(1) The 19th was a very turning point in European history and also for whole rest of world.

It
was a time , when Europe and rest of world experience rapid and profound changes in
almost all areas.
In politically term, Europe was constantly in state of flux with revolutions in France, the
breakdown of Spanish, Holy Roman Empire and French Napoleonic empires and also the
growth in British and German Empires.
This was also the time of Industrial revolution which brought, enormous
changes in manufacturing, transport, and technology began to affect how
people lived, worked, and travelled, throughout Europe and America. Towns
and cities swelled and prospered as people left the land to populate urban
factories. The emergence of science as a profession and two enormous Industrial Revolutions,
which established the time as the Age of the Machine, brought about significant social change
and urbanisation, influencing all spheres of society and enhancing nearly every aspect of daily
life. The majority of workers experienced congested and claustrophobic living circumstances as
a result of these industry-inspired societal changes that increased income. Consequently, this
increased demand for urban architecture and applied the Bauhaus School is one example of
how art and design, as well as the emergence of a new group of affluent businesspeople who
started collecting and supporting art. Many of the world's best art museums were founded by
these 19th century tycoons. Also the new development in transportation, communication able
artists to quickly spread their ideas and influence people accross birders easily It wasn't until the
19th century that painters really began to produce works of their own accord, exploring new and
personal areas of interest, as opposed to previously being commissioned to do so on behalf of a
client or organisation.The same was true of 19th-century art, particularly painting. The move
from historical "Old Masters" style paintings to the emergence of Modernity over the span of a
century was profound.The two important developments which had a direct impact of
development of fine arts of the period. The American painter John Rand invented the collapsible
tin paint tube, and second major development were photography, allowing artists to photograph
scenes which could then be painted in the studio at a later date. As well as affecting how artists
created art, 19th century social changes also inspired artists to explore new themes. Other
major important development which had profound impact :- use of new raw materials,
expressive use of colours , new types of arts , example:- kinetic art, performance art and other.
As well as affecting how artists created art, 19th century social changes also inspired artists to
explore new themes. Instead of slavishly following the Hierarchy of the Genres and being
content with academic subjects involving religion and Greek mythology, interspersed with
portraits and 'meaningful' landscapes - all subjects that were designed to elevate and
instruct the spectator - artists began to make art about people, places, or ideas that interested
them. The development of cities and urbanisation give rise to new genre of painting and urban
landscape.
Other subjects were the suburban villages and holiday spots served by the new rail networks,
which would inspire new
forms of landscape paintingby Monet, Matisse and others. The genre of
history painting also changed, thanks to Benjamin West who painted The Death of General
Wolfe the first 'contemporary' history painting, and Goya whose Third of May, 1808 introduced
a ground-breaking, non-heroic idiom.
The 19th century also saw a major development in philosophical areas, which had a profound
impact on art. The growth of political thought and the publication
of The Interpretation of Dreams (1899) by Sigmund Freud , which make popularise the concept
of subconscious mind, causing artists to explore Symbolism and
later Surrealism. The new self conscious also led to development German Expressionism , as
artists turned to expressing their subjective feelings and experiences.
Some of movements of "modern art" are (1) Impressionism; (2)
Fauvism; (3) Cubism; (4) Futurism; (5) Expressionism; (6) Dada; (7)
Surrealism; (8) Abstract Expressionism; and (9) Pop Art.
We are going to explain most important epoch of modern art.
(1) Romantiscm:- it refers to the birth of a new set of ideas. It's something about a mindset
and a way of feeling. Romanticism was part of a larger artistic movement that included
literature and architecture as well as painting, originating in Britain in the mid-18th
Century. It was an artistic movement in which artist respond against Enlightenment. It is
from the historians of English and German literature that we inherit the convenient
set of terminal dates for the Romantic period, beginning in 1798, the year of the first
edition of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge and of the composition of
Hymns to the Night by Novalis, and ending in 1832, the year which marked the
deaths of both Sir Walter Scott and Goethe. Generally the movement lasted from the
fall of Napoleon era and till the French Persian war. Some of important painters of
this period are:- Theodore Gericault, Eugene Delacroix, Hoomere Daumier.
The thought they laid and followed in their paintings are aspects like springing of colours ,
fantasy, and passionate manifestations are very significant in painting. The themes in the
painting are consientious, , they are generally based of poem by poets. This movement also
led to abondoning religious and other traditions completly. The subject that were chosen
from pure imiginagtive , emotional, pitful, and grieving aspects. This art movement
supressed the spirit of neo classism. In this the artists were being given the ideal of ancient
sculptor , but they were interested in painting , they were being taught classical lessons, but
they were taking intrested in middle ages. In this way, many styles began to develop
according to the spirit of self , Venice was more successful in this , artists here co-ordinated
Ruben's paintings and David's relief painting. The painting focus on imigination. Paintings
were defined by bold, linear drawing and strong juxtapositions of light and shade. Some of
the important examples of this period:- Theodore Gericault:- He has been called the
pioneer in French romantiscm. Raft of Medusa printed by him . This painting depict a real
event, after shock of the wrecking of the French naval vessel medusa . Eugene Delacroix
also one of famous painters of this period.
Realism:- The Realist movement in French art flourished from about 1840 until the late
nineteenth century, and sought to convey a truthful and objective vision of contemporary
life. Realism emerged in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1848 that overturned the
monarchy of Louis-Philippe and developed during the period of the Second Empire under
Napoleon III. Realism was most closely linked with France and French painters, while it
also flourished in many other European nations. The term ‘Realism’ does not mean the
realistic appearance of works, as in to be opposite of abstraction. Realism, in contrast to
Neoclassical history paintings and Romanticism, which elevated subjects to monumental
importance, was more focused in the realism of the subject matter. Commoners and regular
people were the subjects that interested realism. The style was popular until the late 19th
Century, when it gradually became overtaken by Impressionism. Some of the important
characteristic of Realism painting are :- it dipicts scenes of everyday life, seeking to appeal
to the general public rather than just being aimed at the upper echelons of society. Realism
celebrated people from all walks of life, especially those from the working class, with
lifelike representations within of logical, straightforward compositions.
Thus in art one saw the rejection of natural and historical themes in favour of what artist
Gustave Courbet called “living art”. Many scenes of rag pickers, prostitutes, peasants,
beggars, etc. were painted by realist painters like Gustave Courbet, Camille Corot, and
Chardin, with Courbet's A Burial at Ornans being one of their most well-known pieces. In
literature, the novel replaced poetry, which the Romantics preferred, as the primary form
of expression. Social abuse and other repulsive features of human nature were topics that
writers explored.
Impressionism:- This kind of modern art movement was believed to be started in the year
867. It was started in France. This was defined as the beginning of modern art styles. In this
art, Impressionism have portrayed the past and have used the broken brush strokes of
colors which are not blended . The impressionists have used the scientific knowledge of
different colors to create eye-catching and appealing effects in their paintings. These
paintings has been created with different effects of lightning. Ideally, impressionism gives
high priority to the effects over attention to detail. This art movement give rise to many
other art movements some defined Impressionism be something that captured by the
artists by taking a glimpse over the nature or some objects. Some famous painters:- Edgar
Degas, Camilie pissaro, Alfred sisley atc. One of the most influential artist of this period was
Claude Monet and his paintings water lilies. The use of light, colours, brushes strokes all
well defined the Impressionism.
Post Impressionism:- This form of art is the development of Impressionism. It started in
early 1898s. This movement is about expressing presonal and spirituality in the art.
Ideally , this art has rejected the short strokes of coloured paint, that were used in
Impressionism. This term was proposed by the famous English art critics Roger fry, after
going through the artworks of various artists including Vincent Van Gogh, Henri de
Toulouse etc. This art movement doesn't have a set of artists from one region, but the
artists who embraced this style of art were dispersed geographically. Paul Gaugin migrated
to Tahiti to create beautiful and colourful painting of Tahitious.
Vincent Van Gogh one of the most famous painters of this period. Van Gogh is most ardently
remembered as the romantic ideal of the tortured artist, battling with mental health
problems which lead to his eventual suicide. Despite his obvious genius, he lived in poverty
and it was only posthumously that he gained widespread acclaim.
Expressionism:- This art style was started in 1910 and has traces of international modern
arts including cinemas, literature, theatre and dance. This movement express emotional
aspects of humans clearly. This art movement was coined in the year 1910, in Germany,
that is in the beginning of the 21st century. Painters of this art movement used unnatural
Colors to express the emotional effect in a better way. The paintings of this artists were
spell bound in the expressionism movement. Famous artist of this period were:- Edward
munch and his paintings and Anxiety.
(2) I will take painting of one from Realism period and other from Impressionism
period. From Realism period, i choose Gustave Courbet and his painting stone
breakers and other painting of Water lilies of Claude Monet from Impressionism.
Stone breakers painting by Gustav coubert:-
Gustave Courbet was a pivotal figure in the mid-19th-century birth of Realism. Spurning
the French Academy’s traditional and dramatic aesthetics, his painting concentrated on the
actual truth of the items he viewed – even if that reality was very simple and flawed.
This painting was made 1849, was made by Courbert. This painting painted only one year
after Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote their influential pamphlet, The Communist
Manifesto. This show the artists has the concern for the plight of the poor . In this painting ,
the two figures break and remove stone from a road that is being built. In our age of
powerful jackhammers and bulldozers, such work is reserved as punishment for chain-
gangs. "It is composed of two miserable figures: one is an old man, a stiffened machine of
old age and duty. A straw hat that has been stained by dirt and dampness covers his burned
head. He is dressed in a rough linen shirt and has what appear to be bouncy arms. In his
red-striped waistcoat is a tobacco bag made of horn with bronze edges. His thick, self-
supporting pants reveal a large, straw-matted patch at the knee; his worn-out blue
stockings allow one to glimpse the heels of his cracked wooden shoes. In Courbet's The
Stonebreakers, the labourers are monumentalized and forced into the foreground, their
bodies twisted and uncomfortable as they toil away at their difficult task. The
Stonebreakers painting is notable for its foresight as much as its accurate portrayal of their
time, highlighting the significance of class discrepancies that predict that future conflicts
will be related to the new circumstances forming in cities. By this painting, Courbert want
a dignity all their own, Courbet expresses compassion for the working class and contempt
for the upper class.

Water lilies painting by Claude Monet:- Clude Monet is known as the Father of
Impressionism. He instigated one of the most important artistic movement in history.
Water Lilies is not a name of a single painting, but a name of a series of works. During his
lifetime, Claude Monet comes back to this subject matter several times, and painted more
than 250 water lilies paintings. In all of the "Water Lilies" paintings, Monet focuses on the
surface of the water. He dispenses with any representation of the land or sky, only showing
their reflection in the water. The water reflects the sky's white clouds, making the sky and
the water's blue the same colour. The only thing that makes the observer realise that this is
a reflection is the presence of the water lilies. At the age of 82, Monet found he had cataract
in right eye.The brilliant fiery reds and yellows of Water Lilies - Japanese Bridge, 1923 are
indicative of the impaired sight of the artist, seeing his bridge within a reduced palette. Yet
it is the most evocative sum of color and light and composition, creating on overall
startlingly emotive effect.Water lilies opened the path to abstract painting. By the time to
Monet's death in 1926, the art world both in Paris and America was a Very different place
from the one , he had largely struggled against during much of his life. Monet and his circle,
where the first to truely challenge the convention of Parisian art in modern age. and by
doing so and processing the works towards greatly understanding of colours and light ,
they opened the door for successive generations of artists.
From this painting, I try to make differences between Realism and Impressionism.
In the painting of stone breakers, Courbet gave symphaty to the artists of the middle lower
class, , which is the theme of Realist artist that time. In this painting, here try to depict
contemporary life. He also portrayed the world as he see it, as opposed to idealism.It is the
choice and treatment of subject matter that defines realism as a movement in painting,
rather than a careful focus on visual appetite. In this painting , there is depiction of
democratic subject , according to them , there is no place in the depiction of imiginary
things .
But in this Impressionism, there is more Focus on imigination. In this painting, there is use
of lighting, no use of mixed colours. Painters of this period used bold brush strokes. They
have great influence of photography. They never use black colour.
The main difference between two paintings is that water lilies aimed to capture the essence
of the object and it's relationship with light whereas in stone breakers painting, there was
an attempt to represent subject matter accurately and truthfully particularly ordinary
everyday life. The brushwork of Impressionist artists was often noticeable as it was much
more broad and sweeping than the small, detail-oriented strokes of Realism paintings.

Name:- Aniket Raj

Enrollment number:- 20/53/FG/020