Embryo Lab

Oogenesis
– process of producing egg cells
– oogonium grows —> primary oocyte undergoes meiosis I —> polar body + secondary oocyte (both
haploid) undergoes meiosis II —> polar body + ovum undergoes growth —> mature egg cell
– Secondary oocyte is bigger than polar body because it has a greater cytoplasm because of asymmetrical
cytokinesis where cytosol and other organelles go to the oocyte
– polar body receives other half of chromosome but eventually disintegrates; does not serve any function
for reproduction

Frog ovary
– Theca externa - outermost connective tissue; individual sacs are suspended here
– Theca interna - envelopes entire ovary and each egg
– Oogonia - in periphery; smaller; each cluster represents future ovarian unit; enter quiescent phase after
meiosis (period of growth) if they do not grow, they become follicle cells
– Oocytes - potential egg cells
– their oogenic cells are large sacs of yolk
– Follicle cells - small cells bounding each oocyte; derived from oogonia
– more oogonia turns into follicle cells than ovum
– Center:
– Germinal vesicle with nucleoli - immature nucleus
– not possible to distinguish primary from secondary oocytes (answer oocyte only do not specify)
– Vitelline membrane - non-cellular transparent membrane between follicle cells and oocyte
– derived from ovum and follicle cells
– develops during maturation
– not observable during early stages
– necessary for retaining shape of egg
– aids in cleavage and gastrulation
– Yolk granules - food of embryo; heavily stained
– Yolk inclusions - effect of preparation of slide; fats from yolk dissolve and appear on oocyte as air
bubbles
– Nucleoli- small dots in periphery of germinal vesicle
– produce ribosomes for protein synthesis
– controls rate of transcription
– young cells have more nucleoli

Cat ovary
– Mesovarium - towards left end; sheet of tissue which is attached at one end of ovary
– attaches ovary to body wall
– Central medulla - consists largely of connective tissue and blood vessels
– continuous with mesovarium
– Peripheral cortex - where the action is
– Germinal epithelium - thin single-layer of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
– on outermost surface of ovary
– Tunica albuginea - connective tissue beneath germinal epithelium; thicker than germinal epithelium
– no oogenic cells
– Stroma - beneath tunica albuginea
– cells are unspecialized
– penetrate ovary
– where all oogenic cells are embedded
– oogonia/ oogonium - potential ova = small
– each oogonium is surrounded by SINGLE layer of follicle cells (primary follicle stage/maturation stage)
– Single follicle cell layer - primary follicle stage
– during late primary follicle stage, oogonium and follicle cells are pushed inside
– primary oocyte is bigger than oogonium

– follicle cells separate from oocyte to form second layer

 – follicle cells separate from oocyte to form second layer
– if only one layer of follicle cell - primary follicle stage
– oogonia without follicle cells are earlier in stage of development (oogonium - developmental stage of cell)
– Zona pellucida - secreted by germ cells and follicle cells; thick membrane bounding the oocyte
– follicle cells at this point will proliferate mitotically to form another layer
– SECOND layer has been FULLY formed = growing follicle stage
– Primary oocytes have zona pellucida
– Antrum is deforming when the
– indicator: follicle cell layer separates from oocyte
– spaces bc follicular fluid
– tunica albuginea
– stroma
– Mature graafian follicle - maturation stage of follicle
– present in primary oocyte
– if near membrane —> secondary oocyte
– has antrum
– surrounded by zone pellucida ang oocyte
– theca follicle - divided in to theca externa and theca interna (covers only graafian follicle)
– T. interna - nearer to stratum granulosum
– highly vascularised and rich in secretory cells mainly oestrogen producing
– T. externa - outer layer;
– composed of connective tissue having arosed from stroma
– remains in ovary
– stratum granulosum - granular cells; started as follicle cells
– termed based on position
– bounds antrum
– Cumulus oopherus - eccentric bound surrounding
– Corona radiata - part of c. oopherus
– layer nearest oocyte
– attached to oocyte by microvilli
– goes with oocyte
– Graafian follicle - when antrum is far from follicle cells
– tissues of ovary and follicle rupture to release egg cell during ovulation
– Corpus luteum haemorrhagicum - will persist; pregnancy
– responsible for production of progesterone
– Corpus albicans - no pregnancy
– storm forms capsule around regressing corpus luteum and invades ______
– hyalinized scar is left remaining
– identified by pale stain
– Degenerative process when
– Atretic follicle - follicle cells have lost connection with one another
– Advanced atresia: zona pellucida collapses

Human ovary
– less visible bc cat’s have multiple reproduction
– one egg cell at a time
– Corpus luteum
– Corpus albicans
– many blood vessels
– differentiate artery from vein
–