A New Design of a Miniature Microstrip Patch

Antenna Using Defected Ground Structure DGS

R.Er-rebyiy1, J.Zbitou1, A.Tajmouati1, M.Latrach2, A.Errkik1, L.El Abdellaoui1 .
1
LMEET Laboratory FST of Settat, University of Hassan 1st Morocco
2
Microwave Group, ESEO, Angers, France.
ridouane1986@gmail.com/zbitou3676@gmail.com

Abstract— The concept of Defected Ground Structures (DGS) Defected Ground Structure (DGS) is one of the methods,
has been developed to improve the characteristics of many which are used to miniaturize the size of microstrip antennas,
microwave devices. For this purpose the DGS is also used in the DGS consist etching of a simple shape in the ground plane, or
microstrip antenna for some advantages such as antenna size sometimes by a complicated shape for the better performance.
reduction, mutual coupling reduction in antenna arrays etc... In Fig. 1 shows the example of DGS specific shapes etched on the
this paper the defected ground structure (DGS) has been ground plane of microstrip circuits [19].
employed to miniaturize a microstrip patch antenna and to shift
the resonance frequency from an initial value of 10 GHz to a final
value at 3.5 GHz, without any change in the dimensions of the
original microstrip patch antenna. This antenna is designed on a
FR-4 substrate with dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness 1.6 mm
and its size is 27 X 30 mm2. The antenna is designed, optimized,
and miniaturized by using CST MW.

Keywords—Defected Ground Structure (DGS); Microstrip

patch antenna; CST-MW.

I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless communication systems in various applications
have developed rapidly in recent years, and this development
has generated a huge need in the use of patch antennas. Among
the systems known, we distinguish: mobile worldwide
interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and wireless
local area network (WLAN) …etc. [1].
Fig. 1: Example of defected ground structures (DGS): (a) Concentric ring
Microstrip patch antenna is a necessary and critical com- shaped, (b) Dumbbell-shaped, (c) Arrow head dumbbell, (d) Spiral-shaped, (e)
ponent of communication systems and a popular choice among U-shaped, (f) Circular head, g) Split-ring resonators, (c) H-shaped dumbbell,
microwave designers for their ease of design, low profile and a (i) Cross-shaped, (j) Meander line .[19]
compact structure. Microstrip antenna has disadvantages like
low return loss, less bandwidth and low gain. The current The DGS can be modeled by an equivalent L-C resonator
progress of the microwave researches demand to reduce the circuit. The value of the inductance and capacitance depends
size of the microstrip patch antenna with high performance. on the area and the size of the shape. By varying the various
Various techniques can be used to feed microstrip antennas. dimensions of the etched shape, the desired resonance
The four most popular techniques are the microstrip line, frequency can be achieved.
coaxial probe, aperture coupling, and proximity coupling [2-4].
For this challenge, several methods have been proposed In this paper, a novel etched shape is proposed as a defected
recently, we can use Fractal geometry[5], notches or slots on ground structure (DGS), in the goal to miniaturize the proposed
patch antenna with different shapes [6-8], using dielectric microstrip antenna, resonates initially at 10 GHz, after the use
substrates with high permittivity [9], tuning stub[10,11] and of DGS method the antenna resonates at 3.5GHz for WiMAX
Well as other methods can also be used [12-14], such as using applications.
Defected Microstrip Structure (DMS) [15], Defected Ground
Structure (DGS) [16], Magneto-Dielectric Substrate [17] and
the Electromagnetic band gap (EBG)[18].

978-1-5090-6681-0/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE

 II. ANTENNA DESIGN

A. Antenna without DGS

To investigate potential of DGS structure is to shift the
resonance frequency of microstrip antenna, two types of
antenna have been designed. Firstly, Fig. 2 show the simple
antenna without DGS structure resonate at 10 GHz, the width
(W) and the length (L) of the patch antenna can be designed by
using the formulas given in [20].
1
−
c  εr +1 2 c
W =   ,L = − 2ΔL
2f  2  2f ε e

Where ɛe is the effective dielectric constant calculated by:

ε r + 1 ε r −1 12h − 12
εe = + (1 + )
2 2 W
Fig. 3: Simulation of return loss for the antenna without DGS using CST-MW
and ∆L by this equation: and ADS.

W B. Defected Ground Structures (DGS) configuration and

(ε e + 0.3)( + 0.264)
h caracteristiques .
ΔL = h .(0.412)
W Fig.4 shows the layout of The DGS structure, which is
(ε e − 0.258)( + 0.8)
h located on the metallic ground plane, is composed from six
concentric rings shaped with a rectangular slot; the resonant
In this design the substrate FR-4 is used due to its low cost frequency can be shifted by varying the dimensions of the
and easy fabrication. The substrate height is 1.6mm, the different concentric ring shaped or the dimensions of the
dielectric constant is 4.4 and the loss tangent is 0.025. After the rectangular slot. The geometrical parameters of the Defected
definition of the patch dimensions, we have used many series Ground Structure (DGS) are as follows; the length and the
of optimization by using the different methods of optimization width of DGS are LDGS= 30mm, WDGS=27mm, the separation
integrated in CST-MW and validated by using another solver between the inner and outer ring of the concentric rings shaped
ADS. and different parameter of the rectangular slot are as follows:
The total size of the proposed antenna is 27x30 mm2, Dg1=4.5mm, Dg2=6.5mm, Dg3=2mm, Dg4=6.5mm,
optimum values of the antenna are as follows; Wp=7mm, Dg5=3mm, Dg6=24mm, Dg7=1 mm, Dg8=0.5mm.
Lp=5.95mm, Lf1=5mm, Lf2=7mm Wf=3mm, and metallization
thickness of t=0.035mm. The dimensions of the partial
conducting ground plane are Wg=27mm and Lg=30 mm.

Fig. 2: Geometry of the proposed antenna.

The simulated return loss obtained for this antenna by using

CST-MW and ADS are shown in Fig. 3. We have good Fig. 4: Geometry of the proposed DGS.
matching input impedance at 10 GHz, with a small shift with
ADS caused by the difference between the numerical methods
of the two solvers.
III. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS OF THE
ANTENNA WITH DGS.
The simulated reflection coefficient of the final design of the
proposed antenna is showing good matching at 3.5 GHz with a
bandwidth equal 400 MHz is from 3.30 GHz to 3.70GHz
with a return loss less than -10dB. The simulation result
obtained for the reflection coefficient is shown in Fig. 6; we
have used electromagnetic solvers CST-MW. We can see that
the effect of the DGS shaped permit to shift the resonant
frequency from 10 GHz to 3.5 GHz.

Fig.7: The current distribution of patch antenna at 3.5GHz.

B. Radiation pattern
The plane E is defined as the plane containing the vector of
the electric field, and the direction of maximum radiation. The
plane H is the plane containing the vector of the magnetic
field, and the direction of maximum radiation. The simulated
radiation patterns of the proposed antenna at 3.5GHz in H-
plane and E-plane are illustrated in fig. 8. It is noted that the
radiation pattern is omnidirectional.

Fig.5. Microstrip patch antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS).

Fig.8: 2D Radiation pattern of patch antenna at 3.5GHz (E-plane and H-

plane).

Figure 9 presents the proposed antenna gain. The maximum

value obtained is 2. 26dB.The peak gain increases between 2.5
to 4 GHz, then decreases hardly at 5 GHz.

Fig.6: Simulation of return loss for the antenna with DGS using CST-MW.

A. The current distribution.

Fig.7 illustrates the surface current distributions of the
proposed antenna at 3.5 GHz with DGS specific shapes etched
on the ground plane. As seen in fig. 8, the current is
concentrated around the rectangular-shaped slot and around the
Fig.9: Gain versus frequency.
concentric ring shaped resonators. The current is propagating
across the antenna ribs.
 IV. CONCLUTION [12] Chair, R., A. A. Kishk, K. F. Lee, C. E. Smith, and D. Kajfez,
“Microstrip line and CPW fed ultra wideband slot antennas withU-
In this work we have developed a new study concerning the shaped tuning stub and reflector,” Progress In
miniaturization of microstrip patch antenna by using defected ElectromagneticsResearch, PIER 56, 163–182, 2006.C.
ground structure DGS resonating at 3.5 GHz. The goal from [13] Kunal Srivastava,Ashwani Kumar, Raj Kumar and A.K.Verma“Reverse
this work was to shift the resonance frequency from 10 GHz to G-shape Antenna for UWB with Notch“ 3rd IEEE International Advance
3.5 GHz. A miniature microstrip patch antenna has been Computing Conference (IACC) IEEE 2013.
developed, analyzed and validated for WIMAX applications. [14] Y. Sung “Triple Band-Notched UWB Planar Monopole Antenna Using a
Modified H-Shaped Resonator “IEEE Transaction on Antenna and
Propagation, VOL. 61, NO. 2, February 2013.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT [15] H. R. Cheng and Q. Y. Song et aI, "Design Of A Novel EBG Structure
We thank Mr. Mohamed Latrach Professor in ESEO, and its Application in fractal microstrip antenna", Progress
engineering institute in Angers, France, for allowing us to use InElectromagnetics Research C, Vol. ll, 2009
all the equipment and solvers available in his laboratory. [16] Anguera, J., I. Sanz, J. Mumbru, and C. Puente, “Multiband handset
antenna with a parallel excitation of PIFA and slot radiators,” IEEE
Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 58, No. 2, 348-356, Feb. 2010.
[17] L. Y. Cai , G. Zeng , H. C. Yang and Y. Z. Cai "Integrated Bluetooth
REFERENCES and multi-band ultra-widebandantenna", Electron. Lett., vol. 46, no. 10,
pp.688 -689 2011.
[18] J.-H. Lu and B.-J. Huang "Planar multi-band monopoleantenna with L-
[1] N. Bayatmaku, P. Lotfi, M. Azarmanesh, and S. Soltani, “Design of
shaped parasitic strip for WiMAX application", Electron. Lett., vol. 47,
simple multi-band patch antenna for mobile communication applications
no. 12, pp.671 -672 2010.
using new E-shape fractal,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol.
99, p. 1, 2011. [19] M. A. Aris, M. T. Ali, N. H. Abd Rahman, N. Ramli “Frequency
Reconfigurable Aperture-Coupled Microstrip Patch Antenna Using
[2] Mr. Kartik Ramesh Patel, Dr. Ramesh Kulkarni “Ultra-Wideband
Defected Ground Structure” 2015 IEEE International RF and
(UWB) Wireless System “(IJAIEM) Special Issue for International Microwave Conference (RFM 2015), Riverside Majestic Hotel,
Technological Conference-2014. Kuching, Sarawak on December, 14 - 16, 2015.
[3] Rezaul Azim and Mohammad Tariqul Islam : chapter 7 “Printed [20] Microstrip Antennas :I.J BAHL and P.BHARTIA. Artech
wide slot Ultra-Wideband Antenna”INTECH 2013. House.Dedham MA 1980.
[4] R.Dakir, J. Zbitou, A. Tribak, M.Latrach “Design of a New Compact
Printed Monopole Antenna by using Tuning Stub “ in Revue
Méditerranéenne des Télécommunication Vol. 4, N° 2, October 2014
Mediterranean Telecommunication Journal.
[5] Abraham Ortega, Leonardo R.A.X. de Menezes, A.J. Martins Soares and
Humberto Abdalla Jr “Design of Low-Pass Microstrip Filters Based on
Defected Ground Structure,” 2011 IEEE Explore pp. 69 - 74, 21-24 Nov.
2008.
[6] Haiwen Liu, Xiaowei Sun and Zhengfan Li “A new parameter-
extraction method for DGS and its application to the low-pass filter,”
IEEE Explore, June 2004, Vol. 27, pp. 119–123
[7] Dal Ahn; Jun-Seok Park; Chul-Soo Kim ; Juno Kim ; Yongxi Qian ;
Itoh, T.“A design of the low-pass filter using the novel microstrip
defected ground structure,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory
and Techniques, pp. 86 - 93, vol .49, 21-24 Nov. 2008.
[8] M. Koohestani and M. Golpour, “U-shaped microstrip patch antenna
with novel parasitic tuning stubs for ultra wide band applications,”
Microw. Antennas Propag. , vol. 4, pp. 938–946, 2010.
[9] Shekhar, C.; Bhadauria, A.; Radhakrishna, M.“ Application of 2D
defected ground structures in microstrip lines,” IEEE CONECCT, pp. 1 -
4, Jan. 2013.
[10] Roy, A., Choudhary, P. K., Anand, S., Sarkar, P. P., & Bhunia, S. “A
novel approach on miniaturization of microstrip patch antenna with
loaded strips,” Electronics, Communication and Instrumentation
(ICECI), International Conference, pp. 1-4,16-17 Jan. 2014.
[11] X. Tang, H.Wong, Y. Long, Q. Xue, and K. L. Lau, “Circularly
polarized shorted patch antenna on high permittivity substrate with
wideband,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.
60, no. 3, pp. 1588–1592, 2012.