REALISM

Realism is an artistic direction of the nineteenth century, depicting typical characters in typical
circumstances, seeking a deep and panoramic depiction of life in its patterns and contradictions.

Signs of realism:

- Social conditionality of human life;

- Reducing the detrimental effect of the inhumane world on human actions and destiny;

- Historicism in the reproduction of the phenomena of reality;

- Humanism, compassion and protest against all forms of social and spiritual enslavement.

The emphasis was placed on the "authenticity" of the reflection of reality, the essence of which was
to maintain true proportions and scales in depicting everyday life, characters and circumstances;
Romantic "fantasies" and "hyperbole" were strongly condemned. A clear formula for this aesthetic
stance of realism was given by the Russian critic M. Chernyshevsky: "Images of life in the forms of
life itself."

PAINTING

One of the first realists was the French artist Gustav Courbet (1819-1877), who in 1855 opened his
solo exhibition "The Pavilion of Realism" in Paris. Also, Ilya Repin, Taras Shevchenko and Edouard
Manet are representers of the realistic style.

ARCHITECTURE

Realism in architecture was expressive, simple, without fanciful forms and superfluous details, with
an emphasis on natural beauty and naturalness. Used generally in urban buildings: factory, factory,
residential. In the direction of construction of new types of structures and residential complexes, the
architecture of France is developing, where new materials are beginning to be used: glass, steel,
iron, and later - reinforced concrete. Realism has become most widespread in Soviet architecture.
Prominent architects of the Soviet era who worked in several styles: K. Alabian, G. Goltz, O. Dushkin,
L. Polyakov, L. Rudnev, P. Fedorovsky, I. Fomin and others.

ROMANTICISM

Romanticism is a trend in literature and art of the first quarter of the nineteenth century,
characterized by the portrayal of ideal characters and feelings. He is characterized by a sense of the
fragility of the world, disappointment in the revolution.

The essence of romanticism: unusual characters in unusual circumstances.

Early Romanticism (late 18th - early 19th centuries)

The days of the Napoleonic wars and the Restoration period formed the first wave of Romanticism.
In England, it is the work of the poets JG Byron, Percy Bushie Shelley, J. Kits, novelist W. Scott, in
Germany - the master of satirical prose Ernst Theodore Amadeus Hoffman and the brilliant lyricist
and satirist Henry Heine.

Features:
- universalism, the desire to embrace being in its fullness

- attraction to the symbol and the myth as the most adequate forms of artistic expression;

- Disorder with reality;

- a sharp contrast between reality and ideal, frustration and negativism.

Developed forms (20-40-ies of the XIX century).

The second wave of romanticism begins after 1830. The best works at this time are written in France
by Victor Hugo, J. Sand, O. Dumas; in Poland - A. Mickiewicz, Julius Slovak, in Hungary - Sandor
Petefi. Romanticism at this time widely covers painting, music, theater.

Under the influence of European Romanticism, American literature developed, which originated
from this time and was represented by the novelistic works of JF Cooper, E. Po.