza Iguaçu  Historic Centre of the
National Park Town of Diamantina (1999)
 Historic Centre of the
Town of Goiás (2001)
Canada Ottawa Toronto, Federal parliamentary Canadian Dollar Niagara Falls,  Head-Smashed-In
Montreal, constitutional monarchy ($) (CAD) Banff National Buffalo Jump (1981)
Calgary, Park & the  Historic District of Old
Ottawa, Rocky Québec (1985)
Edmonton Mountains,  L’Anse aux Meadows
Toronto, National Historic
Site (1978)
Old Quebec,
 Landscape of Grand
St. John's
Pré (2012)
Signal Hill  Old Town
National Lunenburg (1995)
Historic Site,
Bay of Fundy,
Gros Morne
National Park
Republic of Santiago Santiago, Unitary presidential Peso (CLP) Torres Del  Churches of
Chile Puente Alto, constitutional republic Paine National Chiloé (2000)
Antofagasta, Park,  Historic Quarter of the
Viña del Mar Valle de la Seaport City of
Luna and the Valparaíso (2003)
Atacama  Humberstone and
Santa Laura Saltpeter
Desert,
Works (2005)
Rapa Nui  Qhapaq Ñan, Andean
National Park, Road System (2014)
The Chilean  Rapa Nui National
Lake District,
 Mylodon Cave Park (1995)
Natural
Monument
Republic of Havana Havana, Unitary Marxist – Leninist Peso (CUP) Old Havana,  Old Havana and its
Cuba Santiago de one-party socialist republic Convertible peso Trinidad Fortification System (1982)
Cuba, (CUC)  San Pedro de la Roca
Camagüey, Castle, Santiago de
Holguín, Cuba (1997)
Guantánamo  Trinidad and the Valley
de los Ingenios (1988)
 Urban Historic Centre
of Cienfuegos (2005)
 Viñales Valley (1999)
United Mexican Mexico City Mexico City, Federal presidential Peso (MXN) Cancún and  Agave Landscape and
States Iztapalapa, constitutional republic the Mayan Ancient Industrial Facilities
Ecatepec, Riviera, of Tequila (2006)
Guadalajara, Mexico's  Aqueduct of Padre
Puebla City Grand Tembleque Hydraulic
System (2015)
Canyon,
 Archaeological
Mexico City's
Monuments Zone of
Historic Xochicalco (1999)
Center,  Archaeological Zone of
The Ancient Paquimé, Casas
Fortress of Grandes (1998)
Tulum,  Camino Real de Tierra
Mérida: Adentro (2010)
Yucatán's
White City
Republic of Panama City Panamá, Unitary presidential Balboa (PAB) Sunset Coast,  Archaeological Site of
Panama Colón, constitutional republic United States Pacific Ocean, Panamá Viejo and Historic
David, dollar (USD) River at Los District of
La Chorrera Cangilones, Panamá (1997,2003)
Bocas Tow,  Fortifications on the
Caribbean Side of
Panama
Panama: Portobelo-San
Canal Lorenzo (1980)
  Coiba National Park
and its Special Zone of
Marine Protection (2005)
 Darien National
Park (1981)
 Talamanca Range-La
Amistad Reserves / La
Amistad National
Park (1983,1990)
United States of Washington New Federal presidential United States Grand  Monumental
America York. constitutional republic dollar ($) (USD) Canyon, Earthworks of Poverty
Niagara Falls, Point (2014)
Los
White House,  San Antonio
Angeles.
Glacier Missions (2015)
Chicago.  Statue of Liberty (1984)
National Park
Houston. and the  Taos Pueblo (1992)
Phoenix.  Yellowstone National
Going-to-the-
Park (1978)
Philadelp Sun Road,
hia. Venice Beach,
Great Smoky
Mountains
National Park,
Bryce Canyon
National Park,
Yosemite
National Park,
Pacific ocean,
the Atlantic
Ocean
Arab Republic Cairo Cairo, Unitary semi-presidential Egyptian pound Pyramids of  Abu Mena (1979)
of Egypt Alexandria, republic (E £) (EGP) Giza,  Ancient Thebes with its
Giza White Desert, Necropolis (1979)
Port Said, Alexandria,  Historic Cairo (1979)
Suez South Sinai,  Memphis and its
Abydos Necropolis – the Pyramid
Temple, Fields from Giza to
 Dahshur (1979)
 Nubian Monuments
from Abu Simbel to
Philae (1979)
Federal Addis Ababa Addis Ababa, Ethnofederalist Birr (ETB) Simien  Aksum (1980)
Democratic Dire Dawa, parliamentary Mountains  Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar
Republic of Mek'ele, constitutional republic National Park, Region (1979)
Ethiopia Nazrēt, The Blue Nile  Harar Jugol, the
Bahir Dar Falls, Fortified Historic
The Sof Omar Town (2006)
Cave,  Konso Cultural
Landscape (2011)
The Rift Valley
 Lower Valley of the
Awash (1980)
Republic of Nairobi Nairobi, Unitary presidential Kenyan shilling Maasai Mara  Fort Jesus,
Kenya Mombasa, constitutional republic (KSH) National Mombasa (2011)
Nakuru, Reserve,  Lamu Old Town (2001)
Eldoret, Amboseli  Sacred Mijikenda Kaya
Kisumu National Forests (2008)
Reserve,  Thimlich Ohinga
Tsavo Archaeological Site (2018)
 Kenya Lake System in
National Park,
the Great Rift Valley (2011)
Lake Nakuru
National Park,
Lake
Naivasha,
Kingdom of Rabat Casablanca, Unitary parliamentary Moroccan Marrakesh  Archaeological Site of
Morocco Rabat, constitutional monarchy Dirham (MAD) Medina, Volubilis (1997)
Fes, Dades Valley,  Historic City of
Salé, Rif Mountains Meknes (1996)
Marrakesh  Ksar of Ait-Ben-
Haddou (1987)
 Medina of Essaouira
(formerly Mogador) (2001)
 Medina of Fez (1981)
Republic of Pretoria Cape Town, Unitary dominant-party South African Kruger  Fossil Hominid Sites of
South Africa (1999,2005)
South Africa  (executive) Durban, parliamentary republic with rand (ZAR) National Park,  Mapungubwe Cultural
Bloemfontein Johannesburg, an executive presidency Cape Town, Landscape (2003)
(judicial) Soweto, The  Richtersveld Cultural
Cape Town Pretoria Drakensberg, and Botanical
(legislation) Royal Natal Landscape (2007)
National Park,  Robben Island (1999)
Blyde River  Barberton Makhonjwa
Mountains (2018)
Canyon
Nature
Reserve