Inequalities Proposed by xzlbq in AOPS

Soham Chatterjee
Inequalities Proposed by xzlbq
in AOPS

Soham Chatterjee
sohamchatterjee999@gmail.com
 CONTENTS

1 3–Variable Inequalities 1
1.1 Solved Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Unsolved Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2 4–Variable Inequalities 8
2.1 Solved Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2 Unsolved Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3 More than 4 Variable Inequalities 11

3.1 Solved Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2 Unsolved Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4 n–Variable Inequalities 12
4.1 Solved Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.2 Unsolved Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5 Geometric Inequalities 14
5.1 List of Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.2 Solved Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.3 Unsolved Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
 CHAPTER 1
3–VARIABLE INEQUALITIES

1.1 Solved Problems

1. Let a, b, c ≥ 0 Prove that r
Xr a 3 4 4X a
≤ +
b+c 2 3 9 b+c

Solution: After squaring, s

X ab
=⇒ 2 ≤3
(b + c)(a + c)
By AM-GM,
X a b

LHS ≤ + =3
a+c b+c

[Solved by spanferkel]

2. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers. and a + b2 + c3 = 1, Prove that the following inequality holds

(1 − a)(1 − b2 )(1 − c3 ) ≥ 8ab2 c3

Solution: Let x = a, y = b2 , z = c3 , ineq becomes

x + y + z = 1, (1 − x)(1 − y)(1 − z) ≥ 8xyz

i.e.
(x + y)(y + z)(z + x) ≥ 8xyz
which is true

[Solved by kuing]

3. Let a, b, c be real positive numbers and a + b + c = 1, Prove that

(1 − a)3 (1 − b)3 (1 − c)3 8

2≥ + + ≥
3a + b + c 3b + c + a 3c + a + b 15

1
 Solution: By Cauchy, we have

2
(b + c)2
P
X (b + c)4 15
≥P ≥ .
(b + c)(b + c + 3a) (b + c)(b + c + 3a) 8
a2 = x,
P P
Denote ab = y. Then the inequality is equivalent to
9x2 + 6xy ≥ 17y 2 ,
a2 ≥
P P
which is obvious, as ab with equality if and only if a = b = c.
We have 3a + b + c ≥ a + b + c and so on. Hence
X (b + c)3 X (b + c)3 X
≤ ≤2⇔3 (a2 b + ab2 ) + 12abc ≥ 0,
b + c + 3a a+b+c
which is true. Equality holds if and only if a = b = 0, c = 1 and permutations.

[Solved by hedeng123]

4. Let a, b, c > 0,such that a + b + c = 1,prove that:

p p p √
3 ≥ a + b2 + c2 + b + c2 + a2 + c + a2 + b2 ≥ 5

Solution: For the left :Use Cauchy-Schwarz ineq, we have:

p p p p
a + b2 + c2 + b + c2 + a2 + c + a2 + b2 ≤ 3(a + b + c + 2(a2 + b2 + c2 ))
q
2
≤ 3(a + b + c + 2(a + b + c) ) = 3

Equality holds when (a,b,c)=(1,0,0)

For the right : Use Mincowski ineq, we have:
p p p
( a + b2 + c2 + b + c2 + a2 + c + a2 + b2 )2
Xp
= a + b + c + 2(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + 2 (a + b2 + c2 )(b + c2 + a2 )
Xp
= 1 + 2(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + 2 (a2 + b2 + c2 + a(b + c))(b2 + c2 + a2 + b(c + a))
X p
≥ 1 + 2(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + 2 (a2 + b2 + c2 + ab(c + a)(c + b))
Xp
= 1 + 8(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + 2 ab(c + a)(c + b)

We need to prove:
Xp
1 + 8(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + 2 ab(c + a)(c + b) ≥ 5
Xp
⇐⇒ 2(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + ab(c + a)(c + b) ≥ 4(ab + bc + ca)

By AM-GM ineq , we have:

Xp Xq √ √
3 18abc
ab(c + a)(c + b) ≥ 2 abc ab ≥ 6 a2 b2 c2 ≥
a+b+c
So this ineq can be rewriten:
9abc
a2 + b2 + c2 + ≥ 2(ab + bc + ca)
a+b+c
It’s Schur inequality
1
Equality holds when a = b = c = 3

2
 [Solved by minhhoang]

5. Let a, b, c be real positive numbers and a + b + c = 1, Prove that

9 104
(2 − a)(2 − b)(2 − c) ≥ (3 − a)(3 − b)(3 − c) + (1 − a)(1 − b)(1 − c) ≥ (2 − a)(2 − b)(2 − c)
2 25

Solution:
Y Y Y
9 (2 − a) − 2 (3 − a) − 2 (1 − a)
Y Y Y
=9 (a + 2b + 2c) − 2 (2a + 3b + 3c) − 2 (b + c)
X
= 25abc + 10 ab(a + b)

Y Y Y
25 (3 − a) + 25 (1 − a) − 104 (2 − a)
Y Y Y
= 25 (2a + 3b + 3c) + 25 (b + c) − 104 (a + 2b + 2c)
X
= 22(a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc) + 6(2a3 + 2b3 + 2c3 − ab(a + b))

[Solved by kuing]

6. x, y, z > 0, prove that

y+z−x
r
xyz Y
1+4 ≥ p
(y + z) (z + x) (x + y) cyc (y + z) (x + y + z)

Solution: We need to prove that

s X X p
(x + y + z) (x2 y + x2 z + 2xyz) ≥ (x + y − z) (x + z)(y + z)
cyc cyc

By C-S
s X s X X
(x + y + z) 2 2
(x y + x z + 2xyz) = (x + y + z) x(y + z)2 ≥ x(y + z) = 2(xy + xz + yz)
cyc cyc cyc

Thus, it remains to prove that

X p
2(xy + xz + yz) ≥ (x + y − z) (x + z)(y + z)
cyc

or X √ √
2 X
(x + y − z) x + z − y + z ≥ (x + y − z)(x + z + y + z) − 4(xy + xz + yz)
cyc cyc
or
X (x − y)2 (x + y − z)
√ √
2 ≥ 0
cyc x+z+ y+z
Let x ≥ y ≥ z.

3
 Hence,
X (x − y)2 (x + y − z)
√ √
2
cyc x+z+ y+z
(x − z)2 (x + z − y) (y − z)2 (y + z − x)
≥ √ √ 2 + √ √
2
( x + y + y + z) x+y+ x+z
(y − z)2 (x − y) (y − z)2 (y − x)
≥ √ √ 2 + √ √
2
( x + y + y + z) x+y+ x+z
!
1 1
= (y − z)2 (x − y) √ √ 2 − √ √
2 ≥0
( x + y + y + z) x+y+ x+z

[Solved by arqady]

7. Let x, y, z are positive real numbers, prove that:

z z x + y 64 xyz 20
+ + + ≥
x y z 3 (y + z)(z + x)(x + y) 3

p2
Solution: Let x = tz, y = uz and p = t + u, q = tu, that we have 0 < q ≤ and inequality becomes
4
2
p(3p2 − 14p − 20) p2 (−9p2 + 84p + 92)(p − 2)2

2
f (q) = (3p − 20p + 64) q + + ≥0
2(3p2 − 20p + 64) 4(3p2 − 20p + 64)

Easy to prove that

3p2 − 20p + 64 > 0
so
(a) If
−9p2 + 84p + 92 ≥ 0
then ineq clear holds;
(b) If
−9p2 + 84p + 92 < 0
we have
92 32
3p2 − 14p − 20 > 28p + − 14p − 20 = 14p + >0
3 3
so we get
f (q) > f (0)
, but
f (0) = 3p2 (p + 1) > 0
So ineq holds.

[Solved by kuing]

8. Let x, y, z are positive real numbers, prove that:

 
y+z z+x x+y x y z
+ + ≥3+2 + +
x y z y+z z+x x+y

4
 Solution 1:
Xy+z x X
≥3+2
x y+z
X y + z 2x

⇐⇒ −1− ≥0
x y+z
X (x + y + z)(y + z − 2x)
⇐⇒ ≥0
x(y + z)
Xy−x+z−x
⇐⇒ ≥0
x(y + z)
X y − x x−y

⇐⇒ + ≥0
x(y + z) y(z + x)
X (x − y)2 z
⇐⇒ ≥0
xy(y + z)(z + x)

[Solved by kuing]

Solution 2:
 
y+z z+x x+y x y z
+ + ≥3+2 + +
x y z y+z z+x x+y
X
(x − y)2 (y − z)2 (z − x)2 + 4 y 2 z 2 (x − y)(x − z)
⇐⇒ X X
+2xyz x(x − y)(x − z) + 3xyz (y + z)(x − y)(x − z) ≥ 0
X X X X
⇐⇒ x4 y 2 + x3 y 3 ≥ x3 y 2 z + x2 y 2 z 2
sym sym sym sym

obvious true.

[Solved by hedeng123]

9. Let x,y,z are positive real numbers,prove that:

1 1 1
≥  + 
3 1
(y + z) x + 1
+ 1 1
+ 1
(x + y + z)
y z y z

Solution:
y 2 − yz + z 2 x2 + (y + z) z 2 − 3yz + y 2 x + yz y 2 − yz + z 2 ≥ 0

[Solved by xzlbq]

10. Let x, y, z are positive real numbers,and x + y + z = 1, t ≥ 1,prove that:

x2 y2 z2 3
+ + ≥
x2 − 2x + t y 2 − 2y + t z 2 − 2z + t 9t − 5
Solution: When 0 < x < 1, t ≥ 1, we have
x2 (54t − 18)x − 9t + 1 (3x − 1)2 ((2 − 6t)x + 9t2 − t)
≥ ⇐⇒ ≥0
x2 − 2x + t (9t − 5)2 (9t − 5)2 (x2 − 2x + t)
so we have
x2 y2 z2 (54t − 18)(x + y + z) − 27t + 3 3
2
+ 2
+ 2
≥ 2
=
x − 2x + t y − 2y + t z − 2z + t (9t − 5) 9t − 5

5
 [Solved by kuing]

11. Let x, y, z ≥ 0,t > 0,and x + y + z = txyz,prove that:

√
3(3 + 3t)
xy + yz + zx + x + y + z ≥
t
Solution: The inequality is equivalent to:
p
(x + y + z)2 + (xy + yz + zx)(x + y + z) ≥ 9xyz + 3 3xyz(x + y + z)

we have : p
xy + yz + zx ≥ 3xyz(x + y + z)
then let’s prove that

(x + y + z)2 + (xy + yz + zx)(x + y + z) ≥ 9xyz + 3(xy + yz + zx)

but:
(xy + yz + zx)(x + y + z) ≥ 9xyz
and
(x + y + z)2 ≥ 3(xy + yz + zx)

[Solved by anonyme93]

1.2 Unsolved Problems

1. Let a, b, c be a positive real numbers such that abc = 1 Prove that

(a + b)2 (b + c)2 (c + a)2

(a3 + 1)(b3 + 1)(c3 + 1) ≥
(a + b + c)(bc + ca + ab) − 1

2. Let a, b, c ≥ 0 Prove this r

Xr a X b+c
≥ 9−3
b+c 2a + b + c

3. Let a,b,c be positive real numbers,and a+b+c=3. Prove that the following inequality holds
√ !  √
a b c 2 2 a b c 1 2
+ + ≥ + + + − −
(b + c)2 (c + a)2 (a + b)2 3 3 b+c c+a a+b 4 2

4. Let a, b, c be real positive numbers and a + b + c = 1, find f (t) and g(t)

(1 − a)t (1 − b)t (1 − c)t

f (t) ≥ + + ≥ g(t)
ta + b + c tb + c + a tc + a + b

5. Let a, b, c be real positive numbers and a + b + c = 1, Prove that

11 (1 − a)(2 − b) (1 − b)(2 − c) (1 − c)(2 − a) 15

≥ + + ≥
18 (3 − c)2 (3 − a)2 (3 − b)2 32

6
 6. Let a, b, c be real positive numbers and a + b + c = 1, Prove that
√ √ !
5 6 2 p p
+ (2 − a)(2 − b)(2 − c) ≥ (1 − a)(1 − b)(1 − c)
6 6
√
p 3 2p
+ (3 − a)(3 − b)(3 − c) ≥ (2 − a)(2 − b)(2 − c)
2
7. x, y, z > 0, x + y > z5 , y + z > x5 , z + x > y5 , prove that
y+z−x z+x−y x+y−z
√ + √ + √ >0
y+z z+x x+y
8. Let f (x, y, z) fits as f (x, y, z) = f (x, z, y) or f (x, y, z) = f (z, y, x) or f (x, y, z) = f (y, x, z) then
 

 f (x, y, z) f (y, z, x) f (z, x, y) 

 f (z, y, x) f (x, z, y) f (y, x, z) ≥0
 
f (x, y, z)f (z, y, x) f (y, z, x)f (x, z, y) f (z, x, y)f (y, x, z)

9. Let x, y, z are positive real numbers, a, b, c ≥ 0, and a ≤ b + c, prove that:

1 1 2
+ ≤
(by + cz)( xa + yb + zc ) ( yb + zc )(ax + by + cz) (b + c)(a + b + c)

10. Let a, b, c > 0, r r r

2a 2b 2c (a + b + c)2
+ + ≤
b+c c+a a+b bc + ca + ab
11. Let a, b, c > 0, r √
r r
a b c 6 a+b+c
+ + ≤ √
b+c c+a a+b 2 ab + bc + ca
12. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers. Prove that
r r r r r r r r r
a b c a+b b+c c+a 2a + b + c 2b + c + a 2c + a + b
+ + + + + ≤ + +
b c a b+c c+a a+b a b c
13. Prove that:


0 ≤ (2304 y + 2304 z) x3 + −1154 y 2 − 1154 z 2 − 764 yz x2
2
− 2 (y + z) (577 z 2 − 770 yz + 577 y 2 ) x + 2 (2 y 2 − 959 yz + 2 z 2 ) (y − z)
14. x, y, z > 0, prove that
s
p p p 3√ (y + z) (z + x) (x + y)
x (y + z) + y (z + x) + z (x + y) ≤ 3
2 x+y+z

15. x, y, z > 0, prove

p p p
y (z + x) (x + y)z z (x + y) (y + z)x x (y + z) (z + x)y
+ + ≥3
x2 (y + z) y 2 (z + x) z 2 (x + y)
16. Let x, y, z are positive real numbers, prove that:
z z x+y y+z z+x x+y
+ + ≥1+ + +
x y z z+x x+y y+z
17. Let x, y, z are positive real numbers, prove that:
1 1 1
≥ +
3 (2y + 3z)( x1 + y2 + z3 ) ( y2 + z3 )(x + 2y + 3z)

7
 CHAPTER 2
4–VARIABLE INEQUALITIES

2.1 Solved Problems

1. Let a,b,c be positive numbers, t ≥ 0prove that:
a+t b+t c+t a b c
+ + ≤ + +
b+t c+t a+t b c a
Solution 1: It’s equivalent to
X X
(t3 + (a + b + c)t2 ) (a2 c − abc) + t (a3 c2 − a2 b2 c) ≥ 0
cyc cyc

[solved by arqady]

Solution 2: Without loss of generality, we can assume that c = min{a, b, c}, and we have
 
a b c a+t b+t c+t
+ + − + +
b c a b+t c+t a+t
   
1 1 2 1 1
= − (a − b) + − (a − c) (b − c)
ab (a + t) (b + t) ac (a + t) (c + t)
so, ineq clear true.

[solved by kuing]

Solution 3: Let  
a b c a+t b+t c+t
f (t) = + + − + +
b c a b+t c+t a+t
where (t ≥ 0). Then we have
a+t b+t c+t 1 1 1
f 0 (t) = + + − − −
(b + t)2 (c + t)2 (a + t)2 a+t b+t c+t
easy to prove that
a+t b+t c+t 1 1 1
2
+ 2
+ 2
≥ + +
(b + t) (c + t) (a + t) a+t b+t c+t

8
 Thus, we get f 0 (t) ≥ 0, so we have
f (t) ≥ f (0) = 0
and get the result.

[solved by kuing]

2. Let x, y, z > 0,
y+z z+x x+y 18
f (t) = + + −
(y + z)2 + tx(x + y + z) (z + x)2 + ty(x + y + z) (x + y)2 + tz(x + y + z) (4 + 3t)(x + y + z)
√
if t ≥ 2, then: f (t) ≥ 0 else if 53 ≥ t ≥ 52 16
57 − 57 7 then: f (t) ≤ 0
Solution:
y+z z+x x+y 18
f (t) = + + −
(y + z)2 + tx(x + y + z) (z + x)2 + ty(x + y + z) (x + y)2 + tz(x + y + z) (4 + 3t)(x + y + z)

if t ≥ 2, then: f (t) ≥ 0
X X
f (t) ≥ 0 ⇐⇒ (6t2 − 10t) (x4 (x − y)(x − z)) + (−33t + 13t2 + 3t3 + 4) (x3 (y + z)(x − y)(x − z))
+ (6 − 32t − 13t2 + 15t3 )(x − y)2 (y − z)2 (z − x)2
X
+ (8 − 36t − 80t2 + 48t3 ) (y 2 z 2 (x − y)(x − z))
X
+ (−146t + 12t2 + 36t3 + 24)xyz (x(x − y)(x − z))
X
+ (12 − 63t − 36t2 + 36t3 )xyz ((y + z)(x − y)(x − z)) ≥ 0

easy prove t ≥ 2

6t2 − 10t ≥ 0
− 33t + 13t2 + 3t3 + 4 ≥ 0
6 − 32t − 13t2 + 15t3 ≥ 0
8 − 36t − 80t2 + 48t3 ≥ 0
− 146t + 12t2 + 36t3 + 24 ≥ 0
12 − 63t − 36t2 + 36t3 ≥ 0

so t ≥ 2 then f (t) ≥ 0.
52
√
we can prove 57 − 16
57 7 ≤ t ≤
5
3

6t2 − 10t ≤ 0
− 33t + 13t2 + 3t3 + 4 ≤ 0
6 − 32t − 13t2 + 15t3 ≤ 0
8 − 36t − 80t2 + 48t3 ≤ 0
− 146t + 12t2 + 36t3 + 24 ≤ 0
12 − 63t − 36t2 + 36t3 ≤ 0
52 16 5
so 57 − 57 ≤t≤ 3 then f (t) ≤ 0

[solved by hedeng123]

9
2.2 Unsolved Problems
1. Letx1 , x2 , x3 , x4 be real positive numbers andx1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 1, Prove that
x1 x2 x3 x4 1 − x1 1 − x2 1 − x3 1 − x4
+ + + ≥ + + +
x2 x3 x4 x1 1 − x2 1 − x3 1 − x4 1 − x1

2. Let a, b, c, d > 0, prove that

r s r s
4 a b c d
√ = + + +
13 a + 4 (b + c + d) b + 4 (a + c + d) c + 4 (d + a + b) d + 4 (a + b + c)

d
equality hold when a = b = c =
27
3. Let x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 are positive real numbers, prove that:
1 1 1
≥ +
6 (x2 + x3 + x4 ) (x1 −1 + x2 −1 + x3 −1 + x4 −1 ) (x2 −1 + x3 −1 + x4 −1 ) (x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 )

4. Let x1 , x2 , ...., xn are positive real numbers,n ≥ 3, prove that:

2 1 1
≥ Pn Pn −1 + Pn −1 Pn
n(n − 1) i=2 xi i=1 xi i=2 xi i=1 xi

5. Let x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 are positive real numbers, prove that:

1 1 1
≥ +
4 (x2 + x1 ) (x1 −1 + x2 −1 + x3 −1 + x4 −1 ) (x1 −1 + x2 −1 ) (x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 )

10
 CHAPTER 3
MORE THAN 4 VARIABLE INEQUALITIES

3.1 Solved Problems

1. Let x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ≥ 0,prove that:
2(x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 )2 (x21 x22 + x22 x23 + x23 x24 + x24 x21 )
≥ (x1 x2 + x2 x3 + x3 x4 + x1 x4 )2 (x21 + x22 + x23 + x24 + x1 x2 + x2 x3 + x3 x4 + x1 x4 )
Solution:
2

0 ≤ (x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 ) x1 2 x2 2 + x2 2 x3 2 + x3 2 x4 2 + x4 2 x5 2 + x5 2 x1 2
3
− (x1 x2 + x2 x3 + x3 x4 + x4 x5 + x5 x1 )

3.2 Unsolved Problems

1. Let a, b, c, k1 , k2 , k3 be real positive numbers and a + b + c = 1 give the minimum and the maximum of
a + k1 b + k2 c + k3
+ +
b + k2 c + k3 a + k1
in terms of k1 , k2 , k3
2. a, b, c, x, y, z be positive numbers
x y z a b c x+a y+b z+c
+ + + + + ≥3+ + +
y z a b c x y+b z+c x+a

3. Let x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 be positive real numbers, prove that

1 1 2
+ ≤
(x1 + x2 + x3 )( x11 + x12 + 1
x3 + 1
x4 + 1
x5 ) ( x11 + 1
x2 + 1
x3 )(x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 ) 15

4. Let x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 , x6 be positive real numbers, prove that

1 1
≤
9 (x1 + x2 + x3 ) (x1 + x2 + x3 −1 + x4 −1 + x5 −1 + x6 −1 )
−1 −1

1
+
(x1 −1 + x2 −1 + x3 −1 ) (x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 )

11
 CHAPTER 4
N –VARIABLE INEQUALITIES

4.1 Solved Problems

4.2 Unsolved Problems
Pn
1. Let xi > 0, i = 1, ..., n, n ≥ 3, S = i=1 xi ,prove that
s n r
1 X xi
n ≥
1 + (n − 1) n i=1
x i + n (S − xi )

xn
equality hold x1 = x2 ... =
(n − 1)2
2. Prove or disprove that if xi > 0 for i = 1, 2, · · · , n where n ≥ 3 and xn+1 = x − 1, xn+2 = x2 then
n n n
X X 1 n2 X xi n
xi − ≥ −
i=1 i=1
xi + xi+1 2 x
i=1 i+1
+ xi+1 2

3. Let xi are positive real numbers for all i = 1, 2, · · · , n, prove that:

n n
X xi + xi+1 X xi
≥n+2
i=1
xi+2 i=1
xi+1 + xi+2

4. Let x1 , x2 , ..., xn > 0, n ≥ 2, k ≥ n − 1,, prove that:

2 x1 x−1
1
≥ n + n
k+n−1 −1
x−1
P P
kx1 + xi kx1 + i
i=2 i=2

5. Let x1 , x2 , ..., xn > 0, n ≥ 2, k ≥ n − 1,, prove that:

n n
x−1
P P
xi i
i=2 i=2 2(n − 1)
n + n ≥
k+n−1
kx−1 x−1
P P
kx1 + xi 1 + i
i=2 i=2

12
6. Let x1 , x2 , ...., xn are positive real numbers,n ≥ 3, prove that:
2 1 1
≥ Pn Pn −1 + Pn −1 Pn
n(n − 1) x
i=2 i x
i=1 i x
i=2 i i=1 xi

7. Let xi > 0, i = 1, 2, · · · , n
2 1 1
≥ Pk Pn −1
+ Pk −1 Pn
kn i=1 xi i=1 xi i=1 xi i=1 xi

or
2 1 1
≤ Pk Pn −1
+ Pk −1 Pn
kn i=1 xi i=1 xi i=1 xi i=1 xi

8. Let xi ≥ 0, i = 1, 2, ..., n, n ≥ 3, xn+1 = xi , prove that:

n n n
n2 x−1
 2 Y
X xi X
i n n xi
≥ · −1 −1 ≥ n − 1 + 2 − n + 1
4 i=1
x i + x i+1 x
i=1 i
+ x i+1
4 i=1
x i + xi+1

Pn
9. Let x1 , x2 , ..., xn ≥ 0, n ≥ 3, i=1 xi = S, x0 = xn ,prove that:
X 1 1 1
t ( − ) ≥ 0(t ≥ 0)
xi S − xi−1 S − xi

and X 1 1 1
( − ) ≤ 0(t ≤ 0)
xti S − xi−1 S − xi

13
 CHAPTER 5
GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES

5.1 List of Symbols

a, b, c =⇒ The lengths of sides of a triangle
R =⇒ The circumradius
r =⇒ The radius of the incircle
ra , rb , rc =⇒ The radii of excircles
ha , hb , hc =⇒ The altitudes
ma , mb , mc =⇒ The lengths of medians
wa , wb , wc =⇒ The bisectors of angles
S =⇒ The area of a triangle

14
5.2 Solved Problems
1. Prove that in 4ABC, with the usual notations, the following inequality holds:
1  −1 −1
 1
a (s − b) + (s − c) ha + ha ≥ w a
8 2
Solution:
 2
1  −1 −1
 1
a (s − b) + (s − c) ha + ha − wa 2
8 2
 
2 2 4 2
1 (b − c) (a + b + c) (b + c − a) (b − c) (a + b + c) (b + c − a) + a + 12 (s − b) a (s − c)
= 2
16 (a + c − b) a2 (a + b − c) (b + c)

2. In triangle, prove

cos (A) cos (B) cos (A − B) cos (A) cos (C) cos (A − C)
+
1 + cos (C) 1 + cos (B)
cos (B) cos (C) cos (B − C)
+ ≥ 4 cos (A) cos (B) cos (C)
1 + cos (A)

Solution:
u3 2 9 r2 + s2 + 2 u1 r2 8 r3 + 11 Rr2 + 12 rR2 + 4 R3






+ 2 u10 24 r3 + 38 Rr2 + 40 rR2 + 7 s2 R + 2 u3 R 16 R3 + 7 rs2

[Proposed by xzlbq]

3. In acute triangle, prove

X cos B cos C 3
≥
1 + cos 2A 2

[Proposed by xzlbq]

Solution 1:

u3 2 4 R2 + r2 + s2 + 4 Rr + 20 u4 u3 R2 (2 R + r + s) + u10 8 r3 + 32 Rr2 + 8 rs2 + 16 u3 R3 r

[Proposed by xzlbq]

Solution: By AM-GM,
X cos B cos C 1 X cos B cos C 3
= 2
≥
1 + cos 2A 2 cos A 2

[Proposed by sqing]

4. Let ABC be a triangle,prove that:

1 1 1 √
ra + rb + rc ≥ wa wb wc ( + 2 + ) ≥ 3s
wa2 wb wc2

Solution:  
1 1 1
ra + rb + rc ≥ wa wb wc + 2+ 2
wa2 wb wc

15
   2
2 1 1 1
⇐⇒ (ra + rb + rc ) ≥ wa wb wc + 2+ 2 · · · (∗)
wa2 wb wc
substitution a = x + y, b = y + z, c = z + x
X
x3 y 2 − x2 y 2 z ≥ 0


(∗) ⇐⇒
sym

from Muirhead theorem the inequality holds

[Proposed by hedeng123]

5.3 Unsolved Problems

1. In any triangle
a b ma mb
+ + + ≥4
b c mb mc
2. In acute triangle
a b wa wb
+ + + ≥4
b c wb wc
3. In any triangle
 
2 ra + wa 2 rb + wb 2 rc + wc 9 2 wb + 2 wc − wa
+ + a≥
ra (b + c) rb (c + a) rc (a + b) 2 wa + wb + wc

4. In any triangle  
2 ra + wa 2 rb + wb 2 rc + wc 9 2 hb + 2 hc − ha
+ + a≥
ra (b + c) rb (c + a) rc (a + b) 2 ha + hb + hc

5. In any triangle
81 2
(s − a) ar ≤ wa (wa + wb + wc )
2
6. In any triangle r
B C 27 cos B2 + cos C2 − cos A2
cot cot ≥
2 2 2 (cos B2 + cos C2 + cos A2 )2

7. In any triangle
ra cos A A 3
+ + sin ≥
rb + rc cos B + cos C 2 2
8. In any triangle
A
swa + wb wc tan ≥ bwb + cwc ;
2
9. In any triangle
wa wb + wc a wa
+ ≥ 3( + )≥3
ra wa b + c wb + wc
10. In any triangle √
3 X
mb mc ≥ a(9r + ha )
12

16
11. In any triangle
1 r
≥ eb (1 − eb ) + ec (1 − ec ) ≥
2 R
where      
B C rb rc r r
(eb , ec ) = sin , sin , , , ,
2 2 rb + wb rc + wc wb − r wc − r

12. In any triangle

B−C A A B C A C B B C A 2r A
cos cos−1 ≥ (sin +sin ) cos−1 +(sin +sin ) cos−1 −(sin +sin ) cos−1 ≥ cos−1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 R 2

13. In any triangle

4 X
a(b + c) ≥ (wb + wc ) wa
9
14. In any triangle  
wa − r s−a 1 wa a
− ≥ + −1 ≥0
wb + wc s 2 wb + wc b+c

15. In any triangle

B C B C A
2 sin sin + sin + sin ≥ cos (sin B + sin C)
2 2 2 2 2
16. In any triangle
3 X wa X A X A √
≥ cos−1 − tan ≥ 3
2 a 2 2
17. In any triangle
9 (b + c)2 lb + lc
≥1+
16 s(s − a) la
where
(la , lb , lc ) = (wa , wb , wc ) , (ma , mb , mc )

18. In any triangle

√ lb−1 + lc−1
 
wb wc
+ ≥3 3
s−b s−c la−1 + lb−1 + lc−1
where
(la , lb , lc ) = (ha , hb , hc ) , (wa , wb , wc )

19. In any triangle

s A
≥ cos
wb + wc 2
20. In any triangle √
b+c 3 3 bc
≥
wb + wc 2 s2
21. In any triangle X
(wa − wb )(wa − wc )(wa − ha ) ≥ 0

22. In any triangle

X rb + rc X (ra + rb )(ra + rc )
2 ≤
wa wb wc

17
23. In any triangle
X rb + rc 1 1 2 X (ra + rb )(ra + rc )
2 + 2
(s − 31r2 + 2Rr) ≥
wa 8r wb wc
24. In any triangle
X wa − kr 3 1
≥ − k (k ≥ 0)
wb + wc 2 2
25. In any triangle
1 27 R 2
bwb + cwc ≥ awa + 2S + r
2 2 s
26. In any triangle

(a − b)[wb + twc − (t + 1)wa ] + (b − c)[wc + twa − (t + 1)wb ] ≥ 0

where (11 ≥ t ≥ − 65 )
27. In any triangle
(wb + rb )(wc + rc ) ra bc
≥ ≥1
(wa + wb )(wa + wc ) (ra + wa )2 r

28. In any triangle

X cos B + cos C Y cos B + cos C
2 2 2 2
=
sin B2 + sin C2 sin B2 + sin C2

29. In any triangle  

wb wc
wa + ≥ wb + wc
rb rc

30. In any triangle √

3 3
bc(b + c) ≥ wa2 (wb + wc )
8
31. In any triangle
cos A sin A 1
+ ≥ + cos A
cos B + cos C sin B + sin C 2
32. In any triangle
X wa 1 X −wa + wb + wc
≥
b+c 2 a
33. In any triangle r
1 (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) X a(s − a)
+ 2r ≥
2 s wa
34. In any triangle
X 2 X
1 wb wc
R ≥ wa3
2 wa

35. In any triangle

Y B−C Y A

cos ≥ cos A + sin
2 2

36. In any triangle

Y b c

32 X a
+ ≥
wb wc 9 ha

18
37. In any triangle
X A 1 X wb + wc 27 Y s − b s − c X
cos ≥ ≥ + ≥ sin A
2 2 a 16 wb wc
38. In any triangle
5 X ra X B C A 5X a
≥ (sin + sin − sin )2 + 3 ≥
2 rb + rc 2 2 2 2 b+c
39. In any triangle
X wa 2 X wa
≥1+
wb 3 ha
40. In any triangle
X X r(wb + wc )(ra + wa ) X
wa ≥ ≥ ha
bc
41. In any triangle   Y
Y A Y B C A
cos ≥ cos + cos − cos ≥ sin A
2 2 2 2
42. In any triangle X
wa5 ≥ rs5

43. In any triangle

(a + b + c)bc ≥ (b + c)(wb + wc )wa

44. In any triangle

2X X hb + hc
ha ≥ ≥ 6r
3 wa
45. In any triangle X wa wb wc 2
wa3 wb ≥ 3( + + )S
wb wc wa
46. In any triangle
X w 2 55 13 X b + c
a
≥ +
a 12 35 a
47. In any triangle  
X w 2 55 13 2r
a
≥ + 1−
a 12 35 R
48. In any triangle
X X X wb + wc X X
ra ra−1 ≥ ≥ a a−1
wa − r
49. In any triangle
(2ra + wa )(wa − r)(wb + wc ) ≥ 4wa wb wc

50. In any triangle

wc rc + wb rb ≥ wa (wb + wc )

51. In any triangle

0 ≥ (ra wa − wb wc )(rb wb − wc wa )(rc wc − wa wb )

52. In any triangle r

X X wa
wb wc ≥ S 9 + 6
ha

19
53. In any triangle
√ Xs−a 2X A
3≥ ≥ cos
wa 3 2
54. In any triangle
4 9 a(b + c)
wa + ≥ wb + wc
5 20 wa
55. In any triangle X wa X ra X a X ra
≥
ra wa b rb
56. In any triangle

(wb + rb )(wc + rc ) − (wa + wb )(wa + wc ) ≥ 5[rc wc + rb wb − wa (wb + wc )] ≥ 0

57. In any triangle √

X wa X a X X 1 3 3X a
≥ wa ≥
a wa wa 2 wa
58. In any triangle Q √
w + wc 8 3
12Rr ≥ Pb ≥ S
wa 3
59. In any triangle
X a X w−1 + w−1 √
−1 A
X
b c
≥ ≥ cos ≥ 2 3
wa b−1 + c−1 2
60. In any triangle

(a + b)(wa + wb ) + (a + c)(wa + wc ) ≥ (b + c)(wb + wc ) + 4aha

61. In any triangle

s−a s−b s−c lc2
+ ≥ +
la2 lb2 lc2 (s − c)s2
where

(la , lb , lc ) = (ha , hb , hc ), in Acute triangle

= (wa , wb , wc )
 
s(s − a) s(s − b) s(s − c)
= , ,
wa wb wc
= (ma , mb , mc )

62. In any triangle

4
wb wc bc + wc wa ca ≥ wa wb ab + (wa + wb + wc )2 r2
3
63. In any triangle X  X 
a 3 X wa − 2r 3 a 3
k2 − ≥ − ≥ k1 −
b+c 2 wa − r 2 b+c 2
max(k1 ) =? when min(k2 ) = 3.
64. In any triangle
(wa + wb + wc )(2ra + wa ) ≥ 9wb wc

20
65. In any triangle
X  ra ha ha

− (a − b)(a − c) ≥ 0
wb wc wa

66. In any triangle

1X X 1X
((rb − rc )2 ) ≥ (wb − rb )(rc − wc ) ≥ ((b − c)2 )
2 2
67. In any triangle
(a)
X ra
≥1
ra + 2wa
(b)
X ra
≤2
ra + 2−1 wa
(c)
X ra
≥1
ra + 2ma
68. In any triangle
9 b+c A
≥ cos
8 wa + wb + wc 2
69. In any triangle   
lb lc − ra r b+c
wa − r ≥
ra + la a
where
(la , lb , lc ) = (ha , hb , hc ), (wa , wb , wc )

70. In any triangle

a la (wb + wc )2
≥
b + c la − r (b + c)2
where
(la , lb , lc ) = (ha , hb , hc ), (wa , wb , wc )

71. In any triangle

wa − r wb − r wc − r √
+ + ≥ 3
b+c−a c+a−b a+b−c
72. In any triangle
X A b+c−a c+a−b a+b−c X
2 cos ≥ + + ≥2 sin A
2 wa − r wb − r wc − r
73. In any triangle
1 1 1 1
+ ≥ +
r ha wb wc
74. In any triangle
2(ha + hb + hc ) X ha
1+ ≥
wa + wb + wc wa
75. In any triangle
1 X −1 A X B−C
1+ sin ≥ cos−1
3 2 2

21
76. Prove nice triangle Inequality:
√ 1 1
wb wc ( + )≥2
ra wa
77. Prove nice triangle Inequality:
√ 1 1
ra wa ( + )≥2
wb wc
78. Let ABC be a triangle. Prove that
√
3 3 3 X sin B + sin B X A
≥ B C
≥ cos
2 8 cos 2 cos 2 2

79. Let ABC be a triangle,prove that:

X a X (b + c)ra 8 X cos B2 cos C2 X 1
≥ ≥ ≥
wa (wa + ra )wa 3 sin B + sin C cos A2

80. Let ABC be a triangle,prove that:

X sin A2 X cos B + cos C X 1
2 B C
≥ B C
≥
sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 sin B2 sin C2

81. Let ABC be a triangle,prove that:

a b c X ha a+b b+c c+a
+ + ≥4 ( )2 ≥ + +
b c a ha + hb b+c c+a a+b

82. Let ABC be a triangle,prove that:

wa2 wb2 wc2 3
2
+ 2
+ 2
≥
(wa + rb ) (wb + rc ) (wc + ra ) 4

83. Let ABC be a triangle:

hta htb h2c 3
+ + ≥ t
(ha + rb )t (hb + rc )t (hc + ra )t 2
prove that : if t = 4,then this inequality holds and t(min) =?
84. Let ABC be a triangle:
X √ 1X a b+c
a2 ≥ 4 3S + ( + )(b − c)2
2 b+c a
85. Let ABC be a triangle:
X √ 1X a b+c
a2 ≥ 4 3S + ( + )(wb − wc )2
2 b+c a

86. Let ABC be a triangle, prove that:

sP
cot A2 Xa √ cot A2
P
X ra X hb hc Xa+b
≥ ≥P A
≥ ≥ 3 A
≥
wa2
P
rb tan 2 b tan 2 b+c

87. Let ABC be a triangle, prove that:

Xa X ha Xa+b
≥2 ≥
b ha + 3r b+c

22
88. Let ABC be a triangle, prove that:
sin A sin B sin C
+ + ≤3
cos B2 cos C2 cos A2

89. Let ABC be a triangle, prove that:

X A sin A sin B sin C
2 sin ≥ B
+ C
+
2 cos 2 cos 2 cos A2

90. In any triangle √

3X a Xa
≥
2 wa b
91. Let ABC is a triangle, wa , wb , wc are bisectors of angles, ha , hb , hc are altitudes respectively, r is radius
of the incircle
(s − b)(s − c)wa (s − c)(s − a)wb (s − a)(s − b)wc
ha + hb + hc ≥ 3( + + ) ≥ 9r
wb wc wc wa wa wb

92. Let ABC is a triangle, wa , wb , wc are bisectors of angles, ha , hb , hc are altitudes respectively, r is radius
of the incircle, prove that:
s−a s−b s−c 9 A B C 9 wa + wb + wc
+ + + tan tan tan ≥
wa wb wc 8 2 2 2 8 s

93. Let ABC is a triangle, wa , wb , wc are bisectors of angles, prove that:

wa wb wc 4abc a A b B c C
+ + ≥1+ ( cot + cot + cot − 2)
ha hb hc (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) wa 2 wb 2 wc 2

94. In any triangle  

1 1 1 27
+ + (wa + wb + wc ) ≥
wa − r wb − r wc − r 2

95. In any triangle  

1 1 1 27
+ + (ha + hb + hc ) ≥
ha − r hb − r hc − r 2

96. In any triangle

 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + ≥ + +
2 wa − 2r wb − 2r wc − 2r wa − r wb − r wc − r

97. Let a, b, c denote the sides of a triangle opposite the angles ∠A, ∠B, and ∠C, respectively. Let R the
circumradius of the triangle. If angle ∠A > 90◦ , ha is altitudes prove that

a2 8 ha
+ ≥4
m2a 3 ma

98. Let a, b, c denote the sides of a triangle opposite the angles ∠A, ∠B, and ∠C, respectively. Let R the
circumradius of the triangle. If angle ∠A > 90◦ prove that
√
b c 4 3
+ ≤
mb mc 3

23
 99. Let a, b, c denote the sides of a triangle opposite the angles ∠A, ∠B, and ∠C, respectively. Let R the
circumradius of the triangle. If angle ∠A > 90◦ , ha is altitudes prove that
22
mb + mc − 2ma ≥ (ma − ha )
3

100. In any triangle

wb + wc ra + wa
+9 ≥8
wa 2ra + wa
101. In any trianle
wbt + wct rt + wat
t
+ 9 at ≥8
wa 2ra + wat
where t ∈ R
102. Let is a triangle, wa , wb , wc be bisectors of angles,a = max(a, b, c), prove that:

wa−1 ra
≥
wb−1+ wc−1 ra + wa

whether holds
wa−1 ra
≥
wb−1 + wc−1 ra + ma

103. Let ABC is a triangle, a = max(a, b, c), prove that:

a ha
+ ≥1
b + c hb + hc

104. Let is a triangle, wa , wb , wc be bisectors of angles,prove that:

wa−1 A
−1 −1 ≥ sin 2
wb + wc

105. Let is a triangle, wa , wb , wc be bisectors of angles,prove that:

cos A2 + cos B2 + cos C2 4wa + wb + wc

≥
sin A2 a

106. Let is a triangle, wa , wb , wc be bisectors of angles,prove that:

 
A B C A 4wa + wb + wc
cos + cos + cos cos ≤
2 2 2 2 8r

107. In any triangle  

1 1 1 1 16
+ + ≥
wa wb wc ma (b + c)2

108. In any triangle

1 1 1 3(4R + r)
+ + ≤
ma mb mc s2

24
109. Let ABC be a triangle,prove that:
b + c xb + xc xb + xc b + c
+ ≥
a xa xa a
where  
s(s − a) s(s − b) s(s − c)
(xa , xb , xc ) = (ma , mb , mc ) , (wa , wb , wc ) , , ,
wa wb wc

110. Let ABC be a triangle,prove that:

wb wc
3 b+c s−b + s−c
≥ a b c
2a+b+c wa + wb + wc

111. In an triangle
R 1 ra + rb + rc 1 ma ma
≥ + ≥
2r 6 ha 6 r ha
112. In a triangle
R r 1 b2 + c 2 ma
≥ + ≥
2r ha 2 ha (hb + hc ) ha

113. In acute triangle, prove

X sin B sin C cos (B − C)
9
≥
1 + cos 2A 2
1 √ 1 √
Equality holds when a = b = kc k = (1 + 17) k = (−1 + 17)
8 8
114. In acute triangle, prove that
s !
X 1 1
≥9
cos (A) (1 + cos (A)) sin (A) + sin (B) + sin (C)

115. In acute triangle, prove that

s s s
cos (B − C) cos (A − C) cos (A − B) √
+ + ≥2 3
cos (A) (1 + cos (A)) cos (B) (1 + cos (B)) cos (C) (1 + cos (C))

25