CONTROL VALVES

Control valve: is the most commonly used final control element used to regulate material
flow in a process.
(Or)
Control valve function as a variable resistance in a pipeline. It provides a pressure-drop
by changing the turbulence in the process fluid or, in the case of laminar flow. The
changed valve resistance causes the pressure drop.

CONTROL VALVES
Classification by actuating system

Electric type Hydraulic type Pneumatic type

Pneumatic control valves:

Types of control valves:
1. Single seated valve.
2. Double seated valve.
3. Cage type double seated valve.
4. Low noise cage type double seated valve.
5. Angle valve.
6. Three way valve.
7. Butterfly valve.
8. Saunder’s patent valve.
9. Needle valve.
10. Knife gate valve.
11. Ball valve.
12. Globe valve.
13. Pinch valve.

CONTROL VALVE
( Main portions )

Actuator valve body

Actuator: it consists of diaphragm, stem, yoke etc.

Valve body: it consists of seat, plug etc.

ACTUATORS OPERATED

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Pneumatically Electrically Hydraulically Manually Combination of
electrical
pneumatic
hydraulic forces

PNEUMATIC OPERATORS CLASSIFICATION

Spring and diaphragm Spring less

Cylinder or piston
Saunders type
Pinch valve

SPRING AND DIAPHRAGM

Direct acting Reverse acting

(Or) (Or)
Fail open Fail close
(Or) (Or)
Air to close Air to open

BODY DESINGNS;
GLOBE BODIES: Globe valves are the most common type in use today and have been
for many years. It divided in to several categories as follows.
1. Single port.
2. Double port.
3. Three way.
4. Split body.
5. Angle.
6. Needle.
7. Ball.
8. Eccentric rotating plug.
9. Butterfly.
10. Diaphragm.
11. Pinch.
12. Drag.

01. SINGLE PORT:

Single port valves frequently used in sizes 2 inches and below.
Provide tight shutoff for metal-to-metal seating.
Have wide range abilities.

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02. DOUBLE PORT:
Double port valves were developed to balance the forces normally acting on
single port valves.
Frequently specified for sizes large than 2 inches but should not be used when
leakage is objectionable.
Reversible plug design is available to open or close the valve with increasing
loading pressure.

03. THREE – WAY:

Three-way valves are designed to blend (mix) or to divert (split) flowing streams.
In blending service there are two inlet ports and one outlet.
In diverting service there are one inlet and two outlet ports. Total flow is
proportion only, not controlled in either service.

04. SPILT BODY:

A special type of globe body, consisting of two body halves with a seat ring
clamped between them is called a spilt body.
It’s construction minimizes erosion effects allows parts to be replaced easily and
is relatively inexpensive.

05. ANGLE:
Applicable to services reacquiring high pressure drops or where the defects of
turbulence, cavitations or impingement present problem.
High range abilities and high pressure and temperature ratings.
Venture-flow angle body and is especially good for flashing services, high
pressure drops and erosive application.

06. NEEDLE VALVE:

Designs that may be included in this category the barstock body designs and
forged bodies.
Forged body for high pressure applications requiring small flows and high range
abilities.
The latter design is especially good for pilot-plant facilities, for control of liquid
catalyst.

07. BALL:
This valve is used in the pulb and paper industry.
It provides tight shutoff and has wide range ability for accurate flow control.

08. ECCENTRIC ROTATING PLUG: ( CAMFLEX VALVE )

The “camflex” valve by Masoneilon is a rotating plug valve that has a center
of rotation eccentric to the center line of the seat.
When the plug rotates to close the valve port, the plug face moves in to the seat
with cam-like motion.

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 Design is such that little or no rubbing action occurs after contact is made
between plug and seat.

09. BUTTERFLY:
A butterfly valve consists of a shaft supported vane or disc capable of rotating
with in a cylindrical body.
Application of low pressure drop at low static pressure where as control was not
critical and high leakage rates could be tolerated.
Disadvantage-butterfly valve is the high operating torque requirement due to
fluid flow through the valve.
Fisher controls now markets a fishtail design that offers lower torque and
improved flow characteristics.
Tight shutoff is available through some designs rated up to 720 psi, and
temperature rating are approximately -100ºF to 450ºF.

10. DIAPLHRAGM:
The diaphragm valve consists basically of a body, bonnet and flexible diaphragm.
It is made by forcing a flexible dome-like diaphragm against weir.
Well-suited for slurries and viscous fluids.

11. PINCH:
Pinch valves are designed for slurries including metallic ores, fibers, sand, coal,
sugar, pulp and paper stock and chemical.
They are made of sleeve molded of rubber or synthetic material with flanged or
clamp ends for pipe connections and with a pinching mechanism for control.
Have poor control characteristics and low range abilities.

12. DRAG:
The drag valve a unique concept in control valve design by control components.
The drag valve uses a multiple disc cage trim that provides numerous fluid flow
paths through the valve.
Flow patterns and velocities are engineered by stacking grooved disc in selected
arrangement.
Solid plugs positioned in the stack of discs determine drag valve flow.
Applications- high pressure drops, high temperatures and pressures, flashing
services and erosive that a standard valve.

ACTUATORS

Spring and diaphragm: (1) Direct action (2) Reverse action

(1) Direct action:
Designed air pressure (3 to15 psi) on the top of the diaphragm moves the stem
downward, closing the valve.

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 This action is termed fail-open (air-to-close)
This force is opposed by compression of the spring, and loose of the operating
medium (usually air) allows the compressed spring to open the valve.

(2) Reverse action:

Air pressure below the diaphragm moves the stem up, opposing the action.
This action is termed fail-closed (air-to-open)
On air failure the spring closes the valve.
Some designs are made so that the diaphragm can be reversed to obtain the
desired action.

Spring less:
Saunders-type valve and pinch valve whose closures are obtained by compressing
elastic diaphragm .
This section is intended to cover pneumatic cylinder or piston operators and need
for increased power and fast action.
It provide fail-closed or fail-open modes.
Some times valves are required to maintain the position they were in when supply
pressure or signal is lost.
Such a state is known as “fail-last position” (trapping the last signal pressure with
in the cylinder or piston assembly)

Electric types actuators:

Electrical actuators are limited use in the process industries.
Remote areas, tank forms, and pipeline stations. Where no convenient air supply
is available. Slow operating speeds, maintenance problem in hazardous area and
economics have prevented.

TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS:
A control valve is a variable orifice used to regulate the flow of a process fluid in
accordance with the requirements of the process. There are three features important to
this use: capacity, characteristics and rangeablity.

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS

Quick opening linear Equal percentage

Flow Characteristics:
Flow characteristic was defined as the relationship that exists between valve flow
and valve position.
The purpose of characterizing is to provide control loop stability over the
expected range of operating conditions.
Almost any kind of characteristic can be obtained by proper shaping of the seat
and plug.

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QUICK OPENING:
Characteristic provides for a maximum change in flow rate at low stem travel.
Fig (1) About 90% of valve capacity is obtained at 30% valve opening.
Quick opening valve plug are used primary for on-off service or in self actuated
control valves or in regulators.
Quick opening
100
linear
90
equal percentage
80

70

60

flow rate % 50

40

30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

travel percentage ( fig 1 )

LINEAR:
Characteristic produces flow directly proportional to the valve lift.
Fig (1) 50% of valve left produces 50% of valve flow.
Linear valve plugs are commonly specified for liquid level control and for control
applications requiring constant gain.

EQUAL PERCENTAGE:
Characteristic is equal increments of stem travel produces equal percentage
change in existing flow.
Example: when the flow is small, the change in flow ( for an incremental change)
is small. When the flow is large, the change in flow ( for an incremental change) is
large.
The change is always proportional to the quantity flowing before the change.
Equal percentage valve plugs are used on pressure control application where only
a small percentage of the system drop is available for the control valve.

VALVE CAPACITY:
The capacity, is commonly measured as Cv , which is defined as the number of U.S
gallons per minute of water at 60°F that will flow through the valve with 1-psi pressure
drop at a stated pressure and percent of rated travel.

CV = q ( ▲P / G )

Where: Cv = Valve co-efficient

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 q = Volumetric flow rate ( gallons minute )
▲P = Pressure drop across the valve in psi.
G = Specific gravity of flowing fluid.

VALVE RANGEABILITY:
The ratio of maximum controllable flow to the minimum controllable flow.
( OR )
The ratio of maximum and minimum useable sizing co-efficient in percent in to the
maximum useable sizing co-efficient in percent.

Range ability of globe valve = 30:1 to 50:1

Range ability of standard butterfly valve = 10:1 to 20:1
Range ability of throttling ball valve = 100:1
Range ability of pinch & diaphragm = 5:1

TRIM DESIGN

Introduction: the shaping of plug and seat to obtain the desired flow characteristic. Would
logically be a function of trim design.
Valve trim affect & not only the characteristic cure but also how the valve responds to
problems such a erosion, cavitations, vibration, high drop, noise and other similar
problems.

Trim definition: trim applies to the part of a valve (except the body housing) that come in
to contact with the flowing fluid. Another term often used in wetted parts.

Material:
Stainless steel 304 and 316 are widely used a seats, plug, guides, bushings and
other trim part.
Bronze used for water, air and steam service.
Monel, hastelloy and other alloys are used as required where corrosion,
contamination or other considerations dictate.
Stainless steel 174PH and 440C and K monel are used erosive effects, flashing
service, higher pressure drops or high temperatures.
Stellite no:6, colmonoy no:6, chrome and tungsten are used for small plugs, seat,
inserts guide and bushings.
PLUGS:
Valve flow characteristic are determined primarily by valve plug shapes or patterns.
1.linear trim . 2.equal percentage trim. 3.quick opening trim.

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SEATS:
The seat or seat ring is that portion of the valve trim or body that the plug contacts
for closure.
The seat ring may be screwed or welded to the body. Tight shut off is required,
soft seat’s made of Teflon, hard rubber or other resilient composition materials.

GUIDES:
Proper operation of control valves depends on a positive relation between the
valve plug and seat.
(1) Top guiding: The plug is aligned by a guide bushing in the bonnet or body.
(2) Top and bottom guiding: The plug is aligned by guide bushing in the bonnet and
bottom flange.
(3) Port guiding: The plug is aligned in the body port or ports only.
(4) Top and port guiding: The plug is aligned by a guide bushing in the bonnet and
the body port.
(5) Stem: The plug is aligned by a guide bushing acting on the valve plug stem.

CONTROL VALVE ACCESSORIES

HAND WHEELS:
Hand wheels may be supplied manual operation of control valves for emergency
use.
They are used primarily in critical services or when block valve & by pass valves
are not provided.

LIMIT SWITCH & SOLENOID VALVES:

Limit switch is used for valve position indication.
Solenoid valve provided for remote loading or un loading of valve.

BOOSTER REALY:
Booster relays are used to reduce lag time.
Controller output capacity is in sufficient for high demand devices. Such as large
diaphragm operators.

LOCK UP VALVE:
Lock up valve is used for when air supply pressure is failure the control valve to
remain in it’s last controlled position.

CAPACITY TANK:
Spring less pneumatic actuators may stay in the last position on air failure but
will more likely slowly to a closed or open position.

TRANSDUCERS:

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 Electronic control loops required an electrical-to-pneumatic when the control
valve is pneumatically operated.

JACKETED BODIES:
Jacketed valves are available for applications requiring heating of valve body’s.
Jacketing provides more efficient and uniform heating than could be obtained by
using copper tubing tracing.

POSITIONERS

A valve positioner is basically a relay that senses both an instrument signal and a valve
stem position.

Pneumatic positioner: (1) Motion balance. (2) Force balance.

(1) Motion balance:

It consists basically a bellows to receive the instrument signal, a beam fixed to the
bellow at one end and, through linkage, to the valve stem at the other end, a relay
whose nozzle forms a flapper nozzle arrangement with the beam.
Instrument signal change the flapper-nozzle arrangement moves, either admitting
air to, or bleeding air from diaphragm. At this the positioner is once again in
equilibrium with the changed instrument signal.

(2) Force balance:

The output pressure from a controller is applied to the bellows of the positioner.
For any given controller output , there is a corresponding position of the controlled
element ( cylinder ).

Electro pneumatic: Combination of an electronic-to-air transducer and a positioner.

The principal reasons for selecting either a positioner or a volume booster are:
A spilt range is required.
A maximum loading pressure greater than the instrument signal is desired.
The best possible control is desired.( Example might include fast recovery from
disturbances, or minimization of overshoot.
Selection of positioner or pneumatic amplifier is loosely related to process
dynamic.

VALVE TERMINOLOGY

Bellow seal: a physical barrier or seal which uses a bellow for sealing against leakage
around the valve plug stem.

Bonnet assembly: an assembly including the part through which a valve plug stem
moves and means for sealing against leakage along the stem. It usually provided a means
for mounting the actuator.

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Capacity: rate of flow through a valve under stated conditions.

Cavitate: the formation and subsequent collapse of voids or cavities in a valve resulting
from increased fluid velocity through the restricted area of the valve. It occurs in liquids
which the valve operates near the vapor pressure of the liquid.

Corrosion: the reaction between materials at the valve and the fluid handled which cause
valve deterioration.

Cv: flow coefficient ,the accepted unit of measurement o define the capacity of a valve. It
is defined as the number on gallons per minute of water at room temperature which will
pass through a given flow restriction with a pressure drop of one psi.

Dead band: the amount the diaphragm pressure can be varied without initiating valve
plug motion.

Erosion: a wearing action on valve trim and body, resulting from high velocity fluids and
fluids containing solids particles. It is prevalent in steam service, in flashing service, in
some chemical service and where high pressure drops occur.

Extension bonnet: a bonnet with an extension between the packing box assembly and
bonnet flange.

Range ability: the ratio of maximum to minimum usable sizing coefficient.

Stem: a rod extending through the bonnet assembly to permit positioning the valve plug.

Trim: the parts except the body of a valve which come into contact with the flowing
fluid.

Yoke: a structure by which the diaphragm case assembly is supported rigidly on the
bonnet assembly.

Control valve question & answerers:

(1) What is a control valves?

A control valve is the final control element. Which directly changes the value of the
manipulated variable by changing the rate of flow of control agent.

(2) What are the different types of control valves?

The commonly used control valves can be divided as follows.
(a) Depending on action.
(b) Depending on the body.

(a) Depending on action: there are two types of control valves.

1. Air to close.
2. Air to open.

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 (b) Depending on the body:
1. Globe valves single or double seated.
2. Angle valves.
3. Butterfly valves.
4. Three way valves.

(3) What is the use of single seated valve ?

The single seated valve is used on smaller seizer, and in valve of large sizes, where an
absolute shut off is required. The use of single seated valve is limited by pressure drop
across the valve in the closed or almost closed position.

(4) What is the use of double seated valve ?

In double seated valve the upward and downward forces on the plug due to reduction of
fluid pressure are nearly equalized. It is generally used on bigger size valves and high
pressure system. Actuator.

(5) What is Cv of a valve ?

Cv is the capacity of the valve and is defined as: “No of gallons per minute of water
which passes through a fully open valve at a pressure drop of 1 psi. at 60ºF.
The valve co-efficient Cv is proportional to the area “A” between the plug and valve seat
measured perpendicularly to the direction of flow.

(6) What are the different types of actuator ?

1.Diaphragm operated.
2.Piston operated.

(7) What types of bonnets would you use of high temp. and low temp. ?
High temp: Bonnets are provided with radiation fins to prevent gland packing from
getting damaged.
Low temp: Extended bonnets are used to prevent gland packing from getting freezed.

(8) How will you work on a control valve while it is line?

While the control valve is in line the control valve has to be got by-passed and secondly
the line has to be drained and depressurized.

(9) What is the use of valve positioner?

The valve positioner is used for the following reasons:
1. Quick action of control valve.
2. Valve hysteresis.
3. Valve used on viscous liquids.
4. Split range.
5. Line pressure changes on valve.
6. Valve bench set not standard.
7. Reversing valve operation.

(10) When can a by-pass be not used on a positioner?

A by pass on a positioner can not be used when:
1. Spilt range operation.

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 2. Reverse acting positioner.
3. Valve bench set not standard.

(11) What is the use of link connected to the valve positioner?

The link serves as the feed back to the valve. Any valve movement is sensed by this
link. Sometime due to line pressure changes on H.P. serviced the valve positioner may by
changed, the link in turn senses this change and the positioner will produce an out put
which will operate the valve to the original position.

(12) What is the use of booster relays?

1.Volume booster: These are used to multiply the available volume of air signal.
2.Ratio relays: Used to multiply or divide the pressure of an input signal.
3.Reversing relays: This produces a decreasing output signal for an increasing input
signal.

(13) What is the use of angle valve?

Angle valves are used where very high pressure drops are required and under very severe
conditions. Where the conventional type of valve would be damaged by erosion.

(14) What is the use of three way valves?

Three way control valves are only used on special system, where a dividing or mixing of
flows according to a controlled ratio is required.

(15) What is the use of butterfly valves?

Butterfly valves are used only in systems where a small pressure drop across the valve is
allowed. The butterfly is fully open when the disc rotates by 90. a drawback of this valve
is that even a very small angular displacement produces a big change in flow.

(16) What is a cage valve?

The cage valve uses a piston with piston ring seal attached to the single valve ‘plug’.
Here the hydrostatic forces acting on the top of the piston or below the valve plug tend to
cancel out. The seat ring is clamped in by a cage. Cage valves are generally used for
noise reduction.

(17) What are the advantages of camflex valve?

Camflex valves are intermediates between globe valve and butterfly valve. The plug
rotates 60º for full opening.
Advantages:
1. Actuator forces required are very less.
2. Extended bonnet and hence can be used on any service i.e. on high temp.and very
low temp.
3. Variations in flow.
4. Light weight.

(18) What are the different types plugs?

The different types of plugs that are generally used are:
1. ‘V’ port plug. 2. Contoured plug.
‘V’port plug:

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ported plug are generally used on double seated valves. This is because ported plugs,
have a more constant off balance area.
Contoured plug:
Contoured plugs are generally used on single seated valve with small trim sizes.

(19) What are the different valve characteristic?

1. Liner.
2. Equal percentage.
3. Quick opening.
Liner: the valve opening to flow rate is a linear cure.
Equal percentage: for equal increments of valve opening it will give equal increment in
flow rate range. At small opening the flow will also be small.
Quick opening: at small opening the increment in flow rate is more. At higher opening
the flow rate become steady.

(20) What is a solenoid valve? Where it is used?

A solenoid valve is electrically operated valve. It consists of a solenoid ( coil ) in which a
magnetic plunger moves which is connected to the plug and tend to open or close the
value. There are two types of solenoid: 1.Normally Closed. 2.Normally open.

(21) How will you change the valve characteristics with positioner?
The positioner contains different types of cams in it. Selection of the proper cam the
valve opening characteristic can be changed.

(22) How will you change the action of a control valve?

(1)If the control valve is without bottom cap. The actuator need to be changed.
(2)If bottom cap is provided.
1. Disconnect the stem from the actuator stem.
2. Separate the body from the bonnet.
3. Remove the bottom cap and the plug from body.
4. Detach the plug from the stem by removing the pin.
5. Fix the stem at the other end of the plug and fixed the pin back.
6. Turn the body upside down. Connect it to the bonnet after inserting the plug and
stem.
7. Connect back the stem to the actuator stem.
8. Fix back the bottom cap. Calibrate the valve.

(23) How will you select the control valve characteristic?

The graphic display of flow various lift shows then the design or inherent characteristic
is changed by variations pressure drop. This occurs as the process changes from condition
where most of pressure drop takes place at the control valve is a condition where most of
pressure drop is generally distributed through rest of the system.
% of flow: this variation in where most of the total drop take place is one of the most
important aspects is choosing the proper valve characteristic for give process.
Pressure control: Normally linear valve is used to maintain a constant pressure drop.
Flow control: Normally equal percentage valve is used.
Temp.control: Normally equal percentage valve is used.
Liquid level control: Normally linear valve is used.

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Basically in selecting a valve characteristic two important point have to be taken into
account.
1. There should be a linear relationship between the position of the plug and the flow
through the valve in a wide range of change in the pressure drop across the valve.
2. The pressure drop across a valve should be as low as possible.

(24) An operator tells you that a control valve in a steech? How will you stent
checking.
1. First of all get the control valve by passed from operation.
2. Check the signal to the diaphragm of the control valve.
3. Disconnect it possible the actuator stem from the control valve stem.
4. Stroke the actuator and see whether the actuator operates or not. It not then the
diaphragm may be punctured.
5. If the actuator operates connect it back to the plug stem stroke the control valve. If
does not operate loosen the gland nuts a bit and see if it operates. If it does not
then the control valve has to be removed from the line to workshop.

(25) Where is an air to close and air to open control valve used?
Air to close:
1. Reflux lines.
2. Cooling water lines.
3. Safety relief services.
Air to open:
1. Feed lines.
2. Steam services.

(26) Why does a control valve operate at 15 psi?

on higher pressures the actuator size became higher in area. The actual force produced by
the actuator.
Force = Pressure X Area
= 15 psi X Area ( If area = 15" )
force produced = 15 psi X 25" = 375 pounds.

(27) A valve positioner:

(a) Takes the place of a cascade control system.
(b) Provides more precise valve position.
(c) Makes a pneumatic controller unnecessary.
(d) Provides a remote indication of valve position.

(28) Assume that a control valve regulates the steamflow to a process and that high
temperature makes the reaction hazardous . The usual pneumatically operated
control valve utilizes the following action for fail-safe operation.
(a) Air to open.
(b) Air to close.
(c) 3psi (20kpa) to fully open.
(d) 15psi (100kpa) to fully close.

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(29) The basic function of the spring in a control valve is to:
(a) characteristerize flow.
(b) Oppose the diaphragm so as to position the valve according to signal pressure.
(c) Close the valve if air failure occurs.
(d) Open the valve if air failure occurs.

(30) A diaphragm actuator has a diaphragm area of 50 squareinches and is adjusted

to stroke a valve when a 3 to 15 psi (20 to100kpa) signal is applied. If the signal is 15
psi (100kpa) the force on the valve steam will be:
(a) 750 pounds.
(b) 750 pounds less the opposing spring force.
(c) Dependent on hysteresis.
(d) None of the above.

(31) A high-pressure flow process requires a valve with tight packing . This would
suggest that’s:
(a) A valve positioner should be employed.
(b) The actuator must be sized to provide adequate force.
(c) Over sizes pneumatic signal lines are required.
(d) The controller supplying the signal to the valve must have a very narrow
proportional band.

(32) A diaphragm actuator has a diaphragm area of 115 square inch. A valve
-positioner is attached to the actuator and fed with a 22 psi air supply. If a 9 psi
signal is received from the controller the signal change to 10psi and the valve fail to
move, what is the force applied to the valve stem?
(a) 2530 pounds
(b) 1495 pounds
( c) 1035 pounds
(d) None of the above

(33) One advantage of an electric to pneumatic valve positioner is:

(a) It can be used on flow control.
(b) It produces positive valve position.
(c) It conserves energy.
(d) It dampers valve travel.

(34) A single seated globe valve containing a plug 1½" in diameter is used in a line
pressurized to 500 psi what actuator force is required for tight shut-off:
(a) 884 pounds.
(b) 1000 pounds.
(c) Depends upon direction of flow through the valve.
(d) None of the above.

(35) Additive – steel body, stainless steel trim, tight shut off.
FLOW RANGE : 2 to 20 gpm.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY : 1.2

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LINE PRESSURE : 45 to 60 psi( down stream piping loss 2 psi at 20gpm.
TEMPERATURE : 80 to 120°F

(36) Temperature control valve – iron or bronze body, 316 SS trim:

FLOW RANGE : 1200 to 5000 lb/in saturated steam.
LINE PRESSURE : 65 to 95 psi ( required valve outlet pressure 10 to 30 psi )
TEMPERATURE : 312 to 331°F.

(37) Flow control valve: stainless steel body and trim.

FLOW RANGE : 200 to 2500 gpm.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 0.95
LINE PRESSURE : 22 to 30 psi (downstream piping loss 1psi at 2500 gpm )

(38) Pressure control valve iron or steel body, 316 SS trim tight shut off.
FLOW RANGE : 0 to 5000 SCTH
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 1.0
LINE PRESSURE : 40 PSI (Required valve outlet pressure 22psi at 5000 scfh)
TEMPARETURE : 70 to 120°F.

(39) Critical flow occurs in a gas or vapor valve when:

(a) Up stream pressure equals downstream pressure.
(b) Downstream pressure equals one half upstream pressure both absolute.
(c) Upstream pressure exceeds 15 psi absolute.
(d) Down stream pressure is less than 3 psi absolute.

(40) Cv may be defined as:

(a) Critical velocity through a control valve.
(b) The water flow in U.S gpm discharged through a wide open valve with a 1psi
drop across it.
(c) Correction factor for the viscosity of the fluide.
(d) Critical volume factor for gas flow.

(41) The liquid flow to be controlled contains suspended solids a good choice of
valve is:
(a) Globe
(b) Wide-range v-port
(c) Saunders
(d) Split body

(42) If a control valve permits only minimum leakage when it is closed, the choice
would be a:
(a) Single seat
(b) Double seat
(c) Butterfly
(d) Split body

Ans : 27 (b) 28 (a) 29 (b) 30 (b)

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31 (b) 32 (a) 33 (b) 34 (c)
35. Cv max – 4.57 36.Cv max – 41.3
Cv min – 0.355 Cv mim – 7.6
½ inch ball valve 2″, equal % globe valve

37. Cv max – 14.07 38. Cv max – 3.43

Cv min – 56.3 ½″ globe or ball valve
8″ butterfly valve.

39. (b) 40. (b) 41. (c) 42. (a)

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